International Journal of Research and Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210534 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Review Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Tulsi - A Review Based Upon Its Ayurvedic and Modern Therapeutic Uses

Shifali Thakur1, Shailja Choudhary2, Bhawna Walia3, Gitika Chaudhary4

1,2,3,4Shuddhi Ayurveda, Jeena Sikho Lifecare Pvt. Ltd. Zirakpur 140603, Punjab, India.

Corresponding Author: Gitika Chaudhary

ABSTRACT therapeutical uses [5]. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L) is one of the most common herb Herbal plants are considered as the most used in Indian traditional system and also significant source of medicines. These herbal named as "Holy Basil", "Queen of Herbs" plants are in practice from ancient times. [6,7]. The name Tulsi comes from Sanskrit Traditionally, all the parts of the plant are used word that means "the incomparable one" [8]. for curing various diseases. One of the most important herbal plants is the Ocimum sanctum In Indian culture, it is worshiped very also called tulsi. This plant is considered a religiously and known as "Vishnupriya". sacred plant in Indian culture and used for holy The scientific name of Tulsi is Ocimum purposes as well. The name Tulsi comes from sanctum (Linn) which belongs to the Sanskrit word which means "the incomparable Labiatae family and the Ocimum genus is one". Tulsi plant is not only used in ayurvedic derived from the Greek word ozo which medicines but also used in other medicinal means to smell or having strong odor [9]. systems in Greek, Roman and Unani. Apart This plant has about 160 species in which from this, the Tulsi plant possesses different Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, therapeutical properties due to the presence of Ocimum canum, Ocimum basilicum, several phytochemical constituents in its roots, Ocimum killimandscharicum, Ocimum stem, fruit, and leaves due to the presence of eugenol, vallinin, gallic acid, palmitic acid, oleic ameicanum, Ocimum camphora and Ocimum miranthum are therapeutically acid, linoleic acid, and many more. These [10,11]. phytochemicals are extracted from the plant and important There are commonly three used to cure various types of diseases. Tulsi is types of Tulsi that are considered the most reported to have properties like anti-ulcer, anti- i.e. Ocimum tenuiflorum ( tulsi), oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, Ocimum sanctum ( Tulsi) and Ocimum antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, analgesic, antistress, gratissimum (Vana Tulsi) [12]. Numerous anti-asthmatic, antifertility, immunomodulatory, phytochemical constituents isolated from and neuroprotective activity. this plant which are responsible for their medicinal value both in modern medication Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, phytochemicals, system and traditional medication system Eugenol, Tulsi, Ayurveda i.e. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Greek and [13]. INTRODUCTION Roman The presence of phytochemicals Plants are known for various may vary in this plant because of its medicinal properties from ancient times. cultivation and harvesting procedure. In The essential oils extracted from therapeutic Ayurveda, it is explained as "the elixir of plants are safe, economical, effective and life" and believed to promote longevity. Our easily available [1,2,3,4]. India is the home for review is focused on a detailed description more than 8000 species of vascular plant out of Tulsi (Ocimum L) and its medicinal of which 1748 are considered for their significance as per different medicinal

