Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems OS,OS, NAO!NAO! (Oh Sugar, Not Another One!)

Plenary Session: Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems OS,OS, NAO!NAO! (Oh sugar, not another one!)

More than 11 million ship containers arrive at US seaports each year

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Florida is Under Siege Real by the World Market Captain “Pirate‐like Opportunities Abound, Me Hearties”

y Everything can be shipped y Somebody is willing to pay or smuggle for anything y Everything can arrive within 24 hours or less y No time barrier to survival y There are unlimited host plants and range of environments‐‐subtropical to temperate y We struggle to fire back at the “pirates”— but have had limited success

Commissioner of Agriculture: Charles Bronson

Division Director: Richard Gaskalla

Assistant Director: Wayne Dixon

Bureau Chiefs: Greg Hodges , Tyson Emery We are focused on finding Jim Heidegger, Jason Byrd and eliminating the enemy: the invasive arthropods DPI CAPS State Survey Coordinator: Trevor Smith

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods However, through the school of Regulatory Authority hard knocks, we do know that we • Florida Statutes have to balance our regulatory – Title XXXV Agriculture, science and desires with our Horticulture and Animal Industry customers wish to survive as well – Chapter 570.32 Plant Industry; as protect our agricultural and Powers and Duties – Chapter 581 Plant Industry natural resources – Chapter 586 Apiary • Rules Chapters • 5B‐2 Nursery Stock • 5B‐3 Plant Quarantine and Certification Entry Requirements • 5B‐57 Introduction or Release of Noxious Weeds, Arthropods and Biological Control Agents • 5B‐62 Citrus Nursery Stock Certification Program

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods The Regulatory Challenge Where do they come in? • 30 ports of entry • Over 85% of plants imported to US go through Miami • Six million tons+ of perishable cargo comes in each year • Nearly 50 million people visit each year • Temperate, subtropical and tropical climate with buffet of host plants

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Pathways to name a few: Oh, the many pathways! • Aircraft – Passengers, cargo • Maritime – Passengers, cargo • Truck • Bus • Mail • Express • Internet • Rail – Passenger, cargo

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods More Contributions Survey and Sample Origins • Industry • 7 CHRP inspectors • Other Agencies • 137 PE&C Survey and regulatory specialists ‐ Forestry • 143 Environmental specialists ‐ Environmental Protection • 152 Fruit fly trappers DPI and 80 ‐ Aquaculture USDA • Natural Area Managers • 8 CTS inspectors • 8 CAPS Pest survey specialists • Homeowners • 42 Protocol specialists • Walk‐ins • 65 Pathology; Nematology; • Private Consultants Entomology staff • University Faculty and Staff • = 642 specialists –Research Scientists

Types of Confirmation Diagnostics/Identifications When Needed y DPI Taxonomic Specialists y Research Scientists with y Entomology 8 y University of Florida y Nematology 3 y Other Universities in US y Plant Pathology 5 y Foreign Institutions y Botany 2 y Agency Scientists y Molecular 3 y USDA APHIS PPQ y USDA ARS y USDA FS y Other State’s Agriculture Department Specialists

Way Things Were Reported 2007 Nematodes14 Identified as New State or USA+ Detections (13) DR-CAFTA: 2005 Pathogens Diagnosed as New State or USA+ Detections (239) Nematodes as 250 12 217 significant detections

200 10 in Florida New State Detections

150 8 WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 6 100

Cumulative Detections Cumulative NAFTA: 1992 4 CumulativeDetections 50 GATT: 3rd Round 22 1986-1994 New USA Detections 2 0

0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 8 8 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 19 19 19 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20 20 20 20 20 20 Year 0

80 86 92 98 04 19 1982 1984 19 1988 1990 19 1994 1996 19 2000 2002 20 2006

wndixon.fdacs.2007 Year

Arthropods Identified as New State or USA+ Detections (246) Way 160 Things 140 148 s Were 120 Reported New State Detections 100 2007 80 98

40 Cumulaitve Detection Cumulaitve

20 New USA Detections 0

1 2 5 6 8 9 3 4 7 8 0 1 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 1980 1 1 1983 1984 1 1 1987 1 1 1990 1991 1992YEAR1 1 1995 1996 1 1 1999 2 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2

