Using Ecological-Niche Modeling As a Conservation Tool for Freshwater Species: Live-Bearing Fishes in Central Mexico
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Using Ecological-Niche Modeling as a Conservation Tool for Freshwater Species: Live-Bearing Fishes in Central Mexico OMAR DOM´INGUEZ-DOM´INGUEZ,∗† ENRIQUE MART´INEZ-MEYER,‡ LUIS ZAMBRANO,‡ AND GERARDO PEREZ-PONCE´ DE LEON‡´ ∗Laboratorio de Biolog´ıa Acu´atica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol´as de Hidalgo, Edificio R. Planta Baja, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoac´an, M´exico, email [email protected] †Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog´ıa, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico ‡Instituto de Biolog´ıa, Departamento de Zoolog´ıa, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico Abstract: Ecological-niche modeling is an important tool for conservation assessment of terrestrial species; however, its applicability has been poorly explored in the aquatic realm. Goodeines are a monophyletic group of viviparous freshwater fishes that are well known in central Mexico, with 41 species in 19 genera. Given the number of threats to biodiversity in the region, goodeines represent an excellent model with which to test novel conservation approaches. We assessed the conservation status of the goodeines (37 species), based on their potential distributions predicted by ecological-niche models generated with the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction (GARP). Predictions of species’ distributions performed well in six out of eight species for which sufficient information was available to perform estimations of the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic plots. Extensive field surveys conducted in recent years in most cases confirm the models’ predictions. Species richness exhibited a nested pattern, in which the number of species increased toward the center of the distribution of the group. At the basin level, the R´ıo Ameca Basin had the highest number of species (11), chiefly because of the high number of microendemic species (6). Human activities within water bodies (e.g., extensive aquaculture) and drainages (e.g., agriculture, ranching, industrial activities) have affected most goodeines severely, given the deleterious effects of pollution and introductions of exotic species, such as carp (Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharingodon idella) and tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Our results paint a pessimistic picture for the long-term survival of many goodeines in their natural environment, and realistic conservation measures are complex and would require immediate protection of specific areas that we have identified. Ecological-niche modeling is a suitable tool for conservation assessment of freshwater species, but availability of environmental information on aquatic systems (e.g., temperature, water speed, pH, oxygen concentration) would improve distributional predictions. Keywords: ecological-niche modeling, freshwater fishes, GARP, goodeidae, Mexico Utilizaci´on de Modelos de Nicho Ecol´ogico como Herramienta de Conservaci´on de Especies Dulceacu´ıcolas: Peces Viv´ıparos en el Centro de M´exico Resumen: El modelado del nicho ecologico´ es una herramienta importante para la evaluacion´ de la conser- vacion´ de especies terrestres; sin embargo, su aplicabilidad ha sido poco explorada en el medio acuatico.´ Los Goodeinos son un grupo monofil´etico de peces viv´ıparos que son bien conocidos en el centro de M´exico, con 41 especies en 19 g´eneros. Dado el numero´ de amenazas a la biodiversidad en la region,´ los goodeinos son un modelo excelente para probar estrategias de conservacion´ novedosas. Evaluamos el estatus de conservacion´ de los goodeinos (37 especies) con base en la distribucion´ potencial pronosticada por modelos de nicho ecologico´ Paper submitted July 21, 2005; revised manuscript accepted July 20, 2006. 1730 Conservation Biology Volume 20, No. 6, 1730–1739 C 2006 Society for Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00588.x Dom´ınguez-Dom´ınguez et al. Ecological-Niche Modeling of Goodeidae 1731 generados con el algoritmo gen´etico para prediccion´ (GARP por sus siglas en ingl´es). La prediccion´ de la dis- tribucion´ de especies funciono´ bien con seis de ocho especies de las que se contaba con suficiente informacion´ para realizar estimaciones del area´ bajo la curva (AUC por sus siglas en ingl´es) en parcelas receptoras carac- ter´ısticas. Muestreos de campo extensivos llevados a cabo en anos˜ recientes confirman las predicciones de los modelos en la mayor´ıa de los casos. La riqueza de especies mostro´ un patron´ anidado, en el que el numero´ de especies incremento´ hacia el centro de la distribucion´ del grupo. A nivel de cuenca, la cuenca del R´ıo Ameca tuvo el mayor numero´ de especies (11), principalmente por el gran numero´ de especies