Beitrag Hevesy Nurwissenschaften
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JOST LEMMERICH AUFRECHT IM STURM DER ZEIT DER PHYSIKER JAMES FRANCK 1882 – 1964 DIEPHOlz · STUTTGART · BERLIN 2007 VERlaG FÜR GESCHICHTE DER NaTURWISSENSCHAFTEN UND DER TECHNIK www.gntverlag.de ISBN 9783928186834 Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Vorwort und Danksagung Die Biographien über Physiker weisen nicht übersehbare Häufungen bei einigen Na men auf. Die Anzahl der Einsteinbiographien übersteigt sicher die Zahl 100. Auch über das Leben von Galilei und Newton sind zahlreiche Bücher geschrieben worden. In den letzten Jahren sind mehrere Biographien über Lise Meitner und neuerdings über Heisenberg erschienen. Sieht man von kürzeren Nachrufen ab, so liegen für sehr viele bedeutende Physiker des 20. Jahrhunderts bisher keine ausführlichen Biographien vor, wie zum Beispiel Patrick M. S. Blackett, Walther Bothe, Gustav Hertz, Viktor F. Hess, Max von Laue, Walther Nernst, Johannes Stark, Otto Stern, Fritz Zernike, um nur ei nige der Nobelpreisträger der Physik zu nennen. Ebenso sind die in den Zwanziger Jahren bedeutenden Göttinger Physiker James Franck und Robert W. Pohl nicht mit Biographien gewürdigt worden. Von Max Born liegt eine Autobiographie vor und 2005 erschien eine Biographie von Nancy Th. Greenspan. In den Fünfziger Jahren entschloss sich Johannes Jaenicke, ein enger Mitarbeiter Fritz Habers, Vorarbeiten zu einer HaberBiographie aufzunehmen und fragte die Freunde Habers, wie James Franck, und Mitarbeiter Habers nach Erinnerungen und Beiträgen. Als Franck 1958 in Deutschland zu Besuch war, interviewte Jaenicke ihn. Die dabei gemachten Äußerungen können vielleicht als die Vorstellungen Francks zu seiner Bio graphie verstanden werden:1 »Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten, diese Biographie zu schreiben. Wenn Sie [Jaenicke] über die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten nicht selbst schreiben, sondern Beiträge von verschiedenen Leuten bringen wollen, gibt es so eine Art Sammelheft, wie man sie Lebenden zu Geburtstagen zu widmen pflegt. -
The Nobel Laureate George De Hevesy (1885-1966) - Universal Genius and Father of Nuclear Medicine Niese S* Am Silberblick 9, 01723 Wilsdruff, Germany
Open Access SAJ Biotechnology LETTER ISSN: 2375-6713 The Nobel Laureate George de Hevesy (1885-1966) - Universal Genius and Father of Nuclear Medicine Niese S* Am Silberblick 9, 01723 Wilsdruff, Germany *Corresponding author: Niese S, Am Silberblick 9, 01723 Wilsdruff, Germany, Tel: +49 35209 22849, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Niese S, The Nobel Laureate George de Hevesy (1885-1966) - Universal Genius and Father of Nuclear Medicine. SAJ Biotechnol 5: 102 Article history: Received: 20 March 2018, Accepted: 29 March 2018, Published: 03 April 2018 Abstract The scientific work of the universal genius the Nobel Laureate George de Hevesy who has discovered and developed news in physics, chemistry, geology, biology and medicine is described. Special attention is given to his work in life science which he had done in the second half of his scientific career and was the base of the development of nuclear medicine. Keywords: George de Hevesy; Radionuclides; Nuclear Medicine Introduction George de Hevesy has founded Radioanalytical Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine, discovered the element hafnium and first separated stable isotopes. He was an inventor in many disciplines and his interest was not only focused on the development and refinement of methods, but also on the structure of matter and its changes: atoms, molecules, cells, organs, plants, animals, men and cosmic objects. He was working under complicated political situation in Europe in the 20th century. During his stay in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden he wrote a lot papers in German. In 1962 he edited a large part of his articles in a collection where German papers are translated in English [1]. -