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 263 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses. systems. Botanical Classification and has small phyllotaxy and petiole is 2-5 cm vernacular names of Ocimum sanctum is long, slender and pubescent. The leaves of given below in table no. 1 [14] and table no. 2 the plant mainly possess medicinal property. [15]. They are also pubescent on both sides with small glands. The stomata are present on the Table 1: Botanical Classification of Ocimum sanctum lower surface but also rarely present on the Taxonomic Rank Taxon Kingdom Plantae upper surface of leaf. The flowers of this Division Magnoliophyta plant consist of verticillaster inflorescence Class Magnoliopsida Order Lamiales with varying color from purple to pink. Family Lamiaceae Flowers are simple or branched raceme 5- Genus Ocimum 30cm of height, bracts sessile, ovate, Species Ocimum sanctum caduceus, hermaphrodite, pedicel 1-4 mm Table 2: Vernacular names of Ocimum sanctum long, spreading or slightly curved. Vernacular Names English Basilie, Sweet Basil Flowering started after 136 days and Hindi Besil, Tulsi, Jangli tulsi continue up to 195 days and their seeds Chinese Loh lahk, Yu heung choi Middle East , North Africa Dohsh, Schadjant, Vasub matures after 259 days. Fruit having 4-dry, Armenia Shahasbram, Rehan 1– seeded nut lets covered in the persistent Bulgaria Bosilek calyx; long up to 1.5mm, rugose brown, Burma Laun, Pinzainpinzin Denmark, Greenland Basilikum outer pericarp does not turn into Netherlands, South Africa Baziel, Koningskruid mucilaginous in water. It produces small England Basilie, Sweet Basil Finland, Sweden, Norway Basilika seeds which are reddish black in colour. France Basilic sacre, Herbe royale Stem are green in newly born plant and Georgia Rekhani, Rehan Germany Indisches Basilikum become woody when getting older. The Iceland Basilika roots of the Ocimum sanctum contains Italy Basilico various essential oil like eugenol [16,17,18,19]. Japan Bajiru, Kami-meboki Cambodia Che tak, Mareah proeu Plant is shown in figure 1. Korea Naruk-pul, Yanggajuk Northeast of Thailand Saphaa, Phak i tou thai Malaya Kemangi, Selasi jantan Nepal Tulsi patta, Bavari phul Sri Lanka Madurutala, Mudura tulla Spain Alfabega, Albacar Swedish Basilika, Basilkaort Vietnam Nhu tia, Cay hung que Assam , North-East India Tuloxi, Tulasii West Bengal Tulsi, Kalotulsi, Kural Himachal Pradesh Tulsi, Niyan Posh Gujarat Sabje, Talasi Karnataka Karitulasi,, Tulasiya Kerala Pachcha, Kunnakam North-eastern India Mayangton, Naoshek lei Maharashtra Sabja, Tulasa Orissa Dhala tulasi, Karpura Punjab Tulsi Tamilnadu Tiruttizhai, Tiviragandam Andhra Pradesh Oddhi, Rudrajada Kashmir, North India Tulsi, Janglitulsi

Botanical Description Ocimum sanctum belongs to the Figure 1. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) family Lamiaceae/Labiate. Tulsi is an erect, branched, fragrant plant with height reaches Geographical Distribution upto 30-60cm when completely mature. The O. sanctum is extensively distributed leaves of Tulsi are simple, inverse, in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia. The elliptical, ovoid, dense or acute with entire plant is indigenous to the Indian margin. The leaves grow up to 5cm long. It subcontinent including the Himalayas, Malaysia, Caribbean, Pacific and other parts

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 264 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses. of Africa. In India it is cultivated in almost oil of OS leaves. The other phenyl every state [20]. Due to some holy believes it propanoids derivatives are ociglycoside is present around the temples and places of or eugenyl- β-D-glucoside, worship. Till now there is no data available ferualdehyde, citrusin C and regarding specific habitats where the species dehydrodieugenol were extracted from has been found naturally [21,22]. the leaf part of the OS plant [29].

