Sylvester Sunday OGBOGU

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

FIRST RECORD OF THE GENUS MCLACHLAN (TRICHOPTERA: ) FROM NIGERIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF MATURE LARVA

Ogbogu, S.S., 2006. First record of the genus Anisocentropus McLachlan (Trichoptera: Calam- oceratidae) from Nigeria, with description of mature larva. – Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 149: 95-99, figs. 1-7. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 1 June 2006. The genus Anisocentropus is reported for the first time from Nigeria and description is given of the mature larvae of an unknown species from Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria. The species closely resembles A. usambarensis Ulmer known from Tanzania in east Africa but differs in the shape of the anterior ventral apotome of the head and the possession of spines on the pronotum. This difference suggests the existence of a species separate from A. usambarensis and other species in the Afrotropical region. Information on the morphological features of adults is necessary to confirm this. S.S. Ogbogu, Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords. – Anisocentropus sp., Trichoptera, Calamoceratidae, Nigeria, larval description

The family Calamoceratidae Ulmer, distribution and has been reported in Kenya, 1905 has eight extant genera belonging to two sub- Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda in East Africa (Johan- families, Anisocentropodinae Lestage, 1936 and son 1992). Its currently known distribution elsewhere Calamoceratinae Ulmer, 1905 (Prather 2005). Many of in Africa also includes Equatorial Guinea and Ghana. them are tropical in distribution. Only two genera, Hickin (1955) had earlier described the larvae of Banyallarga Navás, 1916 and Muller, 1880 A. usambarensis from Uganda and it has also been (both belonging to the Calamoceratinae) are found reported as a member of the Trichoptera fauna of in the Neotropics (Flint et al. 1999). The genera Ghana (Gibbs 1973, Kjærandsen & Andersen 1997, Phylloicus and Anisocentropus McLachlan, 1863 are Andersen & Kjærandsen 2001). The Ghana records of considerably diverse with the latter having 65 known Anisocentropus constitute the few records of the genus species worldwide, most of them from the Australa- from West Africa. There has been no report on any sian and Oriental regions (Morse 1999, itis 2004). species of the genus from Nigeria except the inclusion Anisocentropus is the only genus in the Anisocentro- of A. usambarensis in Medler’s (1980) checklist based podinae and has four subgenera (Myers et al. 2005). on the catalogue by Fischer (1965). In Medler (1980), Five species of Anisocentropus are known from the Ghana and Zaire were listed as countries within its Afrotropical region (Morse 1999). The other genus distribution range. Some Anisocentropus larvae col- of the Calamoceratidae (Calamoceratinae) which also lected from Ile-Ife, Nigeria were initially identified by occurs in the region is Silvatares Navás, 1931 with a the author as A. usambarensis, but after more detailed single species, S. excelsus Navás, 1931 from Uganda examination, they were found to possess some mor- (Johanson 1992). The species of Anisocentropus in phologically different characters. This paper therefore the region are A. brunneus Jacquemart, 1967 from reports the occurrence of the genus in Nigeria for the Zaire; A. fischeri Marlier, 1971 (see Marlier 1978) first time. It also describes the larvae, probably repre- from Zaire; A. fulvus Navás, 1934 from Kenya; senting a new species, which possesses morphological A. usambarensis Ulmer, 1908 from Tanzania and characters that differ from those figured in Hickin’s A. voeltzkowi Ulmer, 1909 from Madagascar. Of (1955) description of A. usambarensis. these five, A. usambarensis is the most widespread in

