HIS 869 Church History Seminar: History of Christian-Muslim Relations Winter 2020
Professor: Alan M. Guenther Email: [email protected] Phone: 306-756-3284 Course Dates: Feb. 24-28, 2020
3 Credit Hours
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Increasingly, Christians in North America are encountering Muslims. A review of the ways in which Christians and Muslims have interacted in a variety of contexts in the past provides guidance for our current relationships. This course covers such topics as Christianity in the Arab world at the time of Muhammad, the initial conquest of the Christian regions of the Middle East and North Africa by Arab armies, and the Muslim treatment of Christian communities in conquered territories. It goes on to explore the Christian-Muslim encounters in medieval times—both the military clashes and the more peaceful exchanges of medieval scholars. Current relations in the context of Christian missionary efforts, the immigration of Muslims to the West, and post-colonial conflicts receive special focus.
COURSE INTEGRATION
As an Evangelical institution that prepares its students to engage the world, Briercrest Seminary seeks to develop an appreciation for the development of Christian-Muslim relations throughout history and in the modern period. This course examines the interplay of religion, culture, history, and individual personalities in the complex dynamic of Christian-Muslim interaction, in order to analyze these relationships from the vantage point of twenty-first century academic research with the view to recognizing its relevance in current contexts. Exploring the participation of Christians in a variety of models of interacting with Muslims will assist the student in being a witness of Christ Jesus in the Muslim community and in providing leadership for subsequent generations of Christians in developing healthy relationships with Muslims.
COURSE TEXTS
Accad, Martin. Sacred Misinterpretation: Reaching across the Christian-Muslim Divide. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2019. Tieszen, Charles. A Textual History of Christian-Muslim Relations: Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2015. Tolan, John. Faces of Muhammad: Western Perceptions of the Prophet of Islam from the Middle Ages to Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
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Students are expected to refer to Briercrest Seminary’s Format and Style Guides and Guide for Writing Research Papers, available as PDF documents here: https://www.mybriercrest.ca/seminary/documents/.
These texts are available in store and online at the Briercrest Bookstore: http://briercrest.ca/bookstore.
Students are responsible for course materials and communication on Canvas (https://briercrest.instructure.com; cf. http://briercrest.ca/online/canvas) and their myBriercrest.ca email account.
COURSE OUTCOMES
The encounters of Muslim cultures with Western cultures are often portrayed as a “clash of civilizations.” This course aims to go beyond portraying the encounters as a simple polarization and to demonstrate their complexity in their broader historical context. Another objective of the course is to explore the history of Christian understandings of Muhammad and the Qur’an, and the history of Muslim understandings of Jesus Christ and the Bible. As a way of specifically measuring your progress I want you to be able to: • outline the sequence of major encounters between Christians and Muslims that shaped their respective perceptions of each other, • identify the broad concepts and paradigms that Christians and Muslims have used to regulate their relationships with each other, • describe the key institutions, events and people involved in Christian-Muslim encounters throughout their history, • compare and contrast the present state of Christian-Muslim relations with their relations in the past, • evaluate critically current Christian portrayals of Islam, as well as Muslim portrayals of Christianity, • analyse a historical problem in a responsible way, and to interpret religious motivation in the context of cultural influences, • appreciate the breadth, variety, and complexity that has defined Christian-Muslim relations through the centuries, and • compare and contrast the development of another faith tradition with that of your own in a fair and compassionate manner.
COURSE OUTLINE AND CONTENT
The course will consist of lectures and class discussions on the topics below, interspersed with student-led explorations of primary texts from the various periods of Christian-Muslim relations throughout history. • Introducing Christian-Muslim Relations • Christianity in Arabia and surrounding regions before Islam • Earliest records of Arab invasions • Christians and Christianity in the Qur’an • Stories of Muhammad’s encounters with Christians • Christian experience of Arab government • Theological dialogue under Muslim rule • Impact of the Crusades and Mongol invasions • Christian-Muslim encounters in medieval Europe
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• Reformation and Renaissance leaders and Islam • European colonialism and Christian missions • Development of Christian scholarship on Islam in the 20th century • Modern Muslim views of Christianity • Christian missionary strategies in the latter half of the 20th century • Recent initiatives at dialogue since 9/11
ASSIGNMENTS
Pre-Course Assignments:
1) Primary Source Readings (10%) – due February 24, at 9:00 a.m. Read the selections from Charles Tieszen’s book, A Textual History of Christian-Muslim Relations and the other primary sources as listed in the Appendix (total about 300 pages). Selections from primary sources not in the Tieszen text are located in the “Files” section for this course on Canvas. These selections will be the basis of the student-led discussions in class. On the first day of class, indicate what percentage of the readings you have completed.
