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Antarctic Science and International Politics from the 6 International Geographical Congress T UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS & KING’S COLLEGE LONDON IGNACIO JAVIER CARDONE A continent for peace and science: Antarctic science and international politics from the 6th International Geographical Congress to the Antarctic Treaty (1895-1959) São Paulo / London 2019 IGNACIO JAVIER CARDONE A continent for peace and science: Antarctic science and international politics from the 6th International Geographical Congress to the Antarctic Treaty (1895-1959) Thesis presented to the Joint Graduate Programme in International Relations of the International Relations Institute of the University of Sao Paulo and King’s College London in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the dual degree of Doctor of Science Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rafael Villa (USP) Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Christopher Kinsey (KCL) Corrected Version The original version is available at the library of the International Relations Institute of the University of Sao Paulo São Paulo / London 2019 I authorise the use and reproduction of this thesis by photocopying or any other means, in total or in part, for the purpose of scholarly research and under the condition of due acknowledgement. The photographies and other reproduced material is under the copyright of their creators and/or right holders. Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. As fotografias e outro material reproducido permanecem sob os direitos autorais dos seus criadores e/ou propietários. Catalogação na publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo Elaborado por Giseli Adornato de Aguiar - CRB-8/6813 Cardone, Ignacio Javier A continent for peace and science: Antarctic science and international politics from the 6th International Geographical Congress to the Antarctic Treaty (1895-1959) / Ignacio Javier Ca rdone ; orientadores: Rafael A. D. Villa, Christopher Kinsey. – São Pau lo, 2019. 332 p. Tese (doutorado com dupla titula ção) – Instituto de Relações Internacionais. Universidade de São Paulo, São Pa ulo e King’s College London, London, 2019. 1.Antártica 2. Tratado Antártico 3. Diplomacia científica 4. Comunidade epistêmica 5. Regimes internacionai s I. Villa, Rafael A. D., orient. II. Kinsey, Christopher, orient. III. Título. CDD – 341.70989 Responsável: Giseli Adornato de Aguiar - CRB-8/6813 For all of those who dare to face the unknown in furtherance of science Acknowledgements As with any other dissertation, the work presented here could not have been possible without the support, assistance and help from a number of people. I would first like to thank the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for their financial support through the grants 2015/05909-2 and 2017/11227-7. Such support has been key to make it possible to conduct archival research and to improve my work through participation on several international conferences and along my stay in London as part of the joint post-graduate programme of the International Relations Institute of the University of São Paulo (IRI/USP) and King´s College London (KCL). Also, I would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçõamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) for the grant that was conceded on the first months of my doctoral studies until I obtained the grant of the FAPESP. Academically, above all, I would like to express my very great appreciation to my supervisor Professor Rafael A. D. Villa, from the University of São Paulo, who through these years has been an academic inspiration and a permanent source of knowledge and support. In his person I have found not only an admirable professional but also a wonderful person. In addition, I would also like to thank my supervisor at King´s College London, Professor Christopher Kinsey, who always showed enthusiasm for my project, was willing to assist me and has made significant contributions through his comments and suggestions. I would like also to express my deepest gratitude to the contributions made to my research by those who participated on the different evaluation instances of my research. My great appreciation to Professor Miryam Colacrai of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina), who, besides being an inspiration during the early inception of the project, accepted to participate on the middle term and final examinations, and have contributed significatively to improve my work. Also, I would like to thank Professor Feliciano de Sá Guimarães of the USP who participated on the middle term examination making valuable contributions in furtherance of the project; and to Professor Anthony Pereira of KCL and Professor João Paulo Candia Veiga of the USP, who participated on the final examination and provided me with valuable comments and suggestion to improve my work. I am also indebted to the International Relations Institute of the University of São Paulo for the institutional support and for offering me a most valuable environment to develop my doctoral studies and research. In the years I had the privilege of being part of one of the most regarded Latin American academic institution, I enjoyed the great contributions made by excellent professors, mentors and colleagues, many of those I have the pleasure of consider as friends. I would particularly like to single out once again Professor Feliciano de Sá Guimarães, who first suggested me to apply for a PhD at the IRI/USP and who through these years have supported me both academically and personally, and Professor Janina Onuki, who assisted me in overcoming several obstacles in many fronts, way above her formal institutional obligations. Also, I want to recognize the excellent work undertaken by the Institute´s professors and the personnel of the post-graduate Secretary. Also, within the institutional framework of the USP, I am particularly grateful to the Nucleo de Pesquisas em Relações Internacionais (NUPRI/USP) for letting me join one of the most regarded centres of research of international relations in Brazil. Along with providing me with a suitable environment to develop my research, there I had the privilege to meet many competent researchers and enjoy the company of wonderful people. As well, I would like to thank the King´s College London for the opportunity of being part of such a prestigious institution. During my year stay in London I enjoyed the great camaraderie of the colleagues at the King´s Brazil Institute, the Department of War Studies and Defence Studies the Centre for the History of Science, Technology & Medicine and the Arts & Science Research Office. A special mention deserves once more Professor Anthony Pereira, who had been always ready to offer me his help and assistance; Kelly Power, who guide me through the process of admission and helped me to sort out several obstacles; and Vinicius de Carvalho who, as co-supervisor at KCL, offered me all his help and guidance. Additionally, I would like to thank Klaus Dodds, Alan Hemmings and Peder Roberts for the opportunity to contribute with their great volume on the Politics of Antarctica, and to Daniela Sampaio and Adriana Erthal Abdenur for the invitation to collaborate with them in co-authoring such contribution. Many other institutions and professionals have also contributed to the betterment of this work. Thanks to the initiative of Professor Simone Turchetti, the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine of the University of Manchester had allowed me to present my research in one of their seminars, obtaining important feedback. I would also like to thank all the personnel at the different archives I have visited during these four years. Without the excellent work developed by a number of administrative personnel, restorers, historians, librarians and many others, this kind of work would have been impossible. I´m particularly indebted to the personnel at the US National Archives and Records Administration in Maryland and Washingtong D.C. (USA); the archives of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C. (USA); the Archivo de la Cancillería and the Instituto Antártico Argentino in Buenos Aires (Argentina); the Archivo General Histórico del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores in Santiago (Chile); the National Archives of Australia in Canberra (Australia); the Royal Society, the Royal Geographical Society and the National Archives of the UK in London (UK); and the Scott Polar Research Institute and the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge (UK). I would also like to thank Brian Balmer from UCL, Klaus Dodds from Royal Holloway, Hassan Elbahtimy and Susan Martin from KCL; Pablo Fontana from the Argentine Antarctic Institute; Simone Turchetti from University of Manchester; and Consuelo León Wöppke from the Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos y Polares, for their contributions in debating my thesis. A special mention to Carolyn Dodds for the copy editing of the thesis. Likewise, I want to acknowledge the Standing Committee of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SC-HASS/SCAR) for promoting the Antarctic Social Sciences, providing me with a great support and constituting a forum in which I have obtained a most meaningful feedback and knowledge. Without the intention of being exhaustive, I would like to congratulate Adrian Howkins, Elizabeth Leane, Daniela Ligget, Cristian Lorenzo; Cornelia Lüdecke and Annalise Rees for their wonderful work in fostering the institution objectives, organizing
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