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Bombax Ceiba </Emphasis> 29:1- FLORAL STRUCTURE AND STAMENS IN BO2~IBAX CE[BA L. BY T.A. Daws [,Ldian Statistical Institute, (,,'a[cul!a-35 From the aestivation ofBombax ceiba, two kinds ol'flowers (left-handed and right-handed) are distinguishable, and in a plant Llle two types Occur ill almost the same proportion. The mean number of stamens per flower ranges fi'om 62.72 to 102-00, and this variation is mostly clue to the variation in the number of stamens of the five peripheral staminal bundles of a flower. The central bundle has almost invariably 5 long stamens and | 0 slightly shorter ones, and variation in their number is the least. There is no significant difference in the number of stamens between a left-handed and a right-handed flower and their fi'uits weigh almost the same. Also the mtmbers of their seeds do not differ statistically significantly. NOMENCL&TURE OF l~onlb(lX ceiba Bombax ceiba, belonging to the Bombacaceae (included under Maivaceae by Hooker, 1872), has drawn much attention from systematists, and consequently the species has had several names. To the genus Bombax, Linnaeus assigned three species--B, ceiba, B. penta~a'trum and B. rel@iosum (Species Plalitarum, 1753, pp. 511-512). Recent work by Robyns (I961, 1963) advocates tlmt this species should be called Bombax ceiba. For further information on the nomenclature of this species, the works of Bakhuizen van den Brink (1924), Green (1929), Furtado (1939), Dugand (1945), Chattmjee and Raizada (t950, 1954), which are discussed by Robyns (1961), are useful. Some important synonyms for the species are Bombax heptaphyt[um, B. malabaricum, Salmalia malabarica, Gossampinus rztbra, G. heptaphytla and G. iVialabarica. Whether it is to be regarded as an American species or an Asiatic one, Bombax ceiba grows luxuriantly in the tropical regions of India and Burma except in arid tracts. It flourishes in the sub-Himalayas upto 3,500 ft. (cultivated at 6,000 ft. in North-west HimaIayas, S,'ilim All, 1932). It is a very common plant throughout Maharashtra and Saurastra and all the forest districts of Madras and Andhra, and to a limited extent in Kerala. It is one of the most conspicuous trees of West Bengal, particularly during January-April every year on account of its very bright, large red flowers. The species is also distributed in Ceylon, Malaysia, Indonesia, Qneensland and North Australia. In India the plant is known as the red silk-cotton tree to distinguish it fi'om Ceiba pentaIMra, the real silk cotton (Kapok or white silk cotton) tree. AESTIVATION OF 'F~[E COROLLA The corolla of a flower of this plant is clearly twisted in the bud, which condition is more distinct when the flower opens. A striking peculiarity of the aestivation is that in about half the number of flowers of any individual plant or any large flowering shoot T. A. DAvis 295 i'I..XTE 2 I FMw,:rs of Bom/,a.x ~;ba 'h~,wh~g ti!2hbha~Mcd (3 fl.x~cr~ *,t, tit,- L,'t* r-wi. and h.fld~zmch'cl pr'lal-I Wislg. T. A. DAvis 297 of a pImat, the petals are twisted clockwise and the rest in a comm-:r-clockwise l~Lshion, a situation conspicuous in tim Malvaceae (Davis, 1964a; Davis and Selvara3, 196-1-). Fig'. 1 shows tin'ee right-handed flowers compared with a similar munber of left-handed ones. The individual petals are somewhat asymmetrical (the two lowest flowers in. the figure reveal this) and this character according to Schumant~ (1886) and Rendle (1959) is correlated with twisted aestiv/ttion. When viewed apically, the flower is considered left-handed (clockwise contorted aestivation) if the inmr margin of a petal curves cloekwisely towards the periphery and right-handed, if it curves counter- clockwisely. The stigmatic lobes usually show twisting in accordance with that of the corolla. In a dr?, flower where all the petals are held together wiLh the stamens, the petals remain slightly coiled according to the aestivation. Apart from Bombax ceiba, right- and left-handedness was observed in the following 14 species ,,f the Bombacaceae; Admlsolzia digitata, Bombax albidum, B. ins@his, Ceiba pentandra (])avis and Kundu, 1965), Ceiba rosea, Chorisia