2) Book Review (20%) – due February 24, at 9:00 a.m. submitted to Canvas Read and write a review of Martin Accad’s book, Sacred Misinterpretation (about 350 pages). An academic review or critique consists of three parts: 1) a summary of the book’s contents, 2) an analysis of the author’s objectives, and 3) an evaluation of the book’s strengths and weaknesses. These three sections should be relatively equal in length.
In your analysis, discover what the author declares as his intention in the Preface and Introduction, and assess how well he achieves those objectives. In evaluating the book’s other strengths and weaknesses, include a discussion of how the author has handled historical sources—does he use primary sources whenever possible? Has he used a wide range of scholarly secondary sources?
The review should be 7 pages, double-spaced, with bibliographic details of the book on the first page.
3) Book Review (15%) – due February 24, at 9:00 a.m. submitted to Canvas Read and write a review of John Tolan’s book, Faces of Muhammad (about 260 pages). Follow the pattern used with Accad’s book.
Mid-Course Assignments:
Class Presentation (15%) Prepare a 30-minute class presentation and discussion on a primary source reading selected from the list below. For the first 15 minutes, present the historical context of the author and the reading selection. For the last 15 minutes lead the class in discussing the themes found in the reading and their importance for the history of Christian-Muslim relations.
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The written submission will consist of the presentation of the historical context and the list of questions you have prepared to stimulate class discussion, along with a bibliography of 3- 4 sources you have used in your research.
The selection of topics will be first-come-first-served. To avoid duplication, you should contact me with your choice as soon as possible. I will then post which readings are taken and which are still available.
List of topics The readings for each topic are given in the Appendix. Where a topic has selections from multiple authors, choose only one author on which to focus. -Early Christian responses to Islam -Christianity in the language of Islam -Refuting Christianity and defending Islam -Muslim critiques of Christianity in al-Andalus -A Catholic defense of Christianity -The Crusades -After the Mongol Invasions -After the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 -Protestant Reformers -The Gospel of Barnabas -Christian-Muslim debates in Delhi in 1854 -Missionary work among the Arabs -Modernist Muslim’s interpretation of the Bible -Muslim response to Christian missionaries -Muslim theology of witness -Evangelical Christian missiology -A Muslim initiative at dialogue -Muslim diaspora in Europe -Theological reflections on the name of God / Allah
Post-Course Assignments:
4) Course Review Essays (15%) – due Saturday, March 7, 2020 submitted to Canvas A review of the course will consist of three essays to be completed within the week following the course. You will be able to choose from at least two questions from each of the three time periods—classical, medieval, and modern. You are welcome to use your class notes, textbooks or any other source. Additional details will be given in class.
5) Research Paper (25%) – due Friday, April 24, 2020 submitted to Canvas Write a 16-page research paper on any aspect of Christianity’s encounter with Islam, provided it is approached primarily from a historical perspective. See me some time shortly after the end of the course to have your topic approved, or to receive suggestions for a topic if you have difficulty finding one. Your subject should be concise enough to be examined in detail, and you should aim to be analytic and evaluative rather than merely descriptive.
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This assignment should draw upon at least ten sources, both primary and secondary sources including journal articles. Internet sources should be limited to no more than two. This limitation does not apply to books or journal articles accessed online. Wikipedia should be consulted but not be cited as a source. Your paper must contain an outline and a thesis statement that is clearly stated and defended and must be formally written in accordance with the Chicago-Style Format Guide. Citations should be in footnote or endnote style, correctly formatted.
