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Coastal Processes of the Russian Baltic (Eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad Area)

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Coastal Processes of the Russian Baltic (Eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad Area) Downloaded from http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 24, 2021 Accepted Manuscript Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology Coastal processes of the Russian Baltic (eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad area) Daria Ryabchuk, Alexander Sergeev, Evgeny Burnashev, Viktor Khorikov, Igor Neevin, Olga Kovaleva, Leonid Budanov, Vladimir Zhamoida & Aleksandr Danchenkov DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-036 Received 11 February 2020 Revised 18 May 2020 Accepted 2 July 2020 © 2020 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Published by The Geological Society of London. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/ pub_ethics When citing this article please include the DOI provided above. Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript This is a PDF of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting and correction before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Although reasonable efforts have been made to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this article, please refer to the Version of Record once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions may be required. Downloaded from http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 24, 2021 Coastal processes of the Russian Baltic (eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad area) Daria Ryabchuk1*, Alexander Sergeev1, Evgeny Burnashev2, Viktor Khorikov1, Igor Neevin1, Olga Kovaleva1, Leonid Budanov1, Vladimir Zhamoida1, Aleksandr Danchenkov3, 4 1 A.P.Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 74, Sredny pr., St.Petersburg, Russia, 199106; *Correspondence ([email protected]) 2 State Budgetary Institution of Kaliningrad Region “Baltberegozaschita”, Svetlogorsk, Khutorskaya st. 1, 238560 3 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IO RAS), 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow, Russia, 117997 4 I. Kant Baltic Federal University, 14, Nevskogo A. str., Kaliningrad, Russia, 236016. Keywords: SE Baltic, Eastern Gulf of Finland, erosion, geotechnical properties, monitoring, alongshore sediment transport Abstract Results of onshore and offshore coastal zone monitoring of the Russian Baltic reveal high intensity and recent acceleration of coastal dynamics caused by increasing frequency of hydrodynamic extreme events and anthropogenic impact on diverse geology. In the eastern Gulf of Finland stable coasts dominate, but the local shoreline recession rate is up 2.0 m/year, reaching 5 m in one extreme storm event; the coastal zone of the Kaliningrad area is essentially diverse; the Western coast of the Sambia Peninsula is controlled by anthropogenic impact linked to exploitation of geological resources. Here, when artificial sediment supply from amber opencast mines increases, the beaches are advanced; when the input is interrupted, the shoreline retreat reaches 10–20 m/year. Along the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula active landslides and beach degradation dominate. Large areas of pre- Quaternary deposits, outcrops and boulders, in the nearshore provide evidence of offshore sediment deficiency. Coastal geological hazards can be considered to be climate-dependent. A comprehensive understanding of the main trends of climate change is important for predicting and mitigating future damage to coastal infrastructure and for selecting adaptation strategies. Introduction The BalticACCEPTED Sea is an intra-European, transboundary MANUSCRIPT water basin that is densely populated and has a high economically developed drainage area (Figure 1, upper right panel). Geological mapping of the Baltic Sea floor is one of the most interesting and challenging tasks of EMODnet-geology project as the seamless maps are compiled by ten partner institutions from nine countries, each with a long history of different mapping approaches and classifications. From the perspective of EMODnet-geology Work Package 4 (coastal behavior), the most remarkable feature of the Baltic Sea is its great variety of coastal types. These depend largely on differences in geological structure of the various regions of the Baltic area, and also on the diversity of land movement with sinking south-western and uplifting north-eastern coastal Downloaded from http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 24, 2021 areas (Harff et al. 2011; Harff & Meyer 2011). The main geological features of the Baltic Basin are controlled by its position between the Fennoscandian crystalline Shield represented by Precambrian magmatic and metamorphic rocks, and East European platform, characterized by Phanerozoic sedimentary cover whose thickness increase from north-east to south-west by up to several thousand meters (Šliaupa & Hoth 2011). Hard metamorphic and magmatic rocks of the Scandanavian Shield outcrop along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Bothnia and western Baltic Proper. Quaternary deposits are widespread along the southern Baltic coasts but in the areas where these are eroded the coastal cliffs are composed of relatively easily erodible sedimentary rocks: Ordovician and Devonian (in Estonia), and Paleogene - Neogene (in the South-Eastern Baltic including Kaliningrad area). Rates of glacio-isostatic rebound along the Baltic coast vary from -1.5 mm/year, in the south- eastern Baltic, to +10 mm/year in the top of the Gulf of Bothnia (Harff et al., 2017). Wave impact on the Baltic Sea coastal zone differs significantly depending, for example, on geographical position, shoreline configuration and wave fetch. The coastal zone of the Russian Baltic consists of two distinct areas – the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland and SE Baltic within the Kaliningrad area (panel B, Figures 1 and 5). The southern coast of the Russian Gulf of Finland experiences similar processes to adjoining Estonian shores, whilst the skerries of north-west resemble much of the Finnish coast of the Gulf. The Kaliningrad area coasts consist of high cliffs of the Sambia Peninsula and two significant sediment accretion bodies – the Vistula Spit, shared with Poland at the SW, and the Curonian Spit, the north-eastern half of which lies in Lithuania. Both segments of the Russian Baltic are characterized by intense coastal erosion, with a wide spectrum of landslides evident on the cliffed coasts of the Sambia Peninsula. Coastal areas and beaches of both parts of Russian Baltic are highly valuable, from both recreation and nature protection perspectives, and are under the great anthropogenic pressure. The urgent need for an effective coast protection strategy is recognised by local authorities and is in the early stages of development. Such a strategy needs to be based on a clear scientific understanding of natural coastal processes, considering marine and geological factors and identifying the main trends of current and future shoreline evolution. This paper identifies the main trends of coastline evolution, calculating rates of shoreline retreat or advance, mapping the coastal geology and identifying coastal erosion “hot-spots”. The aim is to link the occurrence of different lithologies with different coastal behaviours, revealingACCEPTED natural and anthropogenic driving MANUSCRIPT forces of coastline dynamics and proposing a strategy for coastal management and protection. There is a long history of previous investigations, with the first scientific investigation of the South-Eastern Baltic geology and coastal processes at the beginning of 20th century. Abromeit et al. (1900) described geomorphic features of the coastal zone and the problem of dune stability. Tornquist (1914) considered problems of sediment drift and storm impact on the Curonian spit. Based on field observations during the winter storm of 9–10 January 1914, he identified that during a single extreme storm event the coastal system may lose twice as much material as it accumulates over a whole year. In the vicinity of the Curonian Spit, data Downloaded from http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 24, 2021 on the geological structure of the Quaternary deposits and erratic blocks of Cretaceous rocks were published in 1919 (Wichdorff 1919). The first map of Quaternary deposits of the Kaliningrad Region was compiled by Vereisky in 1946. Between 1958 and 1967 complex hydro-geological investigations enabled development of on-land geological, hydro-geological and geomorphic maps at a scale of 1:200 000 (Zagorodnyh & Kunaeva 2005). In 1960, the first aerial survey of the South-Eastern Baltic coastal zone was carried out by the Atlantic Branch of the Institute of Oceanology (ABIO RAS) (Boldyrev et al. 1990). At the same time, repeated bathymetric measurements accompanied by sediment sampling, beach levelling, geomorphic observations by scuba, sampling of suspended sediment and measurements of hydrodynamic parameters (waves and current) were carried out (Aibulatov et al. 1966). Further studies of the coastal dynamics of the Kaliningrad Region have continued since 1972 by the Agency of Coastal Engineering later reorganized as the Bureau “Baltberegozashita” (Boldyrev
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