bzsignis, C. speciosa, C. grandiflora, Pachira aqz~atica, P. c~,athophora, P. insigl6s, P. lolNifolia , Pseudobombax grandiflorum and Salmatia insignis. Lawrence (1.963) assigns 22 genera and 140 species to this family. PROPORTION OF LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDED FLOWERS THROUGHOUT THE BLOOMING PERIOD In order to ascertain whether the left- and right-handed l-low,.rs are produced in equal proportions on a tree throughout the blooming period, three t~ees standing within 200 metres from each other, very near the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta were marked and all the fowers that bloomed during the 1962 season e::amined. The data are preseated in Table 1. The flowers ofBombax ceiba possess largf quantities of nectar which attract quite a lot of bii-d species and on one tree 1 counted a~ many as 17 species on a day. The house crow (Corvus splendens) has a tendency to carry away a few flowers to an adjoining tree before tearing a petal or two to enable its bulk.~ beak to reach at the nectar. I may have lost in this manner upto 3 per cent of the fl~,wers of these trees. Whc table accounts tbr the rest of the flowers. Tim blooming period of tree I lasted 46 days and those of trees 2 and 3 lasted 3q. and 38 days respect!vet). I( may be seen that there are more left-hande,s than right-handurs in all three trees but the difference is significant for trees 1 and 3 only with Xe s (each with 1 d.f.} being 6"78 and 22' 18 respectively (P--0"01, 10-s). For tree 2, Xz is 4-67 ~P-=0"I0). The heterogeneity X" with 2 d.E to test the hypothesis that the proportion of left- handers is the same for all the three trees turns out to be 8'44 (P:=001). It can be concluded that the percentage of left-handers is not the same for all '~hree trees. The blooming period, which is nearly the same lbr all three tr~"s, was divided into 4 equal quarters (Table 2) to see if there was any indication th~,t the perccutagc of" left-handers changes with time in tim blooming period. Since tl~ele does not secm to bc ai~y great difference among the percentage of left-handers ft,- the tlu-cc trees during lhe period as a whole, the data for the three trees can t~,: pooled and tested for dift'crences in the percentage of left-handers. This seems only reasonable as trees of the same species standit~g close to each other are not expected {~, show any marked 5 298 Biomeby of Bombax ceiba Flowers Table I. Bombax ceiba: Daily bloomblg in 3 trees Tree I Tree 2 Tree 3 1962 Flowers Lefts ]~'lo;vers Lefts Flowers Lefts operled opened opened. January 30 6 5 31 10 5 February 1 16 8 2 20 12 3 14. 6 4 42 21 t 1 5 t84 100 1 I 6 211 110 7 5 1 1 7 250 121 10 5 - - 8 202 95 12 4, - - 9 252 138 7 2 I ! I0 571 293 21 ll 1 1 11 708 344 43 25 4 1 12 729 373 66 37 4 4 I3 1124 581 102 49 7 5 14 1873 990 121 67 37 20 15 1472 730 129 63 83 51 16 1082 498 199 114 201 t08 17 978 457 144 71 172 102 18 1016 501 153 76 196 102 19 1370 687 176 90 358 208 20 1518 778 158 80 360 226 21 1788 943 205 116 395 187 22 1328 644 104 56 424 227 23 1118 555 85 42 458 228 24 843 445 84 42 526 271 25 1042 550 86 47 564 302 26 740 393 70 39 763 380 27 466 224 44 19 885 463 28 578 318 32 16 824 440 March l 267 140 21 8 ~.75 230 2 239 145 17 I0 358 193 3 285 152 22 12 293 i53 4 226 124 16 9 171 80 5 I88 88 II 4 125 6i 6 166 84 10 4 i47 70 7 135 69 7 6 107 56 8 102 48 I I 59 32 9 52 23 1 1 56 26 10 48 25 22 12 11 51 28 28 18 12 32 17 16 10 13 17 9 10 6 14 12 6 9 8 15 6 4 4 2 16 1 1 Total 23378 11888 2166 1133 8145 4285 Percentage Le~s: 50.85 52.31 52.61 T. A. Davls 299 Table 2. Bombax ceiba: Period of blooming and % of Lefts Period Total Lefts % Lefts Tree 1 1st Quarter 1,778 914 51.41 2ud Quarter 13,658 6,882 50"39 3rd Q.uar ter 7,132 3,690 51.74 Final Quarter 810 402 49.63 23,378 11,888 50.85 Tree 2 1st Quarter 168 91 54.17 2nd Quarter 1,182 610 51.61 3rd Quarter 710 377 53' 10 Final Qtrar ter 106 55 51-89 2,166 1,133 52.31 Tree 3 1st Quarter 138 84 60.87 2nd Quarter 3,090 1,659 53.69 3rd Quarter 4,4.59 2,302 51.63 Final Quarter 458 24.0 52.40 8,145 4,285 52.61 All trees 33,689 17,306 51-37 interaction with the quarters.
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