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Potential Solutions for Electric Vehicles in Bus and Delivery Traffic

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Potential Solutions for Electric Vehicles in Bus and Delivery Traffic AALTOUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY FacultyofElectronics,CommunicationsandAutomation DepartmentofElectricalEngineering LeoRomana PotentialSolutionsforElectricVehiclesin BusandDeliveryTraffic Master’sthesissubmittedforapprovalforthedegreeofMasterofScience. Espoo,1November2010 Supervisor Prof.MattiLehtonen Instructor EeroSaarijärvi Preface ThisMaster’sthesiswasmadeattheDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringoftheAalto UniversitySchoolofScienceandTechnology.Thethesiswascarriedoutincooperation with the research project SIMBe (Smart Infrastructures for Electric Mobility in Built Environments). Thereareafewindividualswhosesupportwasinvaluabletomeduringthewritingof this thesis. Firstly, I want to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Matti Lehtonen.Heprovidedmewithalotofusefulinformation,aswellasaninsightintothe topicofmywork.IalsowanttothankEeroSaarijärviforinstructing,aswellasWilliam MartinandEvaLönnholmforproofreadingmywork.Anadditionalthankyougoesto mycolleagueswhocommentedonmyworkduringthewritingprocess. Finally, I want to acknowledge my family for their consistent support that I have re- ceivedthroughoutmystudies. Espoo,1November2010 LeoRomana ii AALTOUNIVERSITY ABSTRACTOFTHE SCHOOLOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY MASTER’STHESIS Author: LeoRomana Title: PotentialSolutionsforElectricVehiclesinBusandDeliveryTraffic Date: 1November2010 Numberofpages: 10+85 Faculty: FacultyofElectronics,CommunicationsandAutomation Department: DepartmentofElectricalEngineering Professorship: PowerSystemsandHighVoltageEngineering(S-18) Supervisor: Prof.MattiLehtonen,D.Sc.(Eng.) Instructor: EeroSaarijärvi,M.Sc.(Eng.) TheFinnishtrafficplanningorganisationaimsformoresustainablevehicularsolutions.Thisthesispre- sentsthemostapplicableelectricvehicletechnologiessuitableforcolderclimates,suchasinFinland.The discussedvehicletechnologiescontributetosustainabledevelopment.Bothpublicandprivatesectorsare takenintoaccount.Thevehicleelectrificationin public passenger transport is mainly addressed in the sectionforthebustraffic,whereastheprivatesectorcomesintoplayinthecontextofthedeliverytraffic. Railtraffic,however,isnotdiscussedinthethesis.Theliteratureforthestudyisgatheredfromvarious Internetsources,scientificarticlesandbooks.Additionally,twointerviewswerecarriedouttogaininfor- mationabouttheattitudestowardsvehicleelectrificationintheHelsinkimetropolitanarea.Thus,theused materialcoversthepresentknowledgeaboutthediscussedelectricvehicletechnologies,theirprevalence andtypicalusage,aswellasthelevelofinterestshowntowardsthem. Themajortechnologiestobeconsideredinvehicleelectrificationaretrolleybuses,aswellasvehicles based on battery and hydrogenfuelcelltechnologies. A comparison of these basic technologies is in- cludedinthethesis.Thesustainabilityofthedifferentvehicletechnologiesislargelyassessedbythepro- ductionoftheusedelectricityorhydrogen.Formakingelectricvehiclesamoreviablealternativeforbus