Phytochemical constituents of Ocimum 4. Neolignans: The methanolic extracts of sanctum OS plant possess to have neolignans The leaves of Ocimum sanctum constituents consist of Tulsinol A to reported to be a rich source of volatile oil Tulsinol G which are formed by containing eugenol (71%) and methyl polymerization of eugenol content [29]. eugenol (20%) content. The volatile oil also consists of carvacrol and sesquiterpine 5. Terpenoids: The terpenoids reported in hydrocarbon caryophyllene. The other OS plant are sesquiterpenoids (β- chemical constituents present are phenolics, caryophyllene and 4,5- epoxy- flavonoids, terpenoids and fatty acids. The caryophyllene), abietane diterpenoid seeds of plant are enriched with fixed oil (carnosic acid), ursane triterpenoids( (18-22%), polysaccharides mucilage and β- ursolic acid, urs- 12-en-3 3β,6β,20β- sitosterol. Linoleic acid is considered as the triol-28-oic acid and oleane triterpenoids main content present in seed oil [23]. The (oleanic acid, β-Amyrin- other chemical constitutes present are: glucopyranoside) [8].The most abundant 1. Phenolics: The phenolic content found constituent found by HPTLC and in OS plant consist of chlorogenic acid, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS is ursolic acid [30]. vanillic acid, ocimumnaphthanoic acid, Other terpenoids constituents isolated caffeic acid and menthylsalicylic were β-caryophyllene, elemene, α- glucoside that are extracted from the humulene, α-caryophyllene, germacrene, aerial parts of the plant [24]. The other trans- -α-bergamotene and 5β- chemical constituents present was hydroxycaryophyllene [31]. confirmed by HPLC which comprises of gallic acid ethyl ester, protocatechuic 6. Coumarins: There are three coumarins acid, 4-hydroxynbenzoic acid, gallic constituents extracted from tulsi plant acid methyl ester, vanillin and 4- named aeculetin, aesculin and ocimarin hydroxybenzaldehyde [25,26]. [32].

2. Flavonoids: Flavonoids are considered 7. Steroids: he steroid components present as the main constituents which consist of are β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-Oβ-D- methoxy flavonoids and their glycosides glucopyranoside, stigmasterol and (cirsimartin, isothymusin, luteolin), C- campesterol which are extracted from glycosides flavonoids (vicenin, the stem and leaves of OS [33]. isovitexin, isoorientin and orientin) of the OS plant [27]. The other flavones 8. Essential oil: The essential oil extracted detected using atmospheric pressure from leaves of OS plant is mainly chemical ionization mass spectrometry composed of terpenoids which include (APCI-MS) are cirsumaritin, crisilineol, phenolic acid, esters, aliphatic isothymusin, gardenin, apigenin, aldehydes, bicyclic terpenoids, acyclic eupatorin and salvigenin [28]. monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The chemical composition varies from 3. Phenyl propanoids Eugenol is the region to region depend upon its main component found in the essential cutivation, harvesting, climatic

