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A Comprehensive Text for Africa

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A Comprehensive Text for Africa Paediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Text for Africa Editors: Emmanuel A. Ameh Stephen W. Bickler Kokila Lakhoo Benedict C. Nwomeh Dan Poenaru www.global-help.org ii Paediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Text for Africa Table of Contents Contributing Authors . iv 28. Thoracic Trauma . 180 Foreword . iv 29. Abdominal Trauma . 184 Publisher’s note & Preface . xxi 30. Craniocerebral and Spinal Trauma . 190 Acronyms . xx 31. Urogenital and Perineal Trauma . 200 32. Musculoskeletal Trauma . 208 BASIC PRINCIPLES 33. Burns . 214 Paediatric Surgery Specialty and its 1. 34. Injuries from Child Abuse . 222 Relevance to Africa . 3 35. Birth Injuries . 228 2. Neonatal Physiology and Transport . 8 3. Respiratory Physiology and Support . 14 HEAD AND NECK 4. Cardiovascular Physiology and Support . 17 36. Neck: Cysts, Sinuses, and Fistulas . 234 5. Fluids and Electrolyte Therapy 37. Lymphadenopathy in African Children . 240 in the Paediatric Surgical Patient . 23 38. Sternomastoid Tumour of Infancy 6. Nutritional Support . 30 and Congenital Muscular Torticollis . 248 7. Haemoglobinopathies . 34 39. Salivary Gland Diseases in Children 8. Wound Healing . 40 and Adolescents . 254 9. Vascular Access in Children . 47 40. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands . 262 10. Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care . 55 THORAX 11. Pain Management . 61 41. Laryngoscopy, Bronchoscopy, 12. Intensive Care . 67 and Oesophagoscopy . 272 13. Ethics of Paediatric Surgery in Africa . 76 42. Paediatric Upper Airway Obstruction . 277 14. Psychological Issues in 43. Tracheomalacia . 283 Paediatric Surgery . 82 44. Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions . 287 SURGICAL INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS 45. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Diapharagmatic Eventration . 291 15. Common Bacterial Infections in Children . 92 46. Pleural Effusion and Empyema . 299 16. Surgical Site Infection . 98 47. Lung Abscess . 304 17. Surgical Complications of Typhoid Fever . 103 48. Oesophageal Atresia . 306 18. Tuberculosis . 111 49. Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease . 310 19. Pyomyositis . 120 50. Achalasia . 319 20. Omphalitis . 124 51. Corrosive Ingestion and 21. Necrotising Fasciitis . 129 Oesophageal Replacement . 323 22. Haematogenous Osteomyelitis 52. Aerodigestive Foreign Bodies in Children . 329 and Septic Arthritis . 135 53. Chest Wall Deformities . 332 23. Parasitic Infestations of Surgical Importance in Children . 141 54. Mediastinal Mass . 338 24. HIV/AIDS and the Paediatric Surgeon . 151 55. Chylothorax . 342 TRAUMA ABDOMINAL WALL 25. Paediatric Trauma: Epidemiology, 56. Congenital Anterior Abdominal Wall Prevention, and Control . 157 Defects: Exomphalos and Gastroschisis . 348 26. Paediatric Injury Scoring and Trauma Registry . 164 57. Disorders of the Umbilicus . 352 27. Initial Assessment and Resuscitation 58. Inguinal and Femoral Hernias and of the Trauma Patient . 172 Hydroceles . 358 Paediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Text for Africa iii STOMACH, DUODENUM, AND SMALL INTESTINE 96. Phimosis, Meatal Stenosis, and Paraphimosis . 573 Urolithiasis . 578 59. Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis . 381 97. Undescended Testis . 582 60. Peptic Ulcer Disease . 385 98. Disorders of Sex Development . 585 61. Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction . 389 99. Bladder Outlet Obstruction . 594 62. Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis . 394 100. Acute Scrotum . 603 63. Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis . 398 101. 64. Vitelline Duct Anomalies . 402 TUMOURS 65. Intestinal Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus . 406 102. Kidney Tumours . 610 66. Gastrointestinal Duplications . 410 103. Teratomas . 614 67. Meconium Ileus . 414 104. Lymphomas and the Paediatric Surgeon . 618 68. Intussusception . 417 105. Neuroblastoma . 622 69. Miscellaneous Causes of 106. Malignant Soft Tissue Tumours . 626 Intestinal Obstruction . 425 107. Liver Tumours . 635 70. Necrotizing Enterocolitis . 429 108. Primary Bone Tumours . 646 71. Short Bowel Syndrome . 437 109. Brain and Spinal Cord Tumours . 652 72. Gastrointestinal Stomas . 442 VASCULAR SYSTEM COLON, RECTUM, AND ANUS 110. Lymphangioma . 661 73. Colonic Atresia . 450 111. Haemangioma . 670 74. Appendicitis . 453 112. Arteriovenous Malformations . 673 75. Inflammatory Bowel Disease . 456 113. Unilateral Limb Enlargement . 677 76. Hirschsprung’s Disease and Malformations . 461 PAEDIATRIC GYNAECOLOGY 77. Anorectal Malformations . 468 114. Hydrometrocolpos . 685 78. Polyps . 474 115. Vaginal and Uterine Duplications . 691 79. Other Anorectal Conditions . 478 116. Labial Adhesions and Agglutination . 695 117. Ovarian Lesions . 698 HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM, PANCREAS, AND SPLEEN 80. Obstructive Jaundice . 