Geschichte Der Chemischen Institute in Innsbruck Und Die Verantwortung Von Natur- Und Geisteswissenschaften an Schulen Und Der Universität
LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITÄT INNSBRUCK Philosophisch-Historische Fakultät Institut für Zeitgeschichte Geschichte der Chemischen Institute in Innsbruck und die Verantwortung von Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften an Schulen und der Universität DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) eingereicht bei Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Dirk Rupnow von Simon Hermann Schöpf 00718216 Philippine-Welser-Straße 1; 6020 Innsbruck Innsbruck, im Juni 2019 „Alles ist Chemie!“ Alle Chemiker*innen, immer. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht verwendet und die den benützten Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Innsbruck, im Juni 2019 Simon Hermann Schöpf Vorwort Hiermit möchte ich mich bei allen bedanken, die zur Entstehung dieser Arbeit beigetragen und dabei mitgeholfen haben. Auch möchte ich mich bei allen bedanken, die mich in meiner gesamten Studienzeit unterstützt und motiviert haben! Ein herzliches Dankeschön an meinen Betreuer, Univ.- Prof. Mag. Dr. Dirk Rupnow, welcher es mir ermöglichte, meine beiden wissenschaftlichen Interessen, die Geistes- und die Naturwissenschaften, in einer Arbeit zu vereinen und mir immer hilfreiche Tipps gab. Auch bei MMag. Ina Friedmann und Mag. Dr. Christof Aichner, mit denen ich das wunderbare „Einhornbüro“ teilen konnte, möchte ich meinen Dank für die Unterstützung und die nette Zeit aussprechen. Danke auch an ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Margret Friedrich für ihr Feedback und ihre Hilfestellungen. Einen besonderen Dank möchte ich auch Dr. Ludwig Call aussprechen, der sich für diese Arbeit als Zeitzeuge zur Verfügung stellte und mir neue Einblicke in die „alte Chemie“ gab. -
Erika Cremer (20.05.1900 München – 21.09.1996 Innsbruck) Pionierin Der Gaschromatographie
310 Please take notice of: (c)Beneke. Don't quote without permission. Erika Cremer (20.05.1900 München – 21.09.1996 Innsbruck) Pionierin der Gaschromatographie Klaus Beneke Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität der Universität D-24098 Kiel [email protected] Aus: Klaus Beneke Biographien und wissenschaftliche Lebensläufe von Kolloidwis- senschaftlern, deren Lebensdaten mit 1996 in Verbindung stehen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kolloidwissenschaften, VIII Mitteilungen der Kolloid-Gesellschaft, 1999, Seite 311-334 Verlag Reinhard Knof, Nehmten ISBN 3-934413-01-3 311 Cremer, Erika (20.05.1900 München - 21.09.1996 Innsbruck) Erika Cremer wurde als als einzige Tochter, als zweites von von drei Kindern, dem Professor für Physiologie in München, Max Cremer, gebo- ren. Dieser gilt als der Entdecker der Glaselek- trode (Cremer, 1906). Ihr Vater stammte aus Ürdingen. Großvater und Vater der Mutter, Els- beth Rothmund, waren berühmte Kliniker an der Münchner Universität. Ihr Onkel Viktor Rothmund war Ordinarius für Physikalische Chemie in Prag. Die Berufung des Vaters nach Köln (1909) und nach Berlin an die Tierärztilche Hochschule (1911) war ein schwerer Eingriff in dem jungen Leben der gebürtigen Münchnerin. Zuerst wurde ihr in Köln der Dialekt radikal abgewöhnt, und der Schulwechsel in das preußische Berlin war wohl Erika Cremer auch nicht ganz im Sinne der kleinen Erika. Hei- misch wurde sie weder in Köln noch Berlin. Ihre Sehnsucht waren München und Miesbach wo sie einen Teil ihrer Kindheit verbrachte und vorallem die Alpen (Patat, 1965; Bobleter, 1990, 1997; Stöger, 1990). Mit dem Reifezeugnis an der Oberrealschule in der Kochstraße in Berlin immatri- kulierte sich Erika Cremer im Sommer 1921 an der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität in Berlin. -
A Century of Chromatography — Gas Analysis in the First 50 Years
