DOCSLIB.ORG

On Metric Geometry of Convergences and Topological Distributions of Metric Structures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Metric Geometry of Convergences and Topological Distributions of Metric Structures On metric geometry of convergences and topological distributions of metric structures Yoshito Ishiki February 2021 On metric geometry of convergences and topological distributions of metric structures Yoshito Ishiki Doctoral Program in Mathematics Submitted to the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science at the University of Tsukuba Abstract In this doctoral thesis, we investigate metric geometry from the viewpoints of convergences and topological distributions of metric structure. This thesis mainly consists of two parts. The fist part is a study on the Assouad dimension and limit spaces of subspaces of metric spaces. We introduce pseudo-cones of metric spaces as generalizations of tangent and asymptotic cones of metric spaces, and provide lower estimations of the Assouad dimensions of metric spaces by the dimensions of pseudo-cones. This is a generalization of the Mackay{Tyson estimation of the Assouad dimension by tangent cones. As another application of pseudo-cones, we study subsets of full Assouad dimension of metric spaces, and we introduce the notion of a tiling space. A tiling space is a pair of a metric space and a family of subsets called tiles of the metric spaces. The class of tiling spaces contains the Euclidean spaces, the p-adic numbers, the Sierpi´nskigasket, and various self-similar spaces appearing in fractal geometry. As our result, for a doubling tiling space, we characterize a subspace possessing the same Assouad dimension as that of the whole space in terms of pseudo-cones and tiles. Since the Euclidean spaces are tiling spaces, this result can be considered as a generalization of the Fraser{Yu characterization of a subspace of the Euclidean space of full Assouad dimension. The second part is a study on topological distributions of sets of \singular" metrics in spaces of metrics. We first prove an interpolation theorem of metrics adapted for investigating topologies of spaces of metrics. We introduce the notion of the transmissible property, which unifies geometric properties determined by finite subsets of metric spaces. As an application of our interpolation theorem, we prove that the sets of all metrics not satisfying transmissible properties are dense and represented as an intersection of countable open subsets of spaces of metrics. We also prove analogues of these results for ultrametric spaces. It is often expected to prove ultrametric analogues of statements on ordinary metrics. As realizations of this expectation, we first prove an isometric embedding theorem stating that every ultrametric space can be isometrically embedded into an ultra- normed module over an integral domain, which is an analogue of the Arens{Eells isometric embedding theorem. Due to this embedding theorem, as an analogue of the Hausdorff metric extension theorem, we can prove a theorem on extending an ultrametric on a closed subset to an ultrametric on the whole space, while referring to the Toru´nczyk's proof of the Hausdorff metric extension theorem by the Arens{Eells isometric embedding theorem. By our extension theorem on ultrametrics, we establish an interpolation theorem on ultrametrics, and theorems on topological distributions on spaces of ultrametrics. This doctoral thesis is written as a comprehensive paper including the contents of the author's papers [60], [56], [59], and [58]. Most of the results stated in this doctoral thesis have appeared in [60], [56], [59], and [58]. The author has added some auxiliary explanations and statements for the sake of comprehension of readers. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Background . 4 1.1.1 The Assouad dimensions and cones . 4 1.1.2 A subset of the Euclidean space of full Assouad dimension . 4 1.1.3 Extension of metrics . 5 1.1.4 Theorems on topological distributions . 6 1.2 Main results . 7 1.2.1 Pseudo-cones . 7 1.2.2 Tiling space . 9 1.2.3 Spaces of metrics . 11 1.2.4 Spaces of ultrametrics . 14 1.3 Organization . 