120 Arthropods as DR-CAFTA: 2005 100 significant detections in Florida

WTO: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS) 1995 60

Cumulative Detections 40 NAFTA: 1992

GATT: 3rd Round 1986-1994 20

0 4 4 8 8 8 86 90 9 9 04 9 9 19 1982 19 1 1988 1 1992 19 1996 19 2000 2002 20 2006

wndixon.fdacs.2007 Year

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods What Have We Added y 2007 Rots: Since 2007? √ y 1 State Record y 2007 Bugs: y 2 US Continental y 2008 y 11 State Records y 3 US Continental y 12 Continental y TOTAL = 6 + 239 = 245 y 2008 Bugs: y 2007 Worms y 1 New to Science y 10 State y Soooo…. 498 of y 9 US Continental early May 2007 y 4 Western Hemisphere is now y 2009 Bugs: y 6 State Records 567 y 6 US Continental y 4 Hemisphere W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES CITY RECORD HOST PLANT

PSYLLIDAE Paracarsidara sp. Miami Continental No host (trap‐Aphid survey) SCOLYTIDAE Xyleborinus andrewesi North Ft. Myers Continental Annona squamosa (custard apple) West Palm TINGIDAE Vatiga illudens Beach Continental Manihot esculenta SPHECIDAE Chalybion bengalense Miami Continental Mangifera indica (mango)

TORTRICIDAE Episimus sp. Miami Continental Calophyllum species CERAMBYCIDAE Trichrous pilipennis Fort Lauderdale Continental Bursera simaruba (Gumbo limbo) THYREOCORIDAE Corimelaena minuta Miami State Stachytarpheta urticifolia (nettleleaf velvetberry) TORTRICIDAE Episimus sp. Miami State Calophyllum species DROSOPHILIDAE Drosophila suzukii Antioch State Prunus caroliniana (trap) ERIOPHYIDAE Aceria guazumae Hialeah State Guazuma ulmifolia (bstard cedar) COCCINELLIDAE Thalassa montezumae Homestead State Codiaeum variegatum (croton) STRATIOMYIIDAE Gowdeyana punctifera Homestead State Persea americana (avocado)

y An Orchid Mealybug ‐ Pseudococcus √√ dendrobiorum y Ligurian Leafhopper ‐ Eupteryx decemnotata y Blue Gum Chalcid ‐ Leptocybe invasa, a Eucalyptus Pest y A New Exotic Soft Scale Insect on Croton in South Florida y Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus y Red palm mite, Raoiella indica y Texas Phoenix Palm Decline ‐ Vector unknown

2004 Martinique

2005 St. Lucia Red Palm Mite March across Europe Dominic

2006 Trinidad - Tobaga Guadeloupe St. Martins Dominican Republic

The March of the Red Palm Mite through the Caribbean Islands

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday y Survey Efforts were multi‐agency and multi‐program y FDACS, USDA, CAPS, FFD –sentinel sites, nursery survey y Palm Beach Gardens, Palm Beach County, November 29, 2007 y FLORIDA STATE RECORD & US CONTINENTAL RECORD y Known from 386 sites in five Florida counties (155 in Broward, 1in Martin, 4 in Monroe, 74 in Miami‐Dade, 154 in Palm Beach Co.) y 30 nurseries in Broward and Lee counties y Feeds on 42 palm species in the Caribbean Region and Florida y Actively feeding and reproducing on 23 palm species, banana (Musa sp.), ginger (Alpina purpurata), and a heliconia

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday y Chemical Control: limited outside of the nursery environment due to size of most palms planted in the landscape. y Biological Control: Some possible BC agents y predatory mites (Phytoseiidae), predatory beetles (Chrysomelidae), lacewings (Chrysopidae) and other mite predators. Predatory mite numbers are up y Winter Temperatures y mitigated populations 2008‐9 y Still to Disperse to SW FL y Not yet overwhelming as expected

Citrus Health Response Program

Citrus production in the United States dates back to the introduction of citrus into St. Augustine, Florida in the 1500s and the planting of the first commercial grove in 1823 by French Count Odel Philippe