GC CONNECTIONS A Century of Chromatography — Gas Analysis in the First 50 Years John V. Hinshaw, Serveron Corp., Hillsboro, Oregon, USA. Although many decades intervened between the beginnings of chromatography as a liquid–solid adsorption technique and the formal invention of gas–liquid-phase chromatography, those years were full of advances in gaseous chemical separations. This month in “GC Connections,” John Hinshaw reviews the developments before 1952 that established the basis for the modern practice of gas chromatography. The date 21 March 2003 marked the twenty-first century separation scientists, Gas Adsorption passage of 100 years since Mikhail Tswett between gas- and liquid-based Modern chromatographers are familiar (1872–1919) presented a lecture to the chromatography separations; they worked with gas chromatography (GC) column Biological Section of the Warsaw Society of in entirely different disciplines with packings that are the direct descendents of Natural Scientists on his 1901–1903 divergent goals. Not until the 1940s did charcoal. These packings include investigations of liquid–solid adsorptive some begin to draw the analogy between Carbopack-B (Supelco-Sigma-Aldrich, separations of plant pigments at Warsaw their work with gaseous separations and Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA), which University.1 This lecture is generally separations with a liquid mobile phase. Yet, contains a surface area of 100 m2 — recognized as the first public disclosure of various separation techniques based upon roughly equal to the area of my laboratory the chromatographic technique, although gas adsorption, which scientists now floor — in 1 g. Adsorption is the primary the term chromatography, which Tswett consider to have been forms of physical effect used in the various gas coined, did not appear in print until several chromatography, gained significance in the separation techniques discussed in this years later in 1906. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
William A. Arnold 1904–2001
William A. Arnold 1904–2001 A Biographical Memoir by Govindjee and Nupur Srivastava ©2014 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. WILLIAM ARCHIBALD ARNOLD December 6, 1904 – October 26, 2001 Elected to the NAS, 1962 William Arnold—Bill, to all who knew him—was a plant physiologist, physicist, and biologist all in one and a researcher of the highest order in each field. His achieve- ments read like a march of scientific progress. He discov- ered what came to be called the photosynthetic unit, with Robert Emerson, in 1932. He made the first reliable measurements, in his 1935 Harvard Ph.D. dissertation, of the minimum quantum requirement for the evolution of an oxygen molecule. In 1951, together with J. Robert Oppenheimer, he made critical suggestions on the mech- anism of excitation energy transfer in photosynthesis. William Arnold. the family of of Photo courtesy With Bernard Strehler in that same year he discovered delayed light emission (DLE) in photosynthetic organisms. He made the first measurements of excitation energy By Govindjee migration by depolarization of fluorescence, with Eleanor and Nupur Srivastava Meek in 1956. He discovered thermoluminescence in chloroplasts, with Helen Sherwood in 1957. He elucidated the primary photochemical reactions at the photosynthetic reaction center down to 1K with Rod Clayton in 1960. Bill discovered the presence of electroluminescence, also in chloroplasts, with Jim Azzi in 1971. As this list suggests, Bill Arnold was one of the founding fathers of our under- standing of the physical basis for photosynthesis. -
Michael Polanyi and the Social Studies of Science