485 SURGICAL REHABILITATION 81. Biliary Atresia . 489 118. General Disability: the Concept . 707 82. Choledochal Cyst . 496 119. Neurodisability . 712 83. Cholelithiasis (Gallstones) . 500 120. Orthopaedic Disability . 722 84. Annular Pancreas . 504 121. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 737 85. Pancreatitis . 507 SPECIAL TOPICS 86. Spleen . 512 122. Minimally Invasive Surgery 87. Portal Hypertension . 516 in Paediatric Patients . 751 PAEDIATRIC UROLOGY 123. Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy . 759 88. Cystic Diseases of the Kidney . 523 124. Conjoined and Parasitic Twins . 763 89. Congenital Uerteropelvic Junction Stenosis . 526 125. Otorhinolaryngology . 769 90. Ureteric Duplications and Ureterocoeles . 531 126. Paediatric Transplantation . 779 91. Vesicoureteric Reflux . 536 127. Telemedicine and e-Health . 790 92. Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias . 541 128. Paediatric Surgical Education in Sub-Saharan Africa . 796 93. Urethral Valves . 551 94. Hypospadias . 554 95. Circumcision . 567 iv Paediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Text for Africa Contributing Authors Francis A. Abantanga, MD, Cert Paed Surg, PhD, FWACS, Cert Emmanuel A. Ameh, MBBS, FWACS, FACS Cardio Surg, FGCS Professor and Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Associate Professor, Head, Department/Directorate of Surgery Chief, Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery School of Medical Sciences/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital College of Health Sciences Zaria, Nigeria Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana Nkeiruka Ameh, MBBS, FWACS Senior Lecturer and Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist Hesham M. Abdelkader, MD, MRCS, FEBPS Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility Unit Lecturer of Pediatric Surgery Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Division of Pediatric Surgery Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Ain Shams University Zaria, Nigeria Cairo, Egypt Manali S. Amin, MD, FACS Lukman O. Abdur-Rahman, MBBS, MPH, FWACS Instructor, Department of Otology and Laryngology Senior Lecturer and Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Harvard Medical School Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery Associate in Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin and Communication Disorders Teaching Hospital Children’s Hospital Boston Ilorin, Nigeria Boston, Massachusetts, U .S . Auwal M. Abubakar, MBBS, FWACS, FICS Safwat S. Andrawes, MBChB, MMed Surgery, MSc Urology, Associate Professor and Consultant Paediatric Surgeon FICS, FCS (ESCA) Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Paediatric Urologist College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri and Gertrude’s Children Hospital University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Nairobi, Kenya Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria William Appeadu-Mensah, MB, CHB, FWACS, FGCS Adesoji O. Ademuyiwa, MBBS, FWACS, FMCS (Nig) Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery Lecturer and Consultant Paediatric Surgeon University of Ghana Medical School Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital College of Medicine, University of Lagos Accra, Ghana Lagos, Nigeria Marion Arnold, MBChB , DCH (SA) James O. Adeniran, MBBS (Ib), FRCS (Glasg), FWACS, Division of Pediatric Surgery Dip Paed Surg (Lond) University of Stellenbosch Professor of Paediatric Surgery Tygerberg, South Africa Paediatric Surgical Unit University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Johanna R. Askegard-Giesmann, MD Ilorin, Nigeria Clinical Research Fellow Department of Pediatric Surgery Frank Agada, FRCS Ed Nationwide Children’s Hospital Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University York Hospital Columbus, Ohio, U .S . York, U .K . Jane P. Balint, MD Sunday Olusegun Ajike, BDS, FWACS, PGDPA Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Associate Professor and Consultant Maxillofacial Surgeon The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Dental Surgery Director, Intestinal Support Service Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Zaria, Nigeria Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio, U .S . Jennifer H. Aldrink, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Surgery Behrouz Banieghbal, MB, BCh, BAO, FRCSI, FRC (SA) Paed Surg The Ohio State University College of Medicine Paediatric Surgeon and Senior Lecturer Division of Pediatric Surgery Division of Paediatric Surgery Nationwide Children’s Hospital Johannesburg General Hospital Columbus, Ohio, U .S . University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa Christopher C. Amah, MB ChB, FWACS Senior Lecturer & Consultant Pediatric Surgeon Nick Bauman, MD, FRCSC Department of Pediatric Surgery BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital University of Nigeria and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Kijabe, Kenya
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