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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus BELARUSIAN NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus BELARUSIAN NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Department of Philosophical Doctrines Электронное учебное пособие по учебной дисциплине «Философия» обязательного модуля «Философия» для студентов I ступени высшего образования всех специальностей очной и заочной форм получения образования Электронный учебный материал ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE "PHILOSOPHY" OF THE COMPULSORY MODULE "PHILOSOPHY" For students at the I st stage of higher education of all specialties full-time and part-time studies E-learning material Minsk 2020 UDC 539.3 (075.8) Author: A.I. Loiko Reviewers: Maslenchenko S.V. Head of the Department of Philosophy and Ideological Work of the Educational Institution “Academy of the Ministry of Internal Af- fairs of the Republic of Belarus. The textbook includes materials of a lecture course, guidelines for inde- pendent study of the discipline "Philosophy" a list of additional literature for in- dependent, scientific and research work of students. Belarusian National Technical University Independence Avenue, 65, Minsk, Republic of Belarus Tel. (017) 2939623 Email: [email protected] Registration number № БНТУ/ ФТУГ 02-26.2020 © BNTU, 2020 © Loiko A.I. 2020 Content Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 1. Subject of philosophy ........................................................................................ 5 2. Philosophy as world view ................................................................................. 6 3. Historical type of the philosophical world-views ............................................. 8 4. Philosophy of the ancient East ........................................................................ 12 5. Philosophical tradition of the India ................................................................. 25 6. Philosophical tradition of the China ................................................................ 28 7. Ancient philosophy.......................................................................................... 29 8. Philosophy of the Middle age.......................................................................... 35 9. Philosophy of Renaissance .............................................................................. 37 10. Philosophy 17th- and 18th century ............................................................... 52 11. German classical philosophy ......................................................................... 61 12. Philosophy of the Marxism ........................................................................... 68 13. Neo-classical philosophy end 19 th-century ................................................. 70 14. Philosophy of the postmodernism ................................................................. 72 15. Analytical philosophy ................................................................................... 73 16. Philosophy of communication ....................................................................... 75 17. Synergetic ...................................................................................................... 77 18. Philosophical traditions of the Belarus ......................................................... 80 19. Philosophical traditions of the Russia ........................................................... 95 20. Ontology of philosophy ............................................................................... 109 21. Philosophy of space and time ...................................................................... 111 22. Dialectical philosophical theory .................................................................. 115 23. Principle and law of the dialectica .............................................................. 116 24. Philosophy of the nature .............................................................................. 118 25. Philosophical conception of the natural science ......................................... 119 26. Biosphere and Noosphere ............................................................................ 121 27. Philosophical antropology ........................................................................... 123 28. Nature and essence of the man .................................................................... 124 29. Personality and society ................................................................................ 126 30. Philosophy of mind ..................................................................................... 126 31. Human mind and artificial intellect ............................................................. 129 32. Artificial intellect and virtual reality ........................................................... 135 33. Collective and individual consciousness ..................................................... 137 34. Epistemology ............................................................................................... 139 35. Theory of knowledge .................................................................................. 139 36. Cognitive psychology and logic .................................................................. 140 37. Conception of the truth ................................................................................ 152 38. Philosophy of science .................................................................................. 155 39. Structure of science ..................................................................................... 161 40. Fundamental research .................................................................................. 162 41. Applied research .......................................................................................... 163 3 42. Methodology of scientific research ............................................................. 164 43. Science and innovation activities ................................................................ 165 44. Social philosophy ........................................................................................ 182 45. Structure society .......................................................................................... 184 46 Philosophy of economics ............................................................................. 185 47. Philosophy of technology ............................................................................ 187 48. Philosophy of engineering activity .............................................................. 191 49. Convergence natural and technical science................................................. 192 50. Culture and civilization ............................................................................... 193 51. Philosophy of value ..................................................................................... 195 52. Ethics, Aestetics and philosophy of law ..................................................... 195 53. Philosophy of identity ................................................................................. 196 54. Philosophy of history. ................................................................................. 198 55. East and West: dialog culture ...................................................................... 201 56. Globalization ............................................................................................... 203 57. Philosophy of safety .................................................................................... 204 58. Multicultural philosophy ............................................................................. 205 59. Futurology and philosophy.......................................................................... 211 60. Philosophy o forecast .................................................................................. 213 Reference: .......................................................................................................... 215 4 Introduction The manual on philosophy contains the necessary material for preparing for the exam on philosophy. The manual is written on the basis of a typical program in this discipline. The training manual contains recommendations for writing es- says, information on the main stages of preparation for the exam, methodologi- cal recommendations on the use of additional educational literature, work with primary sources. The manual on philosophy was developed based on the specifics of socio- economic and engineering specialists. Issues that are in the center of attention of modern philosophy are considered. From the perspective of the methodology, key aspects of innovation are considered. Issues related to the methodology of discipline-oriented science and engineering are presented. The textbook on philosophy solves the problem of organizing the inde- pendent work of students. Philosophy solves the problem of acquainting future specialists with the features of research and innovation and innovation. The completeness of objective knowledge about the world, a person, is a necessary basis for future specialists to realize the value status of the reality with which they will deal. On this basis, the axiological, ecological, humanistic, spiritual culture of a specialist is formed. Co-evolutionism, the sustainable development of society, security, tolerance, modernization, identity and mobility are the key concepts of a methodological approach to activities. 1. Subject of philosophy Philosophy is the
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