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conditions. The major phytochemicals embers. There are many stories regarding present in essential oil are eugenol or the Tulsi, but the well-known comes from methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol Purana. Once and Bri haspati which is responsible for the went to meet lord Shiva at the Kailash antimicrobial and anthelmintic property mountain and their way was blocked by a [34]. The other constituents present in sage. The sage was Shiva himself. Lord essential oil are, β-caryophyllene, β- Shiva transforms his look with tangled hair caryophyllene oxide and germacrene D and a resplendent face just to test Indra and [35]. Bri haspati. Indra did not recognize the lord Shiva and got furious that the man was not 9. Fixed oil (non-volatile oil): The fixed moving out their way. To move him out of oil isolated from OS seeds constitute his way Indra threatened him with his 18.22% which is mainly composed of thunderbolt. Lord Shiva became infuriated linoleic acid (66.1%), which possess upon this deed and got angry. Due to his anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, anger, his third eye got opened to kill Indra chemopreventive anticoagulant but at the same, the Bri haspati recognized properties [36]. The other constituents lord Shiva. He requested Shiva to pardon present are stearic acid (2.1%), oleic Indra. Lord Shiva was convinced by Bri acid (9.0%), palmitic acid (6.94%) and, haspati and propelled the fire from his eye α-linolenic acid (15.7%) which are towards the ocean. The collision of fire and extracted from the leaves of OS leaves ocean took the form of a boy who was [37]. named . Jalandhara grew up powerful and become a king of demons by 10. Fatty acid derivatives: The fatty acid Guru Sukra. He got married to Vrinda, who derivatives extracted from the roots and was the daughter of demon . leaves of the OS plant are cerebrosides. Bhrugu made him against Lord as Also, palmityl glucoside and sanctumoic well as other gods. A battle occurred acid present in OS leaves are responsible between Jalandhara and Vishnu which for mosquitocidal property [38]. reminded inconclusively. Influenced by the bravery of Jalandhara, Vishnu asked him in Traditional and Modern View on plant ksira sagara and as accepted by lord Vishnu, A. Folk View of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) in the absence of all gods got defeated by Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is Jalandhara. Devas did not want to be considered a medicinal plant from ancient governed by Jalandhara. The Devas times. The literature indicates that the consulted with sage to meet medicinal use of plants is as old as 4000- Jalandhara. But he illustrated the beauty of 5000 BC. The natural herbal preparation of Kailasa in his visit. Sage Narada then medicines was firstly done by the Chinese. continued to describe Shiva's residence and In India, the Tulsi plant was formulated into the beauty of goddess [42]. Listening medicine between 3500-1600 BC. Later the to this Jalandhara disguised himself as Shiva therapeutic uses were studied and recorded and went to Parvati just to trick her. Parvati empirically by the ancient physicians [39]. identified him and endeavored to strike him The plant is a part of religious belief but Jalandhar ran away. After this Parvati around the world, especially in India. went to Lord Vishnu and requested him to Although there is no literature available on trick Vrinda just like Jalandhar does. Vrinda basil in the Bible [40], the plant is said to was very virtuous to Lord Vishnu for the have grown at the site of Christ's crucifixion restoration of Jalandhara's destruction by [41]. It is mainly sanctified in Hindu Folklore. Shiva. Hearing this, Vrinda embraced The plant is known to be the manifestation Jalandhara who is Vishnu in reality. When of the goddess, Tulsi was raised from her Vrinda realized the fact she cursed Lord

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Vishnu that somebody would seize his wife derived from the five elements. In Ayurveda (which was later done in ) and "Doshas" shows the activity of physical, also become the stone. Just honoring his real emotional and mental characteristics. devotee, he accepted the curse and appears According to Ayurveda, the medicine works as the stone named Saligrama sila in the on the dynamic state to maintain balance Gandika river in Nepal. In the end, Vrinda between body, mind and environment. Tulsi stepped into the fire to immolate herself. reduces Kapha (Water and earth When Jalandhara came to know about his component) and Vata (Air component) wife's death, he became angry and turn into Dosha (disorder) and increases Pitta (Fire a battlefield. Hence Jalandhara was killed and water component) [49] by Lord Shiva. Hid soul merged with Shiva just like Vrinda's soul had merged with Properties of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) [50] Parvati. Vrinda is as late named as Tulsi Abhiyantar Pachansansthan ( – because of her faithfulness and her denotion पI ): It works on the GIT, Dipana towards lord Vishnu. In her suffering, Tulsi (appetizer), Pachana (digestive), Jwaraghna ended up her life and Lord Vishnu affirmed (antipyretic), Krimighna (wormicidal) and that she would be "worshipped by women also kills the parasites. for her faithfulness" [43,44]. Thus in Satambhikaran ( ): Used for the , it may be considered as the treatment of chronic fever symbol of love, eternal life, purification, and protection. Also, it is used in burial Dashemani Shwasaharni ( ceremonies for purification [45]. ): Used as an anti-asthmatic medicine. B. Ayurvedic View on Tulsi (Ocimum Sondrayavardhak ( ) It enhance sanctum) beauty and also used in beauty products. Tulsi is also called "the elixir of life" Raktavah Sansthan ( ): It because it promotes longevity. Every part of increases the blood circulation and the plant. It possesses some therapeutic Raktashodhak (Blood purifier). property and is also used in the Ayurveda Taapkaram ( Iप ): Used for the and Siddha systems of medicines. Tulsi is treatment of malaria and severe fever. considered as the earliest herbs known to humanity, which act as a medicine for the C. Modern View prevention and cure of many diseases The use of Herbal medicines is in mainly common cold, headache, cough, flu, practice since ancient times. People prefer earache, fever, colic pain, sore throat, herbal medicines over allopathic medicines asthma, hepatic diseases, malaria fever, due to their fewer side effects and are wound insomnia, arthritis, digestive considered as safest medicines as compared disorder, night blindness and influenza. The to allopathic medicines [51,52]. To meet the intake of the leaves of Tulsi recover lesions demand of people, adulteration rises in the and act as memory enhancer [46,47]. Rasa [48]. herbal drug industry which ultimately panchak of Tulsi is given in Table No. 3 affects the health of people. The major drawback of allopathic medicines is that it Table 3: Rasa Panchak of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Sanskrit/English Sanskrit/English generally works on suppressing the Virya/Potency Katu/Astrigent symptoms of the disease while Ayurveda Vipak/Metabolic property Katu,Tikt/Astringent,bitter Guna/Physical property Laghu,Ruksha/Light,Dry medicines work on holistic approach. The Rasa/Taste Tikt,Katu/Bitter,Astrigent holy plant Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) contains various therapeutic properties and is used in Action (Karma) of Tulsi: Doshas are the various Ayurveda products which are mind-body type and there are 3 main doshas available in the market to treat various Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, each of which is