1998 Found Asian citrus psyllid in Delray Beach –No associated greening found – Nursery Quarantines and other actions implemented – Abundance of host material allowed insect to spread and become established throughout Florida –Survey efforts intensified, particularly in areas with concentrations of people from countries where greening is endemic

2005 Cooperative survey effort by state and USDA found citrus greening in South Florida

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow y Once citrus canker and citrus greening were determined to be established in Florida,

the USDA and the Florida Department of Agriculture and industry agreed change was at hand:

Citrus Health Response Program An evolvement from the Citrus Canker Eradication Program

NationalNational CHRPCHRP

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow •HLB was recognized as one of the most destructive citrus diseases

•Long‐term management rather than eradication

• Renders fruit inedible, eventually kills tree

Underlying CHRP were the basic principles for management or reduction of HLB through the prevention or reduction of inoculum in the field and structures by: y Disease‐free planting material y Control of the psyllid population y Timely removal of infected trees

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow y Changes in the Regulatory and Industry Landscape

y Movement and Protection of Citrus Budwood and Germplasm Facilities y Established Rules on Nursery Stock Movement y Established Rules on Greenhouse Construction for Psyllid Control y GIS Services for Mapping Disease Movement y Citrus Industry Self‐Survey Programs y Multiple Pest Survey with USDA APHIS PPQ y Diagnostic Support (Laboratory Network) y Biological Control Research y Abandoned Groves

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow What’s being done to control ACP (HLB)? • Research on critical biological parameters necessary for management Dundee Foundation Grove Facilities Repurposing/Renovation for Proof of Concept of Asian citrus psyllid parasites from left: Diaphorencyrtus and Large Scale Biological Control Tamarixia Project with NE Tamarixia radiata

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow ACPACP (HLB)(HLB) ChallengesChallenges • Pesticides will kill psyllids, but number of ground applications and quantities necessary to control populations are logistically, economically and environmentally challenging (Brazil) •Area‐wide projects are underway with good preliminary results which may lead to just two applications a year

Changes in Citrus Presence in Florida Fewer commercial citrus acres of trees Replanting down Land sold to developers Other crops Need long‐term solutions: Genetics for resistance Less citrus in backyards Insecticides 80-90% down Biological Control

Avocado, Mango. Lychee, Longans

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Today Raffaelea lauricola Xyleborus glabratus Laurel Wilt and Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Port Wentworth, Georgia in 2002

9Avocado crop earns about $30 million wholesale each year Laurel Wilt and Redbay 9Commercial avocados grow Ambrosia Beetle on 7,500 acres, almost y Survey efforts since 2005 exclusively in Miami-Dade County y Focus on estimated leading edge y FDACS DOF, DPI, CAPS , IFAS+ 9Accounts for more than 60 % of Florida’s tropical fruit y production

y Decimation of redbay y Swamp bay, Sassafras, Pondspice at risk y Formation of Laurel Wilt Working Group y Regulatory y Research y Outreach y Spark for Rule 5B‐65:

We are always looking Firewood and Unprocessed Wood to construct a bridge Products with our customers and partners In our regulatory decision-making ‐‐Public Hearing Wednesday

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Tomorrow TheThe NewestNewest ChallengeChallenge‐‐‐‐or,or, WhatWhat werewere theythey thinking?thinking? y The largest cruise ship at sea y 2,700 staterooms for 5,400 passengers with 16 different decks y “Neighborhood" concept focused on personal preferences, styles, moods, and age group, e.g. : y Open‐air "Central Park" situated in the middle of the vessel (containing actual trees, grass, gardens, and more), y Boardwalk (reminiscent of New Oasis of the Seas England's nostalgic seaside piers and classic amusement parks like Royal Caribbean International Coney Island)

A Virtual Moving Living Island

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Primary Target Tomorrow “Central Park on the Oasis” y Located mid‐ship and opens to “The first living park at sea with the sky –NPR here over 12,000 plants and 56 trees” y Lush tropical grounds spanning more than the length of afootball “The first moving tropical island field –NPR here able to spread pests” y Serene pathways, seasonal flower gardens & canopy trees –NPR here y 3 retail shops and 7 restaurants/bars (al fresco dining and street performances nightly) y Mitigation: no fruit fly host plants, traps, horticultural classes, inspections, Florida sources, disposal at sea