Alternate assignment: Instead of writing a research paper, you may choose to contribute an entry to Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History. Five volumes of this series are available as e-books in our library. If this interests you, come see me for a list of possible authors for which entries are needed.
SEMINARY CALENDAR
Students are expected to be aware of the policies that govern course work at Briercrest Seminary, all of which are published in the current Seminary Calendar: https://www.briercrestseminary.ca/academics/calendar/.
Attendance Policy Students are expected to attend 100% of each modular for which they register. If this is impossible due to extenuating circumstances, arrangements must be made with the course professor before the first day of class. If extenuating circumstances prevent a student from attending class, a maximum of one full day of class can be foregone. If additional time is missed, the student will fail the course unless they first request to withdraw from the course or move the course to an audit.
Course Schedules Classes begin at 9:00 a.m. on Monday morning and run a minimum of 30 hours through the course of the week. The schedule is determined by the course professor. Students should check the syllabus for specifics. When the syllabus does not state class times, students are responsible to check with the professor prior to making travel plans.
Assignment Submission All assignments must be submitted no later than eight weeks after the last day of class as stated in the syllabus. The correct due dates will be clearly noted in the syllabus and each faculty member will state in their syllabus how assignments should be submitted. Assignments submitted within a week after the due date will be accepted with a 10 per cent penalty. For additional information refer to the late assignment policy or the extension policy in the academic calendar.
Return of Graded Assignments Professors are expected to return graded assignments within six weeks of the due date. If they fail to do so, students may submit an inquiry to the Seminary. If an extension is granted, the professor is no longer obligated to meet this deadline.
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Academic Honesty Students are accountable to perform each task according to principles of academic honesty. Please refer to pages 24-25 in the academic calendar for more information.
Academic Accommodations Any student with a disability, injury, or health condition who may need academic accommodations (permanent or temporary) should discuss them with the course instructor after contacting the Director of the Academic Resource Centre in person (L234 in the Library), by telephone (1-306-756- 3230) or by email ([email protected]). Documentation from a qualified practitioner will be required (i.e., medical doctor, psychologist, etc.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
General surveys Armour, Rollin S. Islam, Christianity, and the West: A Troubled History. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002. Fletcher, Richard. The Cross and the Crescent: Christianity and Islam from Muhammad to the Reformation. New York: Viking, 2003. Goddard, Hugh. A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2000. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and Wadi Z. Haddad, eds. Christian-Muslim Encounters. Gainsville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1995. Leirvik, Oddbjørn. Images of Jesus Christ in Islam. 2nd ed. London: Continuum, 2010. Nazir-Ali, Michael. Frontiers in Muslim-Christian Encounter. Oxford: Regnum Books, 1987. Penn, Michael Philip. When Christians first met Muslims: A Sourcebook of the earliest Syriac Writings on Islam. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015. Pratt, Douglas. The Challenge of Islam: Encounters in Interfaith Dialogue. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2005. Riddell, Peter, G., and Peter Cotterell. Islam in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2003. Ridgeon, Lloyd, ed. Islamic Interpretations of Christianity. Taylor and Francis, 2000. Siddiqui, Mona, ed. The Routledge Reader in Christian-Muslim Relations. London: Routledge, 2013. Watt, William Montgomery. Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions. London: Routledge, 1991. Christianity in Arabia and the surrounding regions before Islam Bell, Richard. The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment: The Gunning Lectures, Edinburgh, 1925. Islam and the Muslim World, 10. 1926, rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. [available from U. of Regina] Cragg, Kenneth. The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991.