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 267 Vol.8; Issue: 5; May 2021 Shifali Thakur et.al. Tulsi - a review based upon its ayurvedic and modern therapeutic uses. diseases and also used in cosmetics was conducted in a mice model where it preparation. was found that the oil extracted from the seeds of o. sanctum possesses anti- Reported Therapeutic Uses of Ocimum arthritic activity against turpentine oil- sanctum induced joint pain [57]. There are several reports on the use 5. Anti-pyretic activity: The fixed oil of of natural materials sources like plants, OS was tested against typhoid- bacteria, fungi, yeast and honey. Ocimum paratyphoid A/B vaccine-induced sanctum is also considered as a wide source pyrexia in rats and it was found that the for the modern or herbal formulation. oil extracted from the plant exhibit Various studies (like in-vivo, in-vitro) have antipyretic activity. been done for the therapeutical uses of 6. Antitussive: It was reported that the Tulsi. Those reported studies are shown aqueous and methanolic extracts of the below: OS plant showed antitussive activity 1. Analgesic: It was reported that the oil when studied in guinea pigs [58]. extracted from Ocimum sanctum plant 7. Hepatoprotective: It was reported that possesses analgesic activity. This study the leaf extract of the O. sanctum plant was carried out in mice using acetic possesses significant hepatoprotective acid-induced writhing methods, tail activity when studied against flick, tail clip and tail immersion. From paracetamol-induced liver damage the results, it was clear that the against albino rats [59]. inhibitory activity of the oil is due to the 8. Anti-stress: It was reported that the combined inhibitory effect of leaves of O. sanctum possess antistress acetylcholine, histamine and activity when studied in rabbits [60]. prostaglandin [53]. 9. Anti-plasmodial: It was studied that the 2. Anti-oxidant: The experimental study root and leaf extract of O. sanctum on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats showed antiplasmodial activity because showed the antioxidant activity of O. of the presence of ethanolic extract sanctum. It was reported that the leaves mainly flavonoids, phenols, saponins, of this plant contain hydroalcoholic alkaloids, glycosides proteins, resins, extract which is responsible for the anti- steroids, triterpenenoids [61]. oxidant property. When the leaves of O. 10. Memory Enhancer: To study the sanctum were provided with antidementia and anticholinesterase streptozocin-induced diabetic rats for 30 activity, the aqueous and alcoholic days, it was found to improve the extract of the leaves of O. sanctum were activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase studied in rats. Atropine, cyclosporine, and reduce the plasma level of and electroshock were used to activate thiobarbituric acid in the vital organs dementia. It was reported that the like kidneys and liver [54]. inactive restraint was used to assess 3. Anti-ulcer: It was reported that the O. memory [62]. sanctum plant possesses to have 11. Immunomodulatory: It was studied antiulcer activity against histamine, that leaves of O. sanctum increase the aspirin, reserpine, serotonin aspirin RBCs, WBCs hemoglobin and indomethacin in rats [55]. The experiment antibodies production without affecting was performed in Wistar rats where it other biochemical activities when tested was found that the aqueous extract of o. in mice [63]. sanctum protects against ethanol- 12. Chemopreventive: It was reported from induced gastric ulceration [56]. various studies that the oil extracted 4. Anti-arthritic: In order to find out the from seeds of O. sanctum showed anti-arthritic activity, the experiment chemopreventive activity against

