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H.W.S. Cleveland's Landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery: a Design Analysis Deborah Lynn Cooper Iowa State University

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H.W.S. Cleveland's Landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery: a Design Analysis Deborah Lynn Cooper Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 H.W.S. Cleveland's landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery: A design analysis Deborah Lynn Cooper Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the History Commons, and the Landscape Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Cooper, Deborah Lynn, "H.W.S. Cleveland's landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery: A design analysis" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12980. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12980 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. H.W.S. Cleveland’s landscape for Oak Hill Cemetery: A design analysis by Deborah L. Cooper A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Major: Landscape Architecture Program of Study Committee: Heidi M. Hohmann, Major Professor Carlton W. Basmajian Arvid E. Osterberg James Pritchard Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Deborah L. Cooper, 2012. All rights reserved. ii Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... viii Foreword ................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Biography of Horace William Shaler Cleveland (1814–1900) ................................ 3 Chapter 2. The Design Aesthetic of H.W.S. Cleveland .......................................................... 17 Chapter 3. The Rural Cemetery and H.W.S. Cleveland......................................................... 21 The 19th C. Rural Cemetery Movement ..................................................................... 21 The Cemetery Design Practice of HWS Cleveland ...................................................... 25 Chapter 4. History of Oak Hill Cemetery ............................................................................... 30 Early History ................................................................................................................ 30 The Transformation of Oak Hill Cemetery ................................................................. 33 Chapter 5. Interpretation of the Principles of Design ............................................................ 51 Two Principles for Social Good ................................................................................... 52 Five Principles for Site-Planning .................................................................................. 55 Six Principles for Physical Design ................................................................................ 64 Chapter 6. Design Analysis of Oak Hill Cemetery ................................................................. 79 Principles for Social Good ........................................................................................... 80 Principles for Site-Planning .......................................................................................... 88 Principles for Physical Design ...................................................................................... 95 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 113 Archives and Repositories Consulted .................................................................................... 115 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 116 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 124 The Founders of Oak Hill Cemetery ......................................................................... 124 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Image of H.W.S. Cleveland circa 1878. ..................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Announcement for the professional practice of H.W.S. Cleveland and Robert Morris Copeland, circa 1855. ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 3. Classified Advertisement for the Midwestern practice of H.W.S. Cleveland in Prairie Farmer, May 15, 1869. ......................................................................................... 9 Figure 4. Self-published flier announcing the Midwestern practice of H.W.S. Cleveland, circa 1870. ..................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. Letterheads used in the practice of H.W.S. Cleveland with his two partners. ......... 12 Figure 6. Pamphlet promoting the partnership of Cleveland and French. Source: Art Institute of Chicago, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries, Chicago, IL. ........................... 13 Figure 7. Grave marker for H.W.S. Cleveland in the family plot at Lakewood Cemetery, Minneapolis, MN. ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 8. Embellishments found on monumentation in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, MA. ............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 9. A lithograph of Laurel Hill Cemetery, one of the first rural cemeteries in America, established in 1836. ...................................................................................... 24 Figure 10. The Pine Walk at the edge of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery served to connect the town of Concord, MA with outlying natural areas.. .................................................... 26 Figure 11. The design for Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. ............................................................... 27 Figure 12. 1855 plan of Oak Grove Cemetery, Gloucester, MA. ............................................ 28 Figure 13. The 1886 map of Gloucester, MA shows the location of Oak Grove Cemetery beyond the town limits (callout from Google Earth 2010). ......................... 28 Figure 14. 1841 Government Land Office map of township 83-Section 27. .......................... 30 Figure 15. Map of Cedar Rapids, IA and the Carpenter Farm showing the location of the old and new cemeteries.......................................................................................... 31 Figure 16. The recorded plat of Oak Hill Cemetery. .............................................................. 32 Figure 17. Testimonial letter written by John Weare to Cleveland. Published by................... 42 Figure 18. Location of receiving vault at Oak Hill Cemetery. ................................................. 43 Figure 19. Postcard image shows receiving vault at Oak Hill Cemetery circa 1910................. 43 Figure 20. The Oak Hill Cemetery property in 1883 with its featured lake. ........................... 45 iv Figure 21. Etching of Cleveland’s design for the lake in Oak Hill Cemetery. ......................... 46 Figure 22. The limestone block shown in this image was salvaged from the coping used along the edge of the lake in Oak Hill Cemetery. ........................................................ 46 Figure 23. View of new approach with gated entry drive, gatehouse, wall, and ornamental fencing. ..................................................................................................... 48 Figure 24. Relocation of the Oak Hill Cemetery entrance to the northwest corner of the property. ...................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 25. New driveway profiles for Oak Hill Cemetery. ...................................................... 49 Figure 26. Oak Grove Cemetery, La Crosse, WI. ................................................................... 71 Figure 27. 1871 plan of Highland Cemetery, Junction City, KS ............................................ 73 Figure 28. Undated plan for J. Young Scammon Estate, Chicago, IL shows corner entrance. ...................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 29. 1855 plan for Oak Grove Cemetery, Gloucester, MA shows corner entrance. ...... 74 Figure 30. Plan showing ornate gatehouse located at entrance of Oak Grove Cemetery, MA. ............................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 31. Receiving vault at Highland Cemetery, KS. ........................................................... 76 Figure 32. Monuments of founding
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