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Hawting, G. R. The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Holland, Tom. In the Shadow of the Sword: The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World. London: Little, Brown, 2012. Osman, Ghada. “Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources.” Muslim World 95, no. 1 (Jan. 2005) 67-80. Shahîd, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Vol. 1, Part 2, Ecclesiastical History. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995. Trimingham, J. Spencer. Christianity among the Arabs in Pre-Islamic Times. Arab Background Series, ed. N. A. Ziadeh. London: Longman, 1979. Muhammad and Christians Friedmann, Yohanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, ed. David Morgan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. Qur’ānic Christians: An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegsis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Peters, Rudolph. The Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1995. Weil, Gustav. The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud; or, Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans. New York, 1863. Reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006; also available from http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bkt/index.htm Christian experience of the early Arab conquests Grabar, Oleg. Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Gervers, Michael and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi. Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries. Papers in Mediaeval Studies, 9. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990. Griffith, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Grypeou, Emmanouela, et. al., eds. The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, 5. Leiden: Brill, 2006. Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others saw it: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on early Islam. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1997. Kaegi, Walter E. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Levtzion, Nehemia, ed. Conversion to Islam. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979. Schick, Robert. The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantium to Islamic Rule: A Historical and Archaeological Study. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 1995. Thomas, David, ed. Christians at the Heart of Islamic Rule: Church Life and Scholarship in 'Abbasid Iraq. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, 1. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
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Tritton, A. S. The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of ‘Umar. Humphrey, Milford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1930. http://www.archive.org/details/caliphsandtheirn029590mbp. Dialogue and Theological Confrontation Adang, Camilla. Muslim Writers on Judaism & the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm. Islamic Philosophy Theology and Science: Text and Studies, ed. H. Daiber and D. Pingree, no. 22. Leiden: Brill, 1996. Lamoreaux, John C. Theodore Abu Qurrah. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2005. Newman, N. A., ed. The Early Christian-Muslim Dialogue: A Collection of Documents from the First Three Islamic Centuries (632-900 A.D.), Translations with Commentary. Hatfield, PA: Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, 1993. Peters, F. E. Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian tradition in Islam. New York: New York University Press, 1968. Pulcini, Theodore. Exegesis as Polemical Discourse: Ibn Ḥazm on Jewish and Christian Scriptures. American Academy of Religions; the Religions, no. 2. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998. Sahas, Daniel J. John of Damascus on Islam: The “Heresy of the Ishmaelites.” Leiden: Brill, 1972. Samir, Samir Khalil. Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258). Studies in the History of Relgions (Numen Bookseries), ed. H. G. Kippenberg and E. T. Lawson, no. 63. Leiden: Brill, 1994. Smith, Margaret. The Way of the Mystics: The Early Christian Mystics and the Rise of the Sufis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Sweetman, James Windrow. Islam and Christian Theology: A Study of the Interpretation of Theological Ideas in the Two Religions. 2 vols., 2 pts. each. 1947, rpt. Cambridge, UK: James Clarke & Co., 2002. Tabari, Ali. The Book of Religion and Empire: A Semi-official Defence and Exposition of Islām written by Order at the Court and with the Assistance of the Caliph Mutawakkil (A.D. 847-861). Translated by A. Mingana. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1922. [available on-line at http://www.archive.org/details/bookofreligionan032355mbp] Thomas, David, ed. The Bible in Arab Christianity. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, ed. David Thomas, et al., no. 6. Leiden: Brill, 2007. Thomas, David, ed. Anti-Christian Polemic in Early Islam: Abū ‘Īsā al-Warrāq’s “Against the Trinity.” University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 45. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Thomas, David, ed. Early Muslim Polemic against Christianity: Abū ‘Īsā al-Warrāq’s “Against the Incarnation.” University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 59. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Wild, Stefan, ed. The Qur’an as Text. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996. Confrontations in Spain and North Africa Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
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Melville, Charles, and Ahmad Ubaydli. Christians and Moors in Spain. Vol. 3. Arabic Sources. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1992. O’Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954. Roth, Norman. Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994. Watt, W. Montgomery. A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh: University Press, 1965. Confrontations in the Byzantine Empire Berend, Nora. At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and ‘Pagans’ in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000 – c. 1300. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, eds. Rosamond McKitterick, et. al. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Bicheno, Hugh. Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571. London: Cassell, 2003. Crowley, Roger. 1453: The War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. New York: Hyperion, 2005. O’Shea, Stephen. Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2006. Crusades Erdmann, Carl. The Origin of the Idea of Crusade. Trans. by Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter Goffart. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. Gervers, Michael, and James M. Powell, eds. Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2001. Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Kedar, Benjamin Z. Crusade and Mission: European Approaches towards Muslims. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. [available from U. of Regina] Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades through Arab Eyes. Trans. by Jon Rothschild. New York: Schocken Books, 1984. Madden, Thomas F. The New Concise History of the Crusades. Updated ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Maier, Christoph T. Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Mastnak, Tomaž. Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim world, and Western Political Order. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Runciman, Steven. The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1965. ______. The History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1955.