microend´emicas (6). Las actividades humanas en los cuerpos de agua (e.g., acuacultura extensiva) y los escurrimientos (e.g., agri- cultura, ganader´ıa, actividades industriales) han afectado severamente a la mayor´ıa de los goodeinos, dados l os efectos delet´ereos de la contaminacion´ y la introduccion´ de especies exoticas,´ como carpa (Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharingodon idella) y tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Nuestros resultados indican un panorama pesimista para la supervivencia a largo plazo de los goodeinos en su medio natural, y las medidas realistas de con- servacion´ son complejas y requerir´ıan proteccion´ inmediata de areas´ espec´ıficas que hemos identificado. El modelado de nicho ecologico´ es una herramienta adecuada para la evaluacion´ de la conservacion´ de especies dulceacu´ıcolas, pero la disponibilidad de informacion´ ambiental de sistemas acuaticos´ (e.g., temperatura, velocidad del agua, pH, concentracion´ de ox´ıgeno) mejorar´ıan las prediccion´ de distribucion. Palabras Clave: GARP, goodeidae, Mexico,´ modelo de nicho ecologico,´ peces dulceacu´ıcolas Introduction viviparous fishes Goodeinae, which contains 41 species in 19 genera (Doadrio & Dom´ınguez-Dom´ınguez 2004; Ecological-niche modeling (ENM) is probably the most ro- Webb et al. 2004). The entire subfamily is endemic to bust means currently available for estimating actual and central Mexico, and the major diversification within this potential geographic ranges of species (Guisan & Thuiller group occurs in the R´ıo Lerma-Santiago Basin. Some 2005). This approach is being used increasingly in con- species of this group (e.g., Characodon audax, Allo- servation planning and decision making (Pearce & Lin- toca zacapuensis, and Hubbsina turneri) are restricted denmayer 1998; Ferrier 2002). Despite the proved effec- to very small geographical areas. Some, such as Skiffia tiveness of this set of techniques for reconstructing geo- francesae and Zoogoneticus tequila, are now extinct in graphic distributions of terrestrial species, its applicabil- the wild. ity in the aquatic realm has been poorly explored (Wiley Unfortunately, aquatic ecosystems in central Mexico et al. 2003). This is particularly true for freshwater ecosys- rank among the most heavily disturbed by human activi- tems, where large-scale, high-quality environmental data ties in the country. Water pollution, reductions in ground- are lacking for most parts of the world, and such informa- water and surface water levels, basin deforestation, habi- tion is necessary for generating niche models (Iguchi et al. tat modification and fragmentation, introduction of exotic 2004; McNyset 2005). Such is the case for most Mexican species, and overfishing all have caused severe degrada- freshwater systems. Data are fragmentary and no efforts tion of water bodies (Zambrano et al. 1999). have been made to produce regional or nationwide geo- In spite of its importance as an endemic and highly graphic databases of the physical and chemical properties diverse group, goodeines have been largely ignored in of continental waters. conservation efforts, likely because of their low fishery Central Mexico is a region of complex geology and value, and until not long ago, no efforts had been made diverse surface configuration that lies in a transitional to preserve this important component of freshwater bio- zone between the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeograph- diversity.Recently,however, documented extinctions and ical regions. Its major physiographic feature is an up- extirpations have led to some level of legislative protec- lifted plateau, the Mesa Central, in which the R´ıo Lerma tion, and these fishes have caught the attention of aquar- system—a Pacific Ocean drainage—is the major basin ists worldwide (de la Vega-Salazar et al. 2003; Dom´ınguez- (Perez-Ponce´ de Leon´ 2003). The Lerma system is cur- Dom´ınguez et al. 2005a). Goodeines represent an excel- rently inhabited by a diverse freshwater fish fauna with lent opportunity to use information on a relatively well- a strong endemic component that has diversified in the known group of fishes to establish conservation strategies region (Miller & Smith 1986). The World Conservation for the Mesa Central. Stocks of most species are main- Monitoring Center identified this region as an area of spe- tained in captivity at the Universidad Michoacana de San cial importance for freshwater fish biodiversity (Groom- Nicol´as de Hidalgo, which makes reintroduction to the bridge & Jenkins 1998). wild feasible. One of the most representative groups of fishes in We present a methodological protocol for rangewide this area is the family Goodeidae. Mexican members assessments of the conservation status of freshwa- of this group represent the monophyletic subfamily of ter species, based on their geographic distributions Conservation Biology Volume 20, No.