Michael Polanyi and the Social Studies of Science: Comments on Mary Jo Nye’s Michael Polanyi and His Generation Theodore L. Brown ABSTRACT Key Words: Michael Polanyi, Mary Jo Nye, Weimar Berlin, republic of science, scientific authority, social construction of science,Thomas Kuhn, Robert Merton, Ludwik Fleck, J. D. Bernal. This review offers comments on the book, Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science by Mary Jo Nye. Mary Jo Nye’s book about Michael Polanyi and his fellow pioneers in social studies of science is a joy to read. Her perspectives on the development of this field of inquiry, and her assessment of Polanyi’s role are presented through an unusual organizational structure. While her book is not intended to be primarily biographical, her account of Polanyi’s career, with its twists and turns, triumphs and defeats, is filled with many fascinating insights into his life and work. Nye begins by relating her own early introduction to the social aspects of science as a member of the 1960s graduate school generation studying the history of science. It was at about this time that study of the social aspects of science was ceded as having an importance in its own right, apart from science’s intellectual history. Nye has aimed to show that the origins of new social conceptions of science can be traced to the scientific culture and political events of Europe in the 1930s. Michael Polanyi’s story is an excellent vehicle for conveying just how those conceptions arose and evolved over time into a full-blown field of intellectual endeavor. -
Early Stages in the History of Gas Chromatography
Accepted Manuscript Title: Early Stages in the History of Gas Chromatography Authors: Ivan G. Kolomnikov, Alexander M. Efremov, Tatyana I. Tikhomirova, Nadezhda M. Sorokina, Yury A. Zolotov PII: S0021-9673(18)30006-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.006 Reference: CHROMA 359132 To appear in: Journal of Chromatography A Received date: 10-10-2017 Revised date: 28-12-2017 Accepted date: 2-1-2018 Please cite this article as: Ivan G.Kolomnikov, Alexander M.Efremov, Tatyana I.Tikhomirova, Nadezhda M.Sorokina, Yury A.Zolotov, Early Stages in the History of Gas Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Early Stages in the History of Gas Chromatography Ivan G. Kolomnikova, Alexander M. Efremova, Tatyana I. Tikhomirovaa, Nadezhda M. Sorokinaa, Yury A. Zolotova, b, * aDepartment of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia b Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia *Corresponding author. Tel.: +7(495)939-55-64 E-mail: * [email protected] ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Highlights The history of gas chromatography began earlier than famous Archer Martin’s works Most of the earlier chromatographic studies dealt with gas-adsorption chromatography Early studies were carried out mostly in Germany, Austria, UK and USSR Abstract The creation of gas chromatography is traditionally associated with the names of Nobel Prize winner Archer Martin and his colleagues Richard Synge and Anthony James. -
Annual Report 1998
Niels Bohr Archive: Annual Report 1998 Staff: Director Finn Aaserud Academic Assistant Felicity Pors Librarian/Secretary Anne Lis Rasmussen Temporary workers Claus Wøller Nordbo (through May) Jørgen Oliver Jensen (from August) Scientific Associates Aage Bohr Hilde Levi Abraham Pais (also at Rockefeller University, New York) Jørgen Kalckar Knud Max Møller Board of directors: For the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Copenhagen Henrik Jeppesen For the Niels Bohr Institute Aage Winther, chair (through November) Andrew D. Jackson, chair (from December) For the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters David Favrholdt For the Minister of Education (until 22 March) and the Minister of Research (from 23 March) Helge Kragh For the family of Niels Bohr Anne Bohr Dawids General remarks The Niels Bohr Archive (NBA) is a repository of primary material for the history of modern physics, pertaining in particular to the early development of quantum mechanics and the life and career of Niels Bohr. Although the NBA has existed since shortly after Bohr's death in 1962, its future was only secured at the centennial of Bohr's birth in 1985, when a deed of gift from Bohr's wife, Margrethe, provided the opportunity to establish the NBA as an independent non-profit institution. Since 1985, the NBA has had its own board of directors and has received a fixed annual sum for running expenses from the Danish Ministry of Education (as of spring 1998, the Ministry of Research); it has also made ample use of its privilege to apply for project support from private sources. The core of the collections comprises Bohr's scientific correspondence (6000 letters and drafts) and manuscripts (500 units). -
Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers 1900-1975
University of Chicago Library Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers 1900-1975 © 2009 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Descriptive Summary 4 Information on Use 4 Access 4 Citation 4 Biographical Note 5 Scope Note 7 Related Resources 18 Subject Headings 18 INVENTORY 18 Series I: Correspondence 18 Subseries 1: General 19 Subseries 2: John R. Baker and the Society for Freedom in Science 32 Subseries 3: Joseph H. Oldham and the "Moot" 32 Subseries 4: Marjorie Grene and the Unity of Knowledge Group 33 Subseries 5: Harry Prosch 33 Subseries 6: Karl and Ilona Polanyi 34 Subseries 7: Cecile Polanyi 35 Series II: Notes 37 Subseries 1: Subject 37 Subseries 2: Author 39 Subseries 3: File Cards 52 Series III: Manuscripts 54 Subseries 1: 1936 55 Subseries 3: 1939 56 Subseries 4: 1940 56 Subseries 5: 1941 56 Subseries 6: 1942 58 Subseries 7: 1943 58 Subseries 8: 1944 60 Subseries 9: 1945 60 Subseries 10: 1946 61 Subseries 11: 1947 62 Subseries 12: 1948 63 Subseries 13: 1949 64 Subseries 14: 1950 64 Subseries 15: 1951 65 Subseries 16: 1952 65 Subseries 17: 1953 66 Subseries 18: 1954 66 Subseries 19: 1955, 1956, 1957 66 Subseries 20: 1958 67 Subseries 21: 1959 67 Subseries 22: 1960 67 Subseries 23: 1961 68 Subseries 24: 1962 68 Subseries 25: 1963 69 Subseries 26: 1964 70 Subseries 27: 1965 72 Subseries 28: 1966 73 Subseries 29: 1967 73 Subseries 30: 1968 73 Subseries 31: 1969 74 Subseries 32: 1970 75 Subseries 33: 1971 75 Subseries 34: 1972 76 Subseries 35: Undated 76 Subseries 36: Notebooks, Travel Diaries, and Bibliographies 78 Series IV: Offprints and Memorabilia 79 Subseries 1: Photographs and Postcards 79 Subseries 2: General Memorabilia 79 Subseries 3: Clippings 80 Subseries 4: Offprints, works by Michael Polanyi 82 Subseries 5: Offprints by Other Authors 83 Subseries 6: Michael Polanyi Library, photocopied title pages of Polanyi’s library,85 dispersed July 1994 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.POLANYI Title Polanyi, Michael. -
Preface and Acknowledgments
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It seems to me that I have always known of Lise Meitner. As a child I must have seen her picture in Life, or in The New York Times, or perhaps in the Aufbau, the German refugees' newspaper that my parents and grand mother often read. In America just after World War II, Lise Meitner was a celebrity: the tiny woman who barely escaped the Nazis, the physicist responsible for nuclear fission, "theJewish mother of the atomic bomb" although she was aJ ew by birth, not affiliation, and she had refused to work on the bomb. When I was six, the details didn't matter. To me, she was a hero, like Eleanor Roosevelt. I came back to Meitner thirty years later, in the 1970s, by way of a class I taught at California State University, Sacramento. Then, as now, I was on the chemistry faculty at Sacramento City College, a community college. At the university, I was known as the woman the all-male chemistry department did not want to hire; under such circumstances one becomes, and remains, a feminist. When the women's studies board asked me to put together a "Women in Science" course, I accepted right away, although at that moment I could think of only two: Marie Curie (of course) and Lise Meitner. So successful was feminist scholarship, however, that I was sure I would find more women in science and perhaps even begin to answer the question, Why so few? As it turns out, they were not so few. Throughout history, everywhere, women have been active in science and mathematics and medicine.