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Anisocentropus sp. (figs. 1-7) Material examined. – Larvae: Ile-Ife, Osun State, southwestern Nigeria (fig. 1) (7º29.7’N, 4º34.3’E), altitude 141m a.s.l., 12.ix.2004. Three mature larvae have been deposited in the Natural History Museum Ile-Ife, (nhm) in Obafemi Awolowo University. Five speci- Nigeria mens each (in alcohol) have also been deposited in the museum (nhm), and Zoology Department Museum in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Diagnostic characters of larva Fig. 1. Map of Africa showing the location of Ile-Ife in The larva of Anisocentropus described herein can be southwestern Nigeria. separated from the similar A. usambarensis and other species by the presence of spines on the lateral mar- gins of the pronotum. The anterior ventral apotome of the head has an anteromedian depression and flat at Materials and methods the anterolateral corners. In Anisocentropus sp. Ulmer, Larval specimens were collected from a wade- 1909 (see Ulmer 1909, fig. 6) and A. usambarensis able stream on the Obafemi Awolowo University (Hickin 1955, fig. 2), the pronotum lacks spines. Also premises in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria. The stream in A. usambarensis the apotome has no anteromedian has a mixture of sandy and rocky bottom and is well depression and the anterolateral corners are pointed shaded. Larvae were associated with organic debris (see Hickin 1955, fig. 4). trapped by exposed roots of shade trees. The larvae were examined under the microscope and identified Description of mature larva to family and generic levels using the key in Pescador Habitus. – Larva completely flattened dorsoven- et al. (1995). One larva was whole-mounted in Can- trally. Dorsum of prothorax sclerotised, anterolateral ada balsam for general observation. To study the ana- corners extending in prominent projections. Abdo- tomical features in detail the head capsule, prothorax, men whitish with lateral branched gills, small anal and legs were detached and boiled in koh, dehydrat- claws bent downwards when viewed dorsally. ed in 98% ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted Head. – Dark golden-brown, anterior margin of in Canada balsam. These body parts were observed clypeus dark; ecdysial line geniculate. Eye situated under the microscope at low power and 10 mag- centrally in white-pigmented area positioned forward nification. Some important anatomical features are anteriorly; antennae small (fig. 2). Anterior ventral illustrated with photographs and line drawings. Most apotome of head excised centrally to form anterome- of the terms used in the description follow Pescador dian depression (fig. 3). et al. (1995) and Hickin (1955). Thorax. – Prothorax light brown, sclerotised, an- terior margin strongly excised to form receptacle for head capsule, anterior corner forming a prominent projection near the ventrolateral margin of head. The larvae of species belonging to the family Dark lines originating dorsolaterally from middle side Calamoceratidae bear a transverse band of about of pronotum run down to posterior margin, the latter 16 setae across the labrum; the pronotum has ante- dark and thickened at the median suture (fig. 4). Row rolateral projections; the meso- and metanotum have of short spines at the lateral margin of the pronotum two pairs and one pair of sclerites, respectively; the (fig. 5). Mesothorax broader and longer than protho- abdominal gills are either single or branched. Lar- rax and with well sclerotised areas at middle of ante- vae construct a dorsoventrally flattened case from rior margin. Metathorax equally wide as but shorter pieces of leaves. Larvae are often abundant in streams than mesothorax, without sclerotisation. and rivers where they feed on detritus. The genus Legs. – Fore- and midlegs similar but the former Anisocentropus occurs in a number of faunal regions, shorter and more expanded; hindleg twice as long as which include the Afrotropical, Australasian and others; foretrochantin highly curved, almost hook- Oriental regions; a single species occurs in the New shaped (fig. 6). Hindleg tibia broadened at middle World (eastern United States). For details of mor- followed by constriction. The tarsal segments of all phology and biogeography of this genus, see Neboiss legs end in a single terminal claw with a basal seta (1980). (fig. 7).

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2 0.55 mm 5

0.18 mm

3 6 0.5 mm

0.5 mm

0.4 mm 4 7 0.07 mm

Figs. 2-4. Anisocentropus sp. (larva). – 2, Anterior region of head in dorsal view; 3, Ventral side of head showing the anterior ventral apotome, mouth parts not included (arrow Figs. 5-7. Anisocentropus sp. (larva). – 5, Left lateral margin indicating anterior ventral apotome enlarged, with antero- of pronotum (enlarged, arrow indicating a spine); 6, Foreleg; median depression); 4, Pronotum in dorsal view. 7, Right midleg tibia and tarsus.

Abdomen. – Milky white, with deep intersegmen- Discussion tal grooves, narrowing progressively from 4th to 7th segments, the 2nd narrower than the 1st and 4th. Lat- Most features, such as those found in the head, legs eral lines present from 3rd to 7th abdominal segment. and abdomen of this species are very similar to those Anal proleg with single terminal claw, and a smaller figured for A. usambarensis by Hickin (1955). Ac- dorsal accessory hook. cordingly, this unknown species could be regarded as related to A. usambarensis. However, the differences in Adult the shape of the anterior ventral apotome of head and Unknown. the presence of spines on the anterolateral margins of the pronotum are unique features that are compelling Distribution: enough to consider it a species that is distinct from So far only known from a single locality (fig.1). A. usambarensis and probably also distinct from other