18 2 Preliminaries 19 2.1 Metrics and ultrametrics . 19 2.2 Basic statements on metric spaces . 20 2.2.1 Isometric embedding theorems into a Banach space . 20 2.2.2 Extension theorems on metrics . 21 2.2.3 Baire spaces . 21 2.3 Assouad dimension . 22 2.4 The Gromov–Hausdorff distance . 23 2.5 Universal metric spaces . 24 2.6 Ultralimits . 25 2.7 Continuous functions on metric spaces . 26 2.7.1 The Michael continuous selection theorems . 27 2.7.2 The Dugundji extension theorem . 29 2.7.3 A retraction theorem for ultrametrizable spaces . 29 3 Basic statements on metrics and ultrametrics 30 3.1 Telescope construction . 30 3.2 Amalgamation methods . 31 3.2.1 Amalgamations of metrics . 32 3.2.2 Amalgamations of ultrametrics . 35 3.3 Basic properties of S-valued ultrametric spaces . 38 3.3.1 Modification of ultrametrics . 39 3.3.2 Invariant metrics on modules . 40 3.3.3 Basic properties of S-valued ultrametric spaces . 40 3.4 Function spaces . 43 2 4 Pseudo-cones and Assouad dimensions 47 4.1 Lower estimations of the Assouad dimensions . 47 4.1.1 Basic properties of pseudo-cones . 47 4.1.2 Theorems on lower estimations . 47 4.1.3 Conformal Assouad dimension . 49 4.2 Examples of metric spaces with large cones . 51 4.2.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.4 . 51 4.2.2 Proofs of Theorems 1.2.5 and 1.2.6 . 51 5 Tiling spaces 56 5.1 Properties of spaces with tiling structures . 56 5.1.1 Basic properties of tiling spaces . 56 5.1.2 Bi-Lipschitz maps and tiling spaces . 58 5.2 Tiling spaces and the Assouad dimension . 59 5.2.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.7 . 59 5.3 Tiling spaces induced from iterated function systems . 62 5.3.1 Attractors . 63 5.3.2 Extended attractors . 64 5.3.3 Examples of attractors . 64 5.4 Counterexamples . 66 5.4.1 A non-doubling tiling space . 66 5.4.2 A bi-Lipschitz image of a tiling space . 68 5.4.3 A tiling space with infinitely many similarity classes of tiles . 69 6 Spaces of metrics 70 6.1 An interpolation theorem of metrics . 70 6.1.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.9 . 70 6.2 Transmissible properties . 72 6.2.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.10 . 72 6.2.2 Proof of Theorem 1.2.11 . 73 6.3 Examples of transmissible properties . 74 6.3.1 The doubling property . 74 6.3.2 Uniform disconnectedness . 75 6.3.3 Necessity of an assumption of Theorem 1.2.10 . 76 6.3.4 Rich pseudo-cones . 76 6.3.5 Metric inequality . 78 7 Spaces of ultrametrics 81 7.1 An embedding theorem of ultrametric spaces . 81 7.1.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.12 . 81 7.1.2 Ultrametrics taking values in general totally ordered sets . 85 7.2 An extension theorem of ultrametrics . 86 7.3 An interpolation theorem of ultrametrics . 88 7.3.1 Proof of Theorem 1.2.15 . 88 7.4 Transmissible properties and ultrametrics . 90 7.4.1 Transmissible properties on ultrametric spaces . 90 7.4.2 Proof of Theorem 1.2.17 . 92 7.5 Examples of S-singular transmissible properties . 92 3 Chapter 1 Introduction In this doctoral thesis, we investigate metric geometry from the viewpoints of conver- gences and topological distributions of metric structure. We prove theorems concerning the Assouad dimension and convergences of metric spaces, and theorems on topological distributions of metrics satisfying geometric properties. 1.1 Background We first review backgrounds of our studies. 1.1.1 The Assouad dimensions and cones Assouad [3, 4, 5] introduced the notion which today we call Assouad dimension for metric spaces, and studied the relation between the Assouad dimension and bi-Lipschitz embed- dability into a Euclidean space of metric spaces (see Theorem 2.3.4). For a metric space, its Assouad dimension is greater or equal to its Hausdorff dimension. As is the case with the Hausdorff dimension, in general, it seems to be difficult to estimate the Assouad di- mension from below. Mackay{Tyson [76] proved that if (W; h) is a tangent space of a metric space (X; d), then dimA(W; h) ≤ dimA(X; d), where dimA stands for the Assouad dimension. The Assouad dimension and its variations are studied as geometric dimensions, and several estimations of these dimensions were proven in metric geometry and coarse ge- ometry. Le Donne and Rajala [26] gave both-sides estimations of the Assouad dimension and the Nagata dimension by tangent spaces under a certain assumption (see [26, There- oms 1.2, 1.4]). Dydak and Higes [30] provided a lower estimation of the Assouad{Nagata dimension by asymptotic cones as ultralimits (see [30, Proposition 4.1]). Note that the Nagata dimension and the Assouad{Nagata dimension are identical notions. 