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Setton, Kenneth Meyer, ed. A History of the Crusades. 5 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. Tyerman, Christopher. Fighting for Christendom: Holy War and the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Medieval and early modern encounters Burrell, David B. Knowing the Unknowable God: Ibn-Sina, Maimonides, Aquinas. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986. Camps, Arnulf. Jerome Xavier S.J. and the Muslims of the Mogul Empire: Controversial Works and Missionary Activity. Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft, Supplementa VI. Schöneck- Beckenried, Switzerland: Nouvelle Revue de Science Missionnaire, 1957. Chang, Curtis. Engaging Unbelief: A Captivating Strategy from Augustine and Aquinas. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Daniel, Norman. Islam and the West: The Making of an Image. Chatham: NY: Oneworld Publications, 1993. Frassetto, Michael, and David R. Blanks, eds. Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Perception of Other. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. Green, Molly. A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Mediterranean. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Hasluck, F. W. Christianity and Islam under the Sultans. 1929. Rpt. Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino Publishing, 2006. Hoeberichts, J. Francis and Islam. Quincy, IL: Franciscan Press, 1997. Ibn Taymiyya. A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: Ibn Taymiyya’s Al-Jawab al-Sahih. Translated by Thomas F. Michel. Studies in Islamic Philosophy and Science, ed. George F. Hourani, et al. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1984. Kritzeck, James. Peter the Venerable and Islam. Princeton Oriental Studies, 23. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964. Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava. Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992. Makdisi, George. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West: with special reference to Scholasticism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, et. al., eds. With Reverence for the Word Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Southern, R. W. Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962. Thomas Aquinas. On the Truth of the Catholic Faith: Summa Contra Gentiles. 4 vols. Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1955. Tolan, John V. Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
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Protestant missionary efforts in the 19th century – India and Southeast Asia Ahmad Khan, Sir Sayyid. The Mohommedan Commentary on the Holy Bible. 1862; rpt. Aligarh: Sir Syed Academy Publications Division, 2004. Chiragh Ali. A Critical Exposition of the Popular “Jihád” showing that all the Wars of Mohammad were Defensive; and that aggressive War, or compulsory Conversion is not allowed in the Koran. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1885. Reprint, New Delhi: Global Media, 2003. Hughes, Thomas Patrick. A Dictionary of Islam, being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. 2nd ed. London: W. H. Allen, 1896; numerous reprints. Muir, William. The Mohammedan Controversy, Biographies of Mohammed, Sprenger on Tradition, The Indian Liturgy and the Psalter. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1897. Pfander, C. G. The Mizan-ul-Haqq (‘Balance of Truth’). Rev. by W. St. Clair Tisdall. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1910, rpt. Powell, Avril Ann. Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India. London Studies on South Asia, 7. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1993. Sell, Edward. The Faith of Islam. 3rd ed. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1907, rpt. Kessinger Publishing. Wherry, E. M. The Muslim Controversy, being a Review of Christian Literature written in the Urdu Language for the Propagation of the Christian Religion and the Refutation of Islam. London: The Christian Literature Society, 1905. Protestant missionary efforts in the 19th – 20th century – Ottoman empire and Africa Cooper, Barbara MacGowan. Evangelical Christians in the Muslim Sahel. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Marten, Michael. Attempting to Bring the Gospel Home: Scottish Missions to Palestine, 1839-1917. International Library of Colonial History. Tauris Academic Studies, 2005. Marten, Michael, and Martin Tamcke. Christian Witness between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East. Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte. Hamburg: LIT-Verlag, 2006. Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, ed. Proselytization and Communal Self-Determination in Africa. Religion and Human Rights. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999. Scudder, Lewis R. The Arabian Mission’s Story: In Search of Abraham’s Other Son. Grand Rapids: Eerdman’s, 1998. Vander Werff, Lyle L. Christian Mission to Muslims: The Record: Anglican and Reformed Approaches in India and the Near East, 1800-1938. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1977. Wherry, Elwood Morris, ed. Methods of Mission Work among Moslems: Being those Papers read at the First Missionary Conference on behalf of the Mohammedan World held at Cairo April 4th-9th, 1906. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903. Zwemer, S. M., et. al., eds. The Mohammedan World of Today, being Papers read at the First Missionary Conference on behalf of the Mohammedan World held at Cairo April 4th-9th, 1906. New York: The Young People’s Missionary Movement, 1906; rpt. Kessinger Publishing.