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species in the genus. To resolve this issue there is the forest stream. – Proceedings of the 9th International need to study the adult male genitalia. Work is going Symposium on Trichoptera 1998: 83-91. Chiang Mai. on to rear larvae to adults for such study and proper Fischer, F.C.T., 1965. Trichopterorum Catalogum Vol- ume 6. – Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, association of species. Apart from the description of Amsterdam. 242 pp. the five species of the genus and the record of their oc- Flint, O.S. Jr., R.W. Holzenthal & S.C. Harris, 1999. Cata- currence in a few countries, not much is known about log of the Neotropical (Insecta: Trichoptera) their range of distribution and ecology in Afrotropical – Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. 239 pp. region. Moreover the genus is yet to be revised and Gibbs, D.G., 1973. The Trichoptera of Ghana. – Deutsche there is no recent checklist of species from the region. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 20: 363-424. Graca, M.A.S., 2001. The role of invertebrates on leaf lit- This gap in information further supports the suspi- ter decomposition in streams – a review. – International cion that there exist species other than those currently Review of Hydrobiology 86(4-5): 383-393. known in the Afrotropical region. Hickin, N.E., 1955. Larvae of some East African Trichop- Species of Anisocentropus are shredders (Pearson & tera. – Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of Tobin 1989, Pearson et al. 1989, Nolen & Pearson London (A)30 (10-12):155-163. 1993, Graca 2001). As such they are usually found itis, 2004. Integrated Taxonomic Information System standard report page. – Available from http://www.itis. in streams with high leaf litter input and can toler- usda.gov/index.html, [visited 02.viii.2005]. ate a wide range of conditions such as fluctuations in Johanson, K.A. 1992. A catalogue of the Caddisflies of salinity (Kefford et al. 2004). Such streams are likely East Africa (Insecta, Trichoptera). – Steenstrupia 18(7): to be found mostly in tropical rainforest regions with 113-141. well-established trees, which provide the streams Kefford, B.J., A. Dalton, C.G. Palmer & D. Nugegoda, with shade and leaf litter. This explains why species 2004. The salinity tolerance of eggs and hatchlings of se- lected aquatic macroinvertebrates in south-east Australia such as A. usambarensis are found in countries such and South Africa. – Hydrobiologia 517(1-3): 179-192. as Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and Malawi, which Kjærandsen, J. & T. Andersen, 1997. Preliminary check-list are for a large part of their territory situated in the of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Ghana, West-Africa, tropical rainforest region. In Ghana, for example, – In: Holzenthal, R.W. & O.S. Flint Jr. (eds), Proceed- A. usambarensis occurs mostly in the south where the ings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera: vegetation is dominated by rainforests (Kjærandsen 239-247. – Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. Marlier, G., 1978. Sur une collection de Trichopteres de & Andersen 1997, Andersen & Kjærandsen 2001). l’Afrique occidentale. – Revue Zoologique Africaine Similar observation have been made for A. maculatus 92:283-302. Ulmer, 1925 in a stream in tropical Asia (Dudgeon McLachlan, R., 1863. On Anisocentropus, a new genus of 1999). Bearing this in mind it is not surprising that exotic Trichoptera with description of five species, and of larvae were collected from a location in Nigeria that a new species of Dipseudopsis. – Transactions of the Ento- is similar in terms of climate and vegetation to that mological Society of London (3) 1: 492-496. Medler, J.T., 1980. of Nigeria – Checklist and bib- in Ghana. liography. – Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 30: 919 pp. Acknowledgements Morse, J.C. (ed.) 1999. Trichoptera World Checklist. – Available from http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/ I am grateful to Elo Okeze (Nigeria) who as- trichopt/ [visited 10.vii.2005]. sisted in the collection of specimens, K.A. Johanson Myers, P., Espinosa, C.S. Parr, T. Jones, G.S. Hammond, & T.A. Dewey, 2005. The Diversity Web (on- (Sweden) and J. Kjærandsen (Norway) for assisting line). – Available from http://animaldiversity.org [visited with literature for the preparation of the manuscript. 22.ix.2005]. Dr. J.O. Faluyi of Department of Botany, Obafemi Neboiss, A. 1980. Australian species of the genus Anisocen- Awolowo University, Ile-Ife helped in preparing the tropus McLachlan (Calamoceratidae: Trichoptera). – Aus- illustrations. I am also indebted to V.S. Alumona tralian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: (Nigeria) for reading the initial draft of the 193-213. Nolen, J.A. & R.G. Pearson, 1993. Factors affecting lit- manuscript, and the reviewers whose criticisms and ter processing by Anisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera: suggestions significantly improved the quality of this Calamoceratidae) from an Australian tropical rainforest paper. stream. – Freshwater Biology 29:469-479. Pearson, R.G. & R.K. Tobin, 1989. Litter consumption by invertebrates from an Australian tropical rainforest stream. References – Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie. Stuttgart 116: 71-80. Andersen, T. & J. Kjærandsen, 2001. Adult caddisfly di- Pearson, R.G. & R.K. Tobin, R.E.W. Smith, & L.J. Benson, versity along a headwater stream in south-eastern Ghana 1989. Standing crop and processing of rainforest litter in (Insecta: Trichoptera). – Verhandlungen der International a tropical Australian stream. – Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie Vereinigung der Limnologie 27:3613-3618. Stuttgart 115: 481-498. Dudgeon, D., 1999. The population of dynamics of three Pescador, M.L., A.K. Rasmussen & S.C. Harris, 1995. species of Calamoceratidae (Trichoptera) in a tropical Identification manual for the caddisflies (Trichoptera)

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larvae of Florida. – Florida Department of Environmental Ulmer, G., 1929. Uber einige, hauptsachlich asiatische Protection, Tallahassee. 132 pp. Ephemeropteren und Trichopteren aus der Sammlung Prather, A.L., 2005. Systematics of calamoceratid caddisflies R. McLachlan. – Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (Trichoptera), [Abstract]. – Bulletin of the North Ameri- 1929: 161-195[168]. can Benthological Society 22(1): 312. Ulmer, G., 1905. Neue und wenig bekannte aussereu- ropäische Trichopteren, hauptsachlich aus dem Wiener Museum. – Annalen des kaiserlich-koniglich Naturhis- torischen Hofmuseums 20: 59-98. Ulmer, G., 1909. Trichopteren von Madagaskar und den Comoren. – In: Voeltzkow. A. ed. Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905, 2: 357-363. – Stutt- Received: 17 August 2005 gart E. Schweitzbart. Accepted: 6 April 2006

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