1.1.2 A subset of the Euclidean space of full Assouad dimension We now introduce another geometric dimension focusing on local behavior of the Hausdorff measures. Let δ 2 (0; 1). A metric space (X; d) is said to be Ahlfors regular of dimension δ if (X; d) is complete and has at least two elements, and if there exists C 2 (0; 1) −1 δ δ such that for all x 2 X and for all r 2 (0; δd(X)], we have C r ≤ µδ(B(x; r)) ≤ Cr , where µδ is the δ-dimensional Hausdorff measure, B(x; r) is the ball of (X; d), and δd(X) is the diameter of (X; d) (see [25]). Dyatlov{Zahl [29] observed that if a subset S of [0; 1] is Ahlfors regular of dimension δ 2 (0; 1), then S does not contain long arithmetic progressions (see [29, Subsection 6.1.1]).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geometrical Aspects of Statistical Learning Theory
    Geometrical Aspects of Statistical Learning Theory Vom Fachbereich Informatik der Technischen Universit¨at Darmstadt genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Dipl.-Phys. Matthias Hein aus Esslingen am Neckar Prufungskommission:¨ Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. B. Schiele Erstreferent: Prof. Dr. T. Hofmann Korreferent : Prof. Dr. B. Sch¨olkopf Tag der Einreichung: 30.9.2005 Tag der Disputation: 9.11.2005 Darmstadt, 2005 Hochschulkennziffer: D17 Abstract Geometry plays an important role in modern statistical learning theory, and many different aspects of geometry can be found in this fast developing field. This thesis addresses some of these aspects. A large part of this work will be concerned with so called manifold methods, which have recently attracted a lot of interest. The key point is that for a lot of real-world data sets it is natural to assume that the data lies on a low-dimensional submanifold of a potentially high-dimensional Euclidean space. We develop a rigorous and quite general framework for the estimation and ap- proximation of some geometric structures and other quantities of this submanifold, using certain corresponding structures on neighborhood graphs built from random samples of that submanifold. Another part of this thesis deals with the generalizati- on of the maximal margin principle to arbitrary metric spaces. This generalization follows quite naturally by changing the viewpoint on the well-known support vector machines (SVM). It can be shown that the SVM can be seen as an algorithm which applies the maximum margin principle to a subclass of metric spaces. The motivati- on to consider the generalization to arbitrary metric spaces arose by the observation that in practice the condition for the applicability of the SVM is rather difficult to check for a given metric.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Thesis, Stanford University
    DISSERTATION TOPOLOGICAL, GEOMETRIC, AND COMBINATORIAL ASPECTS OF METRIC THICKENINGS Submitted by Johnathan E. Bush Department of Mathematics In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2021 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Henry Adams Amit Patel Chris Peterson Gloria Luong Copyright by Johnathan E. Bush 2021 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT TOPOLOGICAL, GEOMETRIC, AND COMBINATORIAL ASPECTS OF METRIC THICKENINGS The geometric realization of a simplicial complex equipped with the 1-Wasserstein metric of optimal transport is called a simplicial metric thickening. We describe relationships between these metric thickenings and topics in applied topology, convex geometry, and combinatorial topology. We give a geometric proof of the homotopy types of certain metric thickenings of the circle by constructing deformation retractions to the boundaries of orbitopes. We use combina- torial arguments to establish a sharp lower bound on the diameter of Carathéodory subsets of the centrally-symmetric version of the trigonometric moment curve. Topological information about metric thickenings allows us to give new generalizations of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem and a selection of its corollaries. Finally, we prove a centrally-symmetric analog of a result of Gilbert and Smyth about gaps between zeros of homogeneous trigonometric polynomials. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I want to thank Henry Adams for his guidance and support as my advisor. Henry taught me how to be a mathematician in theory and in practice, and I was exceedingly fortu- nate to receive my mentorship in research and professionalism through his consistent, careful, and honest feedback. I could always count on him to make time for me and to guide me to interesting problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Helly Groups
    HELLY GROUPS JER´ EMIE´ CHALOPIN, VICTOR CHEPOI, ANTHONY GENEVOIS, HIROSHI HIRAI, AND DAMIAN OSAJDA Abstract. Helly graphs are graphs in which every family of pairwise intersecting balls has a non-empty intersection. This is a classical and widely studied class of graphs. In this article we focus on groups acting geometrically on Helly graphs { Helly groups. We provide numerous examples of such groups: all (Gromov) hyperbolic, CAT(0) cubical, finitely presented graph- ical C(4)−T(4) small cancellation groups, and type-preserving uniform lattices in Euclidean buildings of type Cn are Helly; free products of Helly groups with amalgamation over finite subgroups, graph products of Helly groups, some diagram products of Helly groups, some right- angled graphs of Helly groups, and quotients of Helly groups by finite normal subgroups are Helly. We show many properties of Helly groups: biautomaticity, existence of finite dimensional models for classifying spaces for proper actions, contractibility of asymptotic cones, existence of EZ-boundaries, satisfiability of the Farrell-Jones conjecture and of the coarse Baum-Connes conjecture. This leads to new results for some classical families of groups (e.g. for FC-type Artin groups) and to a unified approach to results obtained earlier. Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Motivations and main results 2 1.2. Discussion of consequences of main results 5 1.3. Organization of the article and further results 6 2. Preliminaries 7 2.1. Graphs 7 2.2. Complexes 10 2.3. CAT(0) spaces and Gromov hyperbolicity 11 2.4. Group actions 12 2.5. Hypergraphs (set families) 12 2.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Injective Hulls of Certain Discrete Metric Spaces and Groups
    Injective hulls of certain discrete metric spaces and groups Urs Lang∗ July 29, 2011; revised, June 28, 2012 Abstract Injective metric spaces, or absolute 1-Lipschitz retracts, share a number of properties with CAT(0) spaces. In the 1960es, J. R. Isbell showed that every metric space X has an injective hull E(X). Here it is proved that if X is the vertex set of a connected locally finite graph with a uniform stability property of intervals, then E(X) is a locally finite polyhedral complex with n finitely many isometry types of n-cells, isometric to polytopes in l∞, for each n. This applies to a class of finitely generated groups Γ, including all word hyperbolic groups and abelian groups, among others. Then Γ acts properly on E(Γ) by cellular isometries, and the first barycentric subdivision of E(Γ) is a model for the classifying space EΓ for proper actions. If Γ is hyperbolic, E(Γ) is finite dimensional and the action is cocompact. In particular, every hyperbolic group acts properly and cocompactly on a space of non-positive curvature in a weak (but non-coarse) sense. 1 Introduction A metric space Y is called injective if for every metric space B and every 1- Lipschitz map f : A → Y defined on a set A ⊂ B there exists a 1-Lipschitz extension f : B → Y of f. The terminology is in accordance with the notion of an injective object in category theory. Basic examples of injective metric spaces are the real line, all complete R-trees, and l∞(I) for an arbitrary index set I.