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Zwemer, S. M., E. M. Wherry, and C. G. Mylrea. Islam and Missions: Being Papers read at the Second Missionary Conference on behalf of the Mohammedan World at Lucknow, January 23-28, 1911. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911; also available at: http://www.archive.org/details/islamandmissions00xxxxuoft. Debate and Dialogue in the 20th century Hasan, S. S. Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Husein, Fatimah. Muslim-Christian Relations in the New Order Indonesia: The Exclusivist and Inclusivist Muslims’ Perspectives. Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan, 2005. Ipgrave, Michael, ed. The Road Ahead: A Christian-Muslim Dialogue. A record of the seminar ‘Building Bridges’ held at Lambeth Palace, 17-18 January, 2002. London: Church House Publishing, 2002. Larson, Warren Fredrick. Islamic Ideology and Fundamentalism in Pakistan: Climate for Conversion to Christianity? Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998. Parshall, Phil. Beyond the Mosque: Christians within Muslim Community. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1985. Sanneh, Lamin O. Piety and Power: Muslims and Christians in West Africa. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1996. Shenk, David W. Journeys of the Muslim Nation and the Christian Church: Exploring the Mission of two Communities. Waterloo, ON: Herald Press, 2003. Siddiqui, Ataullah. Christian-Muslim Dialogue in the Twentieth Century. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. Woodberry, John Dudley. Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road. Monrovia, CA: MARC Publications, 1989. Clash of Civilizations? Bulliet, Richard W. The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Esack, Farid. “Muslims Engaging the Other and the Humanum.” In Sharing the Book: Religious Perspectives on the Rights and Wrongs of Proselytism, ed. John Witte Jr. and Richard C. Martin, 118-141, Religion and Human Rights Series. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999. Esposito, John L. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Gabriel, Theodore. Christian Citizens in an Islamic State: The Pakistan Experience. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2007. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Shuster, 1996. Nazir-Ali, Michael. Conviction and Conflict: Islam, Christianity and World Order. London: Continuum, 2006. Saeed, Abdullah, and Hassan Saeed. Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2004.
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Said, Edward W. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine how we see the Rest of the World. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981. Sookhdeo, Patrick. A People Betrayed: The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan. Frearn Ross-shire, Scotland: Christian Focus Publications, 2002. Zebiri, Kate. Muslims and Christians: Face to Face. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1997. Into the 21st century Fitzgerald, Michael L. and John Borelli. Interfaith Dialogue: A Catholic View. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2006. Greaves, Ron, et al., eds. Islam and the West Post 9/11. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2004. Hussain, Amir. Oil and Water: Two Faiths: One God. Kelowna, BC: CopperHouse, 2006. Manji, Irshad. The Trouble with Islam: A Wake-Up Call for Honesty and Change. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2003. Tennent, Timothy C. Christianity at the Religious Roundtable: Evangelicalism in Conversation with Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002. Christian perceptions of Islam Braswell, George W. Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics and Power. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1996. Cragg, Kenneth. Jesus and the Muslim: An Exploration. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications, 1999. ______. Muhammad and the Christian: A Question of Response. London: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 1984. Gabriel, Mark A. Jesus and Muhammad. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2004. George, Timothy. Is the Father of Jesus the God of Muhammad?: Understanding the Differences between Christianity and Islam. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002. Glaser, Ida, and Napoleon John. Partners or Prisoners?: Christians thinking about Women and Islam. Carlisle, Cumbria: Solway, 1998. Glaser, Ida, and Hannah Kay. Thinking Biblically about Islam: Genesis: Transfiguration, Transformation. Carlisle, Cumbria: Langham Global Library, 2016. Jones, L. Bevan. The People of the Mosque: An Introduction to the Study of Islam with special Reference to India. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1959. Masood, Steven. The Bible and the Qur’an: A Question of Integrity. Carlisle, Cumbria, UK: OM Publishing, 2001. Mateen, Elass. Understanding the Koran: A Quick Christian guide to the Muslim Holy Book. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004. Moucarry, Chawkat. The Prophet & the Messiah: An Arab Christian’s Perspective on Islam & Christianity. Downer’s Grove, IL: IVP, 2002. Nazir-Ali, Michael. Islam: A Christian Perspective. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1983.