anddeliverytraffic,thereisaneedforpromotingmorelow-carbonelectricityandhydrogenproduction. Ingeneral,itwasdiscoveredthatthecurrentbatterytechnologiesalonedonotprovideaneconomical alternativeforpoweringbuses.Alongwithfuelcells,batteriesarestillahigh-costsolutiontobefurther developed.Batteries,however,canreasonablybeusedfortheregenerationofvehiclebrakingpower,as anAPUorforextendingtherangeofthevehicle.Currently,themostapplicablesolutionforbusesseems tobethetrolleybuswhichprovidesthelowestacquisitionpriceandbyfarthelongestlifecycle.Trolley buseshavealsobeenusedincolderclimateswithsuccess.Inthedeliveryvehiclesector,electricvehicles runningonpurebatterieswillbepromotedmorestrongly.Inordertofindoutthemostapplicable,practi- calelectricvehicletechnologies,futurestudieswithinthesubjectmattershouldconsiderpossiblecombi- nationsofthediscussedvehicletechnologies. Keywords:battery,battery-electricbus,electricvehicle,energystorage,fuelcell,plug-inhybridelectric vehicle,trolleybus iii AALTO-YLIOPISTO DIPLOMITYÖNTIIVISTELMÄ TEKNILLINENKORKEAKOULU Tekijä: LeoRomana Työnnimi: Mahdollisetsähköajoneuvoratkaisutbussi-jakuljetusliikenteessä Päivämäärä: 1.11.2010 Sivumäärä: 10+85 Tiedekunta: Elektroniikan,tietoliikenteenjaautomaationtiedekunta Laitos: Sähkötekniikanlaitos Professuuri: Sähköverkotjasuurjännitetekniikka(S-18) Työnvalvoja: ProfessoriMattiLehtonen Työnohjaaja: EeroSaarijärvi Kestävänkehityksenmukaisetajoneuvoratkaisutovatosasuomalaistaliikennesuunnittelua.Tämändiplo- mityön tarkoituksena on käydä läpi sellaisetkylmiinolosuhteisiinsoveltuvatsähköajoneuvoteknologiat, joiden voidaan osaltaan katsoa vastaavan kestävän kehityksen asettamiin haasteisiin. Teknologioiden käyttöäkäsitelläänniinjulkistenkuinyksityistenkinkäyttäjäsegmenttiennäkökulmasta.Ajoneuvokannan sähköistämistäjulkisessaliikenteessätarkastellaanbussiliikenteennäkökulmasta.Yksityistäsektoriakos- kettaalähemmintyössäkäsiteltytavarankuljetusajoneuvojensähköistäminen.Työeikäsitteleraideliiken- nettä. Työ on tehty kirjallisuustutkimuksena, johononkerättymateriaaliauseista Internet-lähteistäsekä tieteellisistäartikkeleistajakirjoista.Tutkimustatukevatmyöskaksihaastattelua,joistailmeneeHelsingin seudulla vallitsevia asenteita ajoneuvojen sähköistämistä kohtaan. Käytetyn lähdemateriaalin avulla on pyrittysaavuttamaanmahdollisimmanlaajatietämyserisähköajoneuvoteknologioidennykytilastajakäy- töstäsekäniitäkohtaanosoitetustamielenkiinnosta. Merkittävimmättyössäkäsiteltävätsähköajoneuvoteknologiatovatjohdinbussisekäakku-japolttokenno- toimisetajoneuvoteknologiat.Näitäteknologioitaonverrattutyössämonipuolisesti.Nykyäänpaljonpu- huttavan kestävän kehityksennäkökulmastasähköajoneuvoteknologioidenmielekkyyteenvaikuttaamer- kittävästisähkön-javedyntuotannonpäästöprofiili.Sähköajoneuvojenhoukuttelevuuttavoidaanparantaa suosimallamatalapäästöisiäenergiantuotantomuotoja.Diplomityössäselviää,etteipelkännykyisenakku- teknologianavullavieläkyetäbussiliikenteentaloudellisestikannattavaansähköistämiseen.Polttokenno- jenlaillaajoneuvojenakutovatvieläerittäinkalliitajateknisestikehittymättömiä.Akkujavoidaankui- tenkinkäyttääjärkevinperusteinajoneuvojenjarruenergiantalteenottoonsekäpidentämäänajoneuvojen toimintasädettä. Tällä hetkellä soveltuvin sähköajoneuvo bussiliikenteeseen näyttäisi olevan johdinauto, jokaonkäsitellyistävaihtoehdoistahalvinjaennenkaikkeapitkäikäisin.Johdinautojaonmyöskäytetty