    [Show full text]
  • Linearly Rigid Metric Spaces and the Embedding Problem
    Linearly rigid metric spaces and the embedding problem. J. Melleray,∗ F. V. Petrov,† A. M. Vershik‡ 06.03.08 Dedicated to 95-th anniversary of L.V.Kantorovich Abstract We consider the problem of isometric embedding of the metric spaces to the Banach spaces; and introduce and study the remarkable class of so called linearly rigid metric spaces: these are the spaces that admit a unique, up to isometry, linearly dense isometric embedding into a Banach space. The first nontrivial example of such a space was given by R. Holmes; he proved that the universal Urysohn space has this property. We give a criterion of linear rigidity of a metric space, which allows us to give a simple proof of the linear rigidity of the Urysohn space and some other metric spaces. The various properties of linearly rigid spaces and related spaces are considered. Introduction The goal of this paper is to describe the class of complete separable metric arXiv:math/0611049v4 [math.FA] 11 Apr 2008 (=Polish) spaces which have the following property: there is a unique (up to isometry) isometric embedding of this metric space (X, ρ) in a Banach space such that the affine span of the image of X is dense (in which case we say that X is linearly dense). We call such metric spaces linearly rigid spaces. ∗University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail: [email protected]. †St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics. E-mail: [email protected]. Supported by the grant NSh.4329.2006.1 ‡St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimal Universal Metric Spaces
    Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ Mathematica Volumen 42, 2017, 1019–1064 MINIMAL UNIVERSAL METRIC SPACES Victoriia Bilet, Oleksiy Dovgoshey, Mehmet Küçükaslan and Evgenii Petrov Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechaniks of NASU, Function Theory Department Dobrovolskogo str. 1, Slovyansk, 84100, Ukraine; [email protected] Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechaniks of NASU, Function Theory Department Dobrovolskogo str. 1, Slovyansk, 84100, Ukraine; [email protected] Mersin University, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Mathematics Mersin 33342, Turkey; [email protected] Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechaniks of NASU, Function Theory Department Dobrovolskogo str. 1, Slovyansk, 84100, Ukraine; [email protected] Abstract. Let M be a class of metric spaces. A metric space Y is minimal M-universal if every X ∈ M can be isometrically embedded in Y but there are no proper subsets of Y satisfying this property. We find conditions under which, for given metric space X, there is a class M of metric spaces such that X is minimal M-universal. We generalize the notion of minimal M-universal metric space to notion of minimal M-universal class of metric spaces and prove the uniqueness, up to an isomorphism, for these classes. The necessary and sufficient conditions under which the disjoint union of the metric spaces belonging to a class M is minimal M-universal are found. Examples of minimal universal metric spaces are constructed for the classes of the three-point metric spaces and n-dimensional normed spaces. Moreover minimal universal metric spaces are found for some subclasses of the class of metric spaces X which possesses the following property.
    [Show full text]
  • Spaces with Convex Geodesic Bicombings
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Spaces with convex geodesic bicombings Author(s): Descombes, Dominic Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010584573 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 23109 Spaces with Convex Geodesic Bicombings A thesis submitted to attain the degree of Doctor of Sciences of ETH Zurich presented by Dominic Descombes Master of Science ETH in Mathematics citizen of Lignières, NE and citizen of Italy accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Urs Lang, examiner Prof. Dr. Alexander Lytchak, co-examiner 2015 Life; full of loneliness, and misery, and suffering, and unhappiness — and it's all over much too quickly. – Woody Allen Abstract In the geometry of CAT(0) or Busemann spaces every pair of geodesics, call them α and β, have convex distance; meaning d ◦ (α, β) is a convex function I → R provided the geodesics are parametrized proportional to arc length on the same interval I ⊂ R. Therefore, geodesics ought to be unique and thus even many normed spaces do not belong to these classes. We investigate spaces with non-unique geodesics where there exists a suitable selection of geodesics exposing the said (or a similar) convexity property; this structure will be called a bicombing. A rich class of such spaces arises naturally through the construction of the injective hull for arbitrary metric spaces or more generally as 1- Lipschitz retracts of normed spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics 595 (CAP/TRA) Fall 2005 2 Metric and Topological Spaces