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Challenges: Adequate Survey and Detection y Development and Implementation y What additional survey is needed where and how will this be achieved? y Cooperative effort to marshal limited individual resources people, equipment, funds y

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Diagnostics / Identifications y Sample Goes to Laboratory y Taxonomist and/or Diagnostician on staff y Report out to Bureau Chief, Assistant Director and Director y Confirmation as needed from y University scientists y Southern Plant Diagnostic Network y REC‐IFAS y Federal scientists y USDA APHIS PPQ y USDA ARS y USDA FS

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Challenges: Notifications – Nextel+ / Email Outreach y Reach Out and Touch y Information Dissemination Someone y PSA’s y Official: y Brochures y Contact with State Plant y Door hangers Health Director y Leaflets y Industry / Stakeholders y Radio y Public Service y TV Announcements y Videos y Official Letters y Internet ‐ Viral y Email Distribution Lists y YouTube y Courtesy Telephone Calls y Twitter

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Challenges: Control Litigation “Opportunities” Actions & Strategies y Stop –Sale Order y Treat and Release y Destruction and Release y Compliance Agreements y Establishment of standards y Best nursery practices y Phytosanitation principles y Immediate Final Order y Destruction y Eradication? y Management?

Challenges: Citizens of Enthusiasm y Town Halls and Meetings ‐‐ “Opportunities” y Input of Research and Extension Scientists y Provides a local science perspective on regulatory actions y Assists in making sure questions and concerns of local interests are heard

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Challenges: Search for Regulations: State (& Federal) Expertise y Rules y Task Forces, Work Groups, y Adequate or Are New Rules Technical Advisory Needed? Committees, Risk y New Rules or Amendment Assessment Groups and sundry y Consultation, Listening, Questioning beforehand y We need to make sure we with Stakeholders hear all the opinions y Industry y Candid dialogue is expected y Private Citizens y Need to explore all the y Institutions needs, landmines and costs y Regulatory Agencies of decision‐making –biology (and politics)

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods Strategy Meetings y Diagnosticians, Administrators, Regulators y State Plant Health Director y USDA APHIS PPQ Eastern Region y IFAS Deans, Department Chairman's, y IFAS Scientists y Identification of Needs y Biological information y Regulatory resources y Authority – statue / rule

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C Land W.N. Florida: Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods We Saw Them Coming We Didn’t See Them Coming y Citrus Greening y Small Hive Beetle y Brown Citrus Aphid y Fig Whitefly y Pink Hibiscus Mealybug y Lobate Lac Scale y Red Palm Mite y Mexican Bromeliad Weevil y These allowed for measured consultations and conversations, planning, strategizing with our partners

y Emerald Ash Borer ALB: maples, horse chestnuts, poplars, willows, y Asian Longhorned Beetle elms, mulberries and black locusts

y Sirex Wood Wasp SWW: loblolly pine and slash pine y These will alter our natural landscapes much as the redbay ambrosia beetle is doing

Early warning’s are key to any survival

We look forward to the earliest warning that can come from anyone in the field who can determine that they are seeing something different or have a question

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods yTheCash Safeguarding receipts in FYTarget 2005 in Florida Efforts Need to Continue in y yCitrusCash $1.6 receipts billion in FY 2005 y Systems Approaches y Vegetablesy Citrus $1.6 $1.6 billion billion y Clean Stock Programs y Greenhousey Vegetables and $1.6 nurseries billion y International Plant Protection $976y Greenhouse million and nurseries Convention $976 million y Berries and melons $324 y Enhanced Border Protection milliony Berries and melons $324 y Quarantine 37 y Fieldmillion crops $653 million y And others……….. y Fruitsy Field and crops nuts $283$653 millionmillion y Fruits and nuts $283 million = $5.4 billion Change must come as soon as == $5.4$5.4 billionbillion possible

Homeland We are standing guard in Florida!

Thank you for your Ga soli attention ne BIGBIG HorseHorse Florida: Land of Opportunity for Invasive Arthropods

W.N. Dixon, Florida Department of Agriculture : Division of Plant Industry ‐‐“Invasive Arthropods in Natural and Agricultural Systems” National Plant Diagnostic Network 2009 Miami, Florida