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Parshall, Phil. The Cross and the Crescent: Reflections on Christian-Muslim Spirituality. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1989. Renard, John. Islam and Christianity: Theological Themes in Comparative Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. Schlorff, Samuel P. Understanding the Muslim mindset: Questions about Islam answered by Sam Schlorff. Upper Darby, PA: Arab World Ministries, 1995. Zwemer, Samuel M. The Moslem World. New York: Young People’s Missionary Movement, 1908. Christian Ministry to Muslims Accad, Fouad Elias. Building Bridges: Christianity and Islam. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1997. Adeney, Miriam. Daughters of Islam: Building Bridges with Muslim Women. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002. Christensen, Jens. The Practical Approach to Muslims. N.p.: North Africa Mission, 1977; this book has been recently republished as, Mission to Islam and Beyond: A Practical Theology of Mission. Blackwood, South Australia: New Creation Publications, 2001. Gaudeul, Jean-Marie. Called from Islam to Christ: Why Muslims become Christians. London: Monarch Books, 1999. Greenlee, David. From the Straight Path to the Narrow Way: Journeys of Faith. Authentic, 2006. Krabill, James R., et al. Anabaptists Meeting Muslims: A Calling for Presence in the Way of Christ. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2005. Love, Fran, and Jeleta Eckheart, eds. Ministry to Muslim women: longing to call them sisters. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 2000. Love, Rick. Muslims, Magic and the Kingdom of God: Church Planting among Folk Muslims. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 2000. McCurry, Don M., ed. The Gospel and Islam: A 1978 Compendium. Monrovia, CA: MARC, 1979. Musk, Bill. Touching the Soul of Islam: Sharing the Gospel in Muslim Cultures. Crowborough, Eng: MARC, 1995. Nickel, Gordon. Peaceable Witness among Muslims. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1999. Parshall, Phil. New Paths in Muslim Evangelism: Evangelical Approaches to Contextualization. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980. ______. Bridges to Islam: A Christian Perspective on Folk Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1983. Penner, Peter F., ed. Christian Presence and Witness among Muslims. Schwarzenfeld, Germany: Neufeld Verlag, 2005. Woodbury, John Dudley, ed. Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road. Critical Issues in Witness among Muslims. Monrovia, CA: MARC Publications, 1989. Muslim perceptions of Christianity Abdullah, Mohammad. Islam, Jesus and Mehdi: Doomsday, Imam Mehdi, Messiah Jesus son of Mary, Qadianis-Ahmadis, and Anti-Christ Dajjal. New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2001.
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Aftab, A., ed. Jesus & the Ahmadiyya Movement of Mirza Ghulam A. Qadiani. Montreal: Éditions Islamiques D’Amérique, 1987. Ajijola, Adeleke Dirisu. Historical Jesus. Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 1999. ‘Ata ur-Rahim, Muhammad. Jesus: A Prophet of Islam. Karachi: Begum Aisha Bawani Waqf, 1980. Shafaat, Ahmad. Islam and its Prophet: A Fulfilment of Biblical Prophecies. Ville St-Laurent, QC: Nur Al- Islam Foundation, 1984. Shafi, Mohammad. Signs of Qiyamah and the Arrival of the Maseeh: A Unique Collection of 116 Ahadith on the arrival of Maseeh. Edited by Mohammad Rafi Usmani, trans. by Rafiq Abdur Rehman. Karachi: Darul Isha’at, 2000. Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. What is Christianity? Trans. by Muhammad Shoaib Omar. New Delhi: Idara Isha’at-e-Diniyat, 2000.