    Mathematics 595 (CAP/TRA) Fall 2005 2 Metric and topological spaces 2.1 Metric spaces The notion of a metric abstracts the intuitive concept of \distance". It allows for the development of many of the standard tools of analysis: continuity, convergence, compactness, etc. Spaces equipped with both a linear (algebraic) structure and a metric (analytic) structure will be considered in the next section. They provide suitable environments for the development of a rich theory of differential calculus akin to the Euclidean theory. Definition 2.1.1. A metric on a space X is a function d : X X [0; ) which is symmetric, vanishes at (x; y) if and only if x = y, and satisfies×the triangle! 1inequality d(x; y) d(x; z) + d(z; y) for all x; y; z X. ≤ 2 The pair (X; d) is called a metric space. Notice that we require metrics to be finite-valued. Some authors consider allow infinite-valued functions, i.e., maps d : X X [0; ]. A space equipped with × ! 1 such a function naturally decomposes into a family of metric spaces (in the sense of Definition 2.1.1), which are the equivalence classes for the equivalence relation x y if and only if d(x; y) < . ∼A pseudo-metric is a function1 d : X X [0; ) which satisfies all of the conditions in Definition 2.1.1 except that ×the condition! 1\d vanishes at (x; y) if and only if x = y" is replaced by \d(x; x) = 0 for all x". In other words, a pseudo-metric is required to vanish along the diagonal (x; y) X X : x = y , but may also vanish for some pairs (x; y) with x = y.
    [Show full text]
  • Finite Metric Space Is of Euclidean Type
    Finite Metric Spaces of Euclidean Type1 Peter J. Kahn Department of Mathematics Cornell University March, 2021 n Abstract: Finite subsets of R may be endowed with the Euclidean metric. Do all finite metric spaces arise in this way for some n? If two such finite metric spaces are abstractly isometric, must the isometry be the restriction of an isometry of the ambient Euclidean space? This note shows that the answer to the first question is no and the answer to the second is yes. These answers are reversed if the sup metric is used in place of the Euclidean metric. 1. Introduction Metric spaces typically arise in connection with the foundations of calculus or anal- ysis, providing the necessary general structure for discussing the concepts of conver- gence, continuity, compactness and the like. These spaces usually have the cardinality of the continuum. But metric spaces of finite cardinality also appear naturally in many mathematical contexts (e.g., graph theory, string metrics, coding theory) and have applications in the sciences (e.g., DNA analysis, network theory, phylogenetics). Any finite subset X of a metric space (Y; e) inherits a metric d = ejX ×X, allowing us to produce many examples of finite metric spaces (X; d) when (Y; e) is known. n n Often (Y; e) is taken to be (R ; d2), where R is the standard Euclidean space of dimension n and d2 is the usual Euclidean metric. In such a case we say that the induced finite metric space is of Euclidean type, and we also use this designation for any metric space isometric to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Embeddings of Metric Spaces by Juha Heinonen Lectures in the Finnish Graduate School of Mathematics, University Of
    Geometric embeddings of metric spaces By Juha Heinonen Lectures in the Finnish Graduate School of Mathematics, University of Jyv¨askyl¨a, January 2003. 1 Basic Concepts. 2 Gromov-Hausdorff convergence. 3 Some fundamental embeddings. 4 Strong A∞-deformations. 1 2 Preface These notes form a slightly expanded version of the lectures that I gave in the Finnish Graduate School of Mathematics at the University of Jyv¨askyl¨a in January 2003.The purpose of this mini-course was to introduce beginning graduate students to some easily accessible ques- tions of current interest in metric geometry.Besides additional remarks and references, the only topics that were not discussed in the course, but are included here, are the proof of the existence of a Urysohn uni- versal metric space and the proof of Semmes’s theorem 4.5. I thank Tero Kilpel¨ainen for inviting me to give these lectures, Pekka Koskela for offering to publish the lecture notes in the Jyv¨askyl¨a Math- ematics Department Reports series, and Juha Inkeroinen for typing a preliminary version of this mansucript from my hand written notes. I am grateful to Bruce Hanson who carefully read the entire manu- script and made useful suggestions.Finally, I thank the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and NSF (Grant DMS 9970427) for their support. Berkeley, September 2003 Juha Heinonen 3 1. Basic Concepts Let X =(X, d)=(X, dX ) denote a metric space.Throughout these lectures, we will consider quite general metric spaces.However, the reader should not think of anything pathological here (like the discrete metric on some huge set).
