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Identity and Nonidentity in Verb Phrase Ellipsis and Anaphoric Deaccenting

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Identity and Nonidentity in Verb Phrase Ellipsis and Anaphoric Deaccenting THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ANTECEDENCE AND CONTEXT: IDENTITY AND NONIDENTITY IN VERB PHRASE ELLIPSIS AND ANAPHORIC DEACCENTING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS BY JEFFREY PATRICK GEIGER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2020 Copyright c 2020 by Jeffrey Patrick Geiger All Rights Reserved For Mom TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF TABLES . xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xiv ABSTRACT . xvii 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 BACKGROUND: IDENTITY AND NONIDENTITY IN VERB PHRASE ELLIPSIS 13 2.1 Evidence for syntactic identity . 15 2.2 Evidence for semantic identity . 21 2.3 Resolving overgeneration . 25 2.4 Resolving undergeneration . 30 2.5 Antecedentless VP ellipsis . 38 2.6 An empirical gap . 44 3 VERB PHRASE ELLIPSIS INTERPRETATION IN COMPLEX DISCOURSE CON- TEXTS . 50 3.1 Experiment 1: VPE interpretation in context . 53 3.1.1 Design and materials . 53 3.1.2 Procedure . 58 3.1.3 Participants . 59 3.1.4 Predictions . 60 3.1.5 Results . 62 3.1.6 Analysis . 63 3.1.7 Discussion . 65 3.2 Experiment 2: Ellipsis-specific context effects . 67 3.2.1 Design, materials, and procedure . 69 3.2.2 Participants . 69 3.2.3 Predictions . 71 3.2.4 Results . 71 3.2.5 Analysis . 73 3.2.6 Discussion . 74 3.3 Experiment 3: Discourse availability of VPE interpretations . 76 3.3.1 Design, materials, and procedure . 77 3.3.2 Participants . 77 3.3.3 Predictions . 79 3.3.4 Results . 80 3.3.5 Analysis . 81 3.3.6 Discussion . 83 3.4 Experiment 4: Interpretation of do that in context . 84 iv 3.4.1 Design, materials, and procedure . 86 3.4.2 Participants . 87 3.4.3 Predictions . 87 3.4.4 Results . 89 3.4.5 Analysis . 90 3.4.6 Discussion . 92 3.5 General discussion . 94 3.5.1 VPE interpretation in context . 95 3.5.2 Comparing VPE and do that ...................... 103 4 A PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF VPE INTERPRETATION IN CONTEXT . 109 4.1 Experiments 5 and 6: Empirical priors { Availability of competing meanings before VPE . 110 4.1.1 Design, methods, and materials . 111 4.1.2 Participants . 113 4.1.3 Results . 115 4.1.4 Analysis . 117 4.1.5 Discussion . 119 4.2 Experiment 7: Empirical posteriors { Forced-choice VPE interpretation . 119 4.2.1 Design, methods, and procedure . 120 4.2.2 Participants . 120 4.2.3 Results . 121 4.2.4 Analysis . 123 4.2.5 Discussion . 124 4.3 Probabilistic models of VPE interpretation in context . 126 4.3.1 Conceptual and terminological overview . 127 4.3.2 Identity-only model . 130 4.3.3 Identity model with error . 138 4.3.4 Salience-only model . 143 4.3.5 Salience model with error . 146 4.3.6 Hybrid model (no error) . 148 4.3.7 Hybrid model with error . 151 4.3.8 Model comparison . 153 4.3.9 Discussion . 164 4.4 General discussion . 166 5 BACKGROUND: GIVENNESS, INFERABILITY, AND DEACCENTING . 172 5.1 Diagnosing emphasis . 180 5.1.1 Correlates of accent and correlates of stress . 181 5.1.2 Complications of prosodic realization . 186 5.2 Theories of deaccenting licensing . 189 5.2.1 The grammatical approach . 190 5.2.2 The accommodation approach . 223 5.2.3 Summary . 235 v 6 PRODUCTION OF DEACCENTING UNDER IDENTITY AND INFERENCE . 239 6.1 Experiment 8: Norming verb inferability . 244 6.1.1 Design and materials . 245 6.1.2 Procedure . 247 6.1.3 Participants . 249 6.1.4 Results and stimulus selection . 249 6.2 Experiment 9: Production of deaccenting . 250 6.2.1 Design and materials . 251 6.2.2 Procedure . 255 6.2.3 Participants . 257 6.2.4 Data processing . 257 6.2.5 Predictions . 261 6.2.6 Results . 263 6.2.7 Analysis . 264 6.2.8 Discussion . 276 6.3 Experiment 10: Perception of emphasis in production data . 284 6.3.1 Design and materials . 286 6.3.2 Procedure . 287 6.3.3 Participants . 289 6.3.4 Predictions . 290 6.3.5 Results . 290 6.3.6 Analysis . 291 6.3.7 Discussion . 295 6.4 General discussion . 297 7 PERCEPTION OF DEACCENTING UNDER IDENTITY AND INFERENCE . 301 7.1 Experiment 11: Perception of emphasis in out-of-the-blue contexts . 304 7.1.1 Design and materials . 305 7.1.2 Procedure . 307 7.1.3 Participants . 310 7.1.4 Predictions . 310 7.1.5 Results . 313 7.1.6 Analysis . 316 7.1.7 Discussion . 317 7.2 Experiments 12 and 13: Perception of emphasis in.
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