APPENDIX
Primary Source Readings for History of Christian-Muslim Relations
1. Early Christian responses to Islam -John of Damascus and al-Kindi – read Tieszen, pp. 15-19, 77-84
2. Christianity in the language of Islam -Patriarch Timothy I – read Tieszen, p. 50-57 -Theodore Abu Qurrah – read Tieszen, pp. 31-50 -Abu Raita al-Takriti – read Tieszen, pp. 57-77
3. Refuting Christianity and defending Islam -Abu ‘Isa al-Warraq - read Tieszen, pp. 85-95 -al-Jahiz and al-Tabari – read Tieszen, pp. 97-109
4. Muslim critiques of Christianity in al-Andalus -Ibn Hazm and al-Baji – read Tieszen, pp. 143-157
5. A Catholic defence of Christianity -Thomas Aquinas and others – read Tieszen, pp. 175-188
6. The Crusades -READ: William of Tyre, A History of Deeds done beyond the Sea, trans. Emily Atwater Babcock. Volume 1 (Columbia University Press, 1943), 366-374 [on Canvas]. -READ: Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, Part 2, trans. D. S. Richards (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007), 322-324, 330-335 [on Canvas].
7. After the Mongol invasions -Ibn Taymiyyah – read Tieszen, pp. 188-197.
8. After the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 -Nicholas of Cusa – read Tieszen, pp. 222-237
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9. Protestant Reformers -READ: Henrich, Sarah, and James L. Boyce. “Martin Luther—Translations of Two Prefaces on Islam: Preface to the Libellus de ritu et moribus Turcorum (1530), and Preface to Bibliander’s Edition of the Qur’an (1543).” Word & World 16, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 262-266 [on Canvas]; the entire article is available at http://wordandworld.luthersem.edu/issues.aspx?article_id=456. -READ: Malcolm, Noel. “Comenius, the Conversion of the Turks, and the Muslim-Christian Debate on the Corruption of the Scripture.” Church History and Religious Culture 87 (2007): 482-485, containing a translation of Comenius’s preface to Turkish Bibles [on Canvas]
10. Gospel of Barnabas -READ: Gospel of Barnabas, introduction, chapters 43-44, 211-222 [on Canvas].
11. Christian-Muslim debates in Delhi, 1854 -READ: Pfander, C. G., The Mizan-ul-Haqq (Balance of Truth), revised by W. St. Clair Tisdall (London: Religious Tract Society, 1910), 106-125 [on Canvas].
12. Missionary work among the Arabs -READ: Samuel Zwemer, The Disintegration of Islam (London: Fleming H. Revell, 1916), 7-10, 171-178 [on Canvas].
13. Modernist Muslim interpretation of the Bible -READ: Sayyid Ahmad Khan, The Mohomedan Commentary on the Holy Bible (Aligarh: Sir Sayyid Academy, Aligarh Muslim University, 2004). The Second Discourse on what is revelation and the Word of God [on Canvas].
14. Muslim response to Christian missionaries -READ: Wood, Simon A., Christian Criticisms, Islamic Proofs: Rashīd Riḍā’s Modernist Defense of Islam (Oxford: Oneworld, 2008), 139-144 [on Canvas].
15. Muslim theology of witness -READ: Isma‘il al-Faruqi, “On the Nature of Islamic Da‘wah,” in Christian Mission and Islamic Da‘wah: Proceedings of the Chambésy Dialogue Consultation (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1982), 33-44 [on Canvas].
16. Evangelical Christian missiology -READ: Phil Parshall, New Paths in Muslim Evangelism: Evangelical Approaches to Contextualization. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1980, pp. 157-180 [on Canvas].
17. A Muslim initiative at dialogue -READ: A Common Word between Us and You, English Monograph Series, 4 (Jordan: The Royal AAL al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2009), 7-12, 30-38, 83-91 [on Canvas].
18. The Muslim diaspora in Europe -READ: Tariq Ramadan, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 62-77, 208-213 [on Canvas].
19. Theological reflections on the name of God / Allah -READ: Miroslav Volf, Allah: A Christian Response (New York: HarperOne, 2011), 79-94 [on Canvas].