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subcutaneously injected 20 shown that fixed oil of OS decrease high methylcholanthrene induced serum lipid concentration and show fibrosarcoma tumors in Swiss albino cardioprotective and antiatherogenic mice. It was injected 20 actions against hyperlipidemia when methylcholanthrene induced tested in high fat(HF) rat [73]. fibrosarcoma tumors in Swiss albino 20. Antifungal: It was studied that the mice. It was found that the survival rate linalool and methyl chavicol content of mice was enhanced and tumor spread extracted from the essential oil of tulsi rate delayed in seed oil supplemented leaves showed antifungal property mice which showed its chemopreventive against clinically isolated dermatophytes property [64,65]. [74]. 13. Antidepressant and Antianxiety: The ethanolic extract of O. sanctum were CONCLUSION tested in swiss mice. It was found that Herbal plants are used in Indian for the plant extract possesses treating and curing various disease because antidepressant and antianxiety properties of their high value. Tulsi (Ocimum and can act as a therapeutic drug against sanctum) is considered a holy plant. It is these disorders [66]. mainly used for medicinal purposes and also 14. Antiemetic: It was reported that the as an herbal tea. It is used in Ayurveda, leaves of Tulsi possess antiemetic Sidha, greek, roman and Unani medicinal properties and used to treat vomiting systems. It was reported in various research diarrhea [67]. studies that the Ocimum sanctum plant 15. Anti-fertility: The tulsi leaves were contain therapeutical properties including reported to have antifertility property. antiulcer, antistress, antifertility, The experimental study was carried out antiasthmatic, analgesic, antidiabetic, anti- in albino rats where the model was inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial treated with benzene extract of tulsi and neuroprotective activity. Conclusively leaves for 48 days. Results showed a from various repeated scientific studies that decrease in sperm count and sperm the Tulsi plant has great medicinal motility [68,69]. importance and is used worldwide to treat 16. Anti-inflammatory: The presence of various diseases. fatty acids in the tulsi plant possesses anti-inflammatory activity. The main Acknowledgement: None fatty acid responsible for the anti- inflammatory activity is linoleic acid Conflict of Interest: None which is capable of blocking the cyclo- oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways Source of Funding: None [70]. 17. Antithyroidic: It was reported that the REFERENCES leaf extract of tulsi leaves acquire 1. Medicinal plants have been used for antithyroid activity which changes the different ailments of human beings all over T3, T4 concentration when tested in the world just from the beginning of male mice [71]. civilization 18. Anti-helminthic: The in-vitro study 2. Kumar V., Andola H.C., Lohani H. and Chauhan N. (2011). Pharmacological showed that the eugenol content and Review on Ocimum sanctum Linnaeus: A essential oil extracted from tulsi leaves Queen of herbs. J of Pharm Res, 4:366- 368 possess antihelminthic properties. In the [72]. 3. Atal CK, Kapoor BM. Cultivation and Caenorhabditis model utilization of medicinal plants Eds. PID 19. Antihyperlipidemic and Cardio- (SIR). 1989. protective: The reported study has

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