    [Show full text]
  • GEOMETRIC SAMPLING of INFINITE DIMENSIONAL SIGNALS 61 Relevant Literature Is Far Too Extensive to Even Contemplate Here an Exhaustive List
    SAMPLING THEORY IN SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING Vol. 10, No. 1-2, 2011, pp. 59-76 c 2011 SAMPLING PUBLISHING ISSN: 1530-6429 Geometric Sampling of Infinite Dimensional Signals Emil Saucan Department of Mathematics, Technion, Technion City Haifa, 32000, Israel [email protected] Abstract We show that our geometric sampling method for images extends to a large class of infinitely dimensional signals relevant in Image Processing. We also recall classical triangulation results for infinitely dimensional mani- folds, and apply them to endow P (X) – the space of probability measures on a set X – with a simple geometry. Furthermore, we show that there exists a natural isometric embedding of images in an infinitely dimensional func- tion space and that this embedding admits an arbitrarily good bi-Lipshitz approximation by an embedding into a finitely dimensional space. Key words and phrases : Isometric embedding, Nash’s Theorem, geomet- ric sampling, infinitely dimensional manifold, triangulation of Hilbert cube manifolds, Kuratowski embedding 2000 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification — 94A20, 94A08, 58B05, 57R05, 57R40, 53C23 1 Preamble In [58], [59] we have introduced a geometric approach to sampling and recon- struction of images (and also of more general signals). Further extensions [5] and applications [60] of this paradigm and its ensuing results were considered. For the readers’ convenience, we briefly present here some of the key aspects of this framework: Lately it became quite common amongst the signal processing community, to consider images as Riemannian manifolds embedded in higher di- mensional spaces (see, e.g. [27], [35], [62], [64]). Usually, the preferred ambient space is Rn, however other possibilities are also considered ([7], [57]).
    [Show full text]
  • Convex Geodesic Bicombings and Hyperbolicity
    Convex geodesic bicombings and hyperbolicity Dominic Descombes & Urs Lang April 19, 2014 Abstract A geodesic bicombing on a metric space selects for every pair of points a geodesic connecting them. We prove existence and uniqueness results for geodesic bicombings satisfying different convexity conditions. In combination with recent work by the second author on injective hulls, this shows that every word hyperbolic group acts geometrically on a proper, finite dimensional space X with a unique (hence equivariant) convex geodesic bicombing of the strongest type. Furthermore, the Gromov boundary of X is a Z-set in the closure of X, and the latter is a metrizable absolute retract, in analogy with the Bestvina–Mess theorem on the Rips complex. 1 Introduction By a geodesic bicombing σ on a metric space (X, d) we mean a map σ : X × X × [0, 1] → X that selects for every pair (x,y) ∈ X×X a constant speed geodesic σxy := σ(x,y, ·) ′ ′ ′ from x to y (that is, d(σxy(t),σxy(t )) = |t − t |d(x,y) for all t,t ∈ [0, 1], and σxy(0) = x, σxy(1) = y). We are interested in geodesic bicombings satisfying one of the following two conditions, each of which implies that σ is continuous and, hence, X is contractible. We call σ convex if the function t 7→ d(σxy(t),σx′y′ (t)) is convex on [0, 1] (1.1) for all x,y,x′,y′ ∈ X, and we say that σ is conical if arXiv:1404.5051v1 [math.MG] 20 Apr 2014 ′ ′ d(σxy(t),σx′y′ (t)) ≤ (1 − t) d(x,x )+ t d(y,y ) for all t ∈ [0, 1] (1.2) and x,y,x′,y′ ∈ X.
    [Show full text]