Neil Smith/Macmillan Publishers Limited NEWS & ANALYSIS individuals for almost 20months. Detailed across samples 350faecal from 188Hadza Smits on singlefocused samples, however, recently, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae, whereas was enriched in the ties, of hunter-gatherers the and livingals industrial inrural communi In contrast to microbiota the from individu viduals from communities. industrialized communitiesfrom rural than that inindi microbiotathe composition inindividuals community was found more to be similar to microbiotathe inindividuals from Hadza the having an important role, composition the of Consistent with environment the and lifestyle Faso, and three cohorts. industrialized Malawi and 11Mossi children from Burkina groups,rural comprising 22farmers from gatherers inTanzania was compared with two microbiota composition of 27Hadza hunter- lations. In study this by Schnorr comparedwhen withpopu industrialized ences composition inthe of microbiota the gatherer populations revealed distinct differ gastrointestinalthe microbiome of hunter- RNAribosomal amplicon-based study of diverse human populations. The first 16S innumerousnities undertaken has been characterization commu of bacterial these Humanthe Microbiome Project (HMP) of human Since health. inception the of microbiota is associated with many aspects cies. The composition of gastrointestinal the and oftrillions hundreds of spe The human gut is thata reservoir contains lifestyle anddiet. explores howthisisassociated with different humancommunitiesand the variationingutmicrobiota across This month’s GenomeWatch highlights Nitin KumarandSamuelC.Forster Microbiota shunsthemodernworld GENOME WATCH 710 characterization of the These previousThese studies predominantly | DECEMBER 2017 et al et . 3 performed temporal performed sampling () was absent. Treponema | VOLUME 13 spp., unclassified et al et . © 2

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M a c diet also has andiet also important role. biota composition, study this suggests that potentialthe role of lifestyle indriving micro munities. Whereas previous studies suggest and com diets inindustrialized animal-based microbiota associated with plant-based both Hazda community, is frequently in detected Bifidobacterium ated plant-based with a modern diet, however, diet resemblesseason composition the associ of ation associated microbiota. Interestingly, an­ associ microbiota compared with wet the season- found season-associated to increase dry inthe nomic diversity and diversity functional was taxo Both season. subsequentin the dry andreoccurred remained indistinguishable season-associated microbiota composition tudinal sampling showed also that dry the by sources. food animal-based The longi diet is dominated season, whereas dry inthe is dominated by plant-based sources, food diet of wet the the season, Hazda individuals consistent variation. dietary with In seasonal microbiotain the composition that were gastrointestinal microbiota revealed changes Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and capacity functional the to remain constant. dant may species functions between enable environmental exposure; however, redun intestinal microbiota may change through prausnitzii m i l l The taxonomic composition of gastro the ­ a n

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A l l r i . ------3 g h t s r The authordeclares nocompetinginterests. Competing interests statement 4 3 2 1 resistance genes were more diverse inthe trialized populations diversitybacterial microbiota inthe of indus low-fibre diet is major the cause of reduced gested, on experiments based inmice, that a cohort. Italized previously has been sug HMPsamples the unlike from an industri with human lifestyle. future loss ecosystem inthis that is associated microbiota dynamics and for monitoring the essential inunderstanding be will human gut gastrointestinal microbiota. This research diversityterial and functions human inthe ourallow us to understanding further of bac individuals from urban environments will gatherer farming communities societies, and and communities from traditional hunter- researchdetailed across arange of individuals ment in shaping ecosystems. these Additional tant insights into role the of diet and environ different diets and lifestyles provide impor nities across diverse individuals with vastly populations. ­industrialized position of gastrointestinal the microbiota in ofuse anti­ samples, supporting hypothesis the that the HMP cohort than Hadza inthe population e Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. . Sonnenburg, E. D. . Smits, S. A. . Schnorr, S. L. . Turnbaugh, P. J. Samuel C.Forster isattheSangerInstitute, Wellcome s Nitin Kumar isattheSangerInstitute, Wellcome Trust e Studies that compare microbiota commu r v Nature the gutmicrobiota compoundover generations. Tanzania. microbiome oftheHadza hunter-gatherers of hunter-gatherers. Nature e d . and theHudsonInstituteofMedicalResearch, 529 449 microbials com hasthe influenced Science et al. , 212–215 (2016). , 804–810 (2007). et al. et al. Seasonalcycling inthegut 357 Nat. Commun. Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. et al. Gutmicrobiome oftheHadza e‑mail: doi: Thehumanmicrobiome project. , 802–806(2017). www.nature.com/nrmicro Published online30Oct2017 4 Diet-inducedextinctions in 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.136 . Similarly,. antibiotic [email protected] 5 , 3654(2014). ------