menestyksekkäästi kylmissä olosuhteissa. Tavarankuljetusliikenteen saralla pelkkien akkujen käyttöä ajoneuvojen energianlähteenä tullaan edistämään voimakkaammin. Jatkotutkimuksissa olisi suotavaa tutkiatyössäkäsiteltyjenteknologioidenyhdistelmiäkäyttökelpoisimpiensähköajoneuvojenlöytymiseksi. Avainsanat: akku, energiavarasto, johdinauto, ladattava hybridiajoneuvo, polttokenno, sähköajoneuvo, sähköbussi iv AALTO-UNIVERSITETET SAMMANDRAGAVDIPLOMARBETE TEKNISKAHÖGSKOLAN Författare: LeoRomana Arbetetsnamn: Potentiellaelfordonförbuss-ochtransporttrafik Datum: 1.11.2010 Sidantal:10+85 Fakultet: Fakultetenförelektronik,kommunikationochautomatik Institution: Institutionenförelektroteknik Professur: Elnätochhögspänningsteknologi(S-18) Övervakare: ProfessorMattiLehtonen Handledare: EeroSaarijärvi Denfinskatrafikplaneringenharformuleratambitiösamålförattstyrainutvecklingenmotmerahållbara fordonstekniker.Dettadiplomarbetepresenterardemestanvändbaraelfordonsteknologierna.Detekniker somdiskuterasärlämpligaförkallareklimatochbidrartillhållbarutveckling.Diplomarbetetbehandlar bådedeoffentligaochprivatatrafiksektorerna.Elektrifieringenavoffentligafordongranskasgenomden offentliga busstrafiken, medan privata fordon analyseras genom varutransporttrafiken. Järnvägstrafiken behandlasinteidettadiplomarbete.LitteraturenförundersökningenbaserarsigpåmångaInternetkällor, vetenskapligaartiklarochböcker.Därtillutfördestvåintervjuerför attfåinformationomattityder till elektrifieringenavfordonidenfinskahuvudstadsregionen.Utgåendefråndetanvändamaterialetpresen- terardettadiplomarbetemångatidigareerfarenheterochuppdateradinformationomelfordonsindustrin– d.v.s.utbredning,vanligaanvändningsändamålochintresseförelfordon. Designifikantateknologiersombörbeaktasvidelektrifieringenavfordonärtrådbussarocholikafordon som använder batteri- eller bränslecellteknologier. En jämförelse mellan de här grundteknologierna är inkluderadidettaarbete.Hurhållbaradeolikateknikernamiljömässigtärberorihöggradpåhurman producerarelochväte.Förattproducerameragenomförbaraalternativavelfordonförbuss-ochtrans- porttrafiken,måstemanförstochfrämstfrämjalågemissionsteknologierinomel-ochväteindustrin.Av dettadiplomarbeteframgårattelmatningenielbussarintekanlyckasmedbarafordonsbatterierutanatt dessamåstekompletterasmedandrateknologier.Bådefordonsbatterierochbränslekällorbörutvecklas förattmöjliggöralägremarknadspriserochbättrekonkurrenskraft.Batterierkantrotsalltutnyttjastillatt återvinnabromsenergisamtsomräckviddsförlängareellerextraenergikälla.Förnärvarandeverkartråd- bussenvaradetmestanvändbaraalternativetförelektrifieringavbusstrafiken.Trådbussarärbilligaoch harenmycketlångteknisklivslängd.Deharävenanväntsikallaklimatpåettframgångsriktsätt.Inom varutransporterkommerrenabatteribilarattbefordraskraftigare.Förattfinnademestanvändbaraoch praktiskaelfordonsteknikerna,rekommenderasdetattkommandeundersökningarskagranskamöjligheter tillkombinationeravolikafordonsteknologier. Nyckelord:batteri,bränslecell,elbuss,elfordon,energireserv,laddhybridbil,trådbuss v Tableofcontents Preface..............................................................................................................................ii
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