The Occurrence of Alien Species in the Agriculture Landscape: the Case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland)

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 3: 7–21, 2018, ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.3.1

Krystyna Towpasz1, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń2*

1Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27 St., 31-501 Kraków, Poland 2Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland, *[email protected]

The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland)

Introduction

The phenomenon of the synanthropisation of flora and vegetation is an important issue according to the diversity of plants and animals. It can also influence a local economy (Pimentel, 2011), especially when it refers to areas that neighbour large ag- glomerations and serve as an agricultural service for them. The appearance of alien species in local floras is a process dating back to the beginning of agriculture (e.g., Kornaś, 1981). The European alien species database (DAISE) contains over 6.6 thou- sand plant species that have been recorded to date in Europe. Their origin is associated with intentional introductions connected with their use, but there is also a large group of plants unintentionally transferred. The proportion of non-native species in the floras of individual European countries is varied, and their number ranges from approx. 500 to 1.900 species (Lambdon et al., 2008; Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2011). It is assumed that the number of alien species in Poland is 939, which represents around 27% of the flora of Poland (Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). In the studies on the causes and mechanism of the distribution of newcomers, the detailed cartographic studies of local floras cannot be overestimated (Zając, Zając, 2003). The Proszowice Plateau (342.23 by physico-geographical regionalisation of Po- land; Małopolska Upland, southern Poland) represents a special area: neighbour- ing with Kraków agglomeration, one of the biggest cities in Poland and with an old tradition of agriculture dating back to the Neolithic, it was one of the earliest, dated Neolithic settlement centres in Poland (Kruk et al., 1996). Nowadays, almost 80% of the area (of the 770 km2) is covered by arable fields, which is the consequence of the favourable natural conditions: rich soils, gentle landscape relief, and microclimatic conditions (Towpasz, 2006). Human settlements occupy a relatively small area, many of them are dispersed in the area, and a few are concentrated in several small towns.

7 Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń (Klotz etal., 2002).The names follow used of species Mirekal. et (2002). et al.,(Ellenberg 1992), Grime’s life strategies (Klotz et al., 2002),and dispersion mode 1998), life form form (Raunkiaer indicator –Zarzycki etal., 2002),Ellenberg values and (number frequency of squares was noted), species the inwhich etal., origin (Zając (2002). The obtainedgroup of kenophytes was in termsanalysed their distributionof tions. ponds; diaphytes and, species; –casual ergasiophytes from species –casual cultiva established innaturally disturbed plant communities such as forests, marches, swamp, arrived and permanently became established before end the of 15 the archaeophytes was used: species) to natural alien the –species indigenous florawhich In following the respect, this of anthropophytes terminology (non-indigenous plant (Kornaś,used follows 1977)and terminology the Kornaś, Medwecka-Kornaś (2002). from last the few years. The geographical-historical classification was species the of “Flora of Proszowice the Plateau” (Towpasz, 2006)with addition the of findings new unit (square) of The ×2km. 2km results presented here arethebased on published inventory of with use the of cartogram the method ATPOL 1978)with base (Zając, the The floristic analysis the of flora the of Proszowice Plateaubased detailed ona was sation flora. of local The aim thesearch of the was analyses forrules the of mechanism the synanthropiof archaeophytes the 1977), because were analysed before (Towpasz, Kotańska, 2003). concentrated on kenophytes the arrived inPoland (species after 1500A.D., Kornaś, 2001; 2011;2017). al., 2001; Towpasz, Cwener, 2002; Towpasz, Stachurska-Swakoń, 2010; Towpasz et al., 1994; 2004;Towpasz, Kotańska, 1999;2001;Trzcińska-Tacik etal., 1998;Kotańska et ofoccurrence rare and endangered plant and species vegetation (e.g., Towpasz, types botanicalThe studiesthis in area were in1995, started havethey and the revealed 8 were permanently established i.e. species, metaphytes alien and 27temporally wild The flora of ProszowicePlateau contained 1008plant species, species and 204 those of phytes brought –species to intentionally country the or unintentionally from 16 – s epoecophytes infields habitats;ruderal occurred or –species tury; hemiagriophytes pecies establishedpecies inseminatural habitats like meadows; holoagriophytes –species The paper is devoted to the alien species occurring in the in paperTheProszowice occurring is devoted alien the species to Plateau. We Th e lists of kenophytes were establishedZając afteral. et (1998) and Mirekal. et th century; keno century; Methods Results th cen- - - - The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) . ------9 and , Dipl subsp. subsp. ke in other in other ke (50% of AT (50% of , li has to be to also has Galinsoga parv Galinsoga and Chamomil Tanacetum and Tanacetum . , annuus , Erigeron Salsola kali and species of the species of and , Lepidium densiflorum Acer negundo Acer , Datura stramonium classified here as an epoecophyte, an epoecophyte, as here classified Vicia dasycarpa , Vicia Silene dichotoma . The following belong to the rare to rare the belong following . The , , , Bromus carinatus , and yrenaicum . sosnovskyi H. G. p , Veronica persica Veronica , and Sinapis alba Lycium barbarumLycium . Oxalis fontana , and mantegazzianum H. , which had only one location. Amaranthus location. one only , which had retroflexus ere epoecophytes widespread both in segetal and ruderal habitats. The The both ruderal in segetal and habitats. widespread epoecophytes ere Sisymbrium loeselli w were found in few locations on roadsides. on locations in few found were an , Sisymbrium altissimum G. parviflora : Heracleum e most frequent among kenophytes were species commonly known as weeds. weeds. as known speciescommonly were kenophytes among frequent e most , wa (71% of ATPOL squares) and Solidago and squares) gigantea ATPOL (71% of canadensis Conyza The group of rare epoecophytes included Amaranthus included lividus epoecophytes of rare The group The following group of hemiagriophytes includes several species that have recently recently have speciesseveral includes that hemiagriophytes of group following The Th The group of species that were permanently established in natural and and semi-nat natural in established permanently were speciesof that The group e most frequent species, according to the number of ATPOL squares in the area, thein area, squares ATPOL of the number to species,according frequent most e lmost half of the kenophytes are invasive species in Poland (according to Tokars to (according species Poland in invasive are the kenophytes half of lmost iliata was noted rather frequently, i.e. in 47% of ATPOL squares. It created dense thickets on on dense thickets created It squares. ATPOL in 47% of i.e. frequently, rather noted was field thebounds. steep ruthenica draba Cardaria in the ruderal habitats: species growing was was single-speciesclusters. and large creates often country, our of regions valleys: lobata river especially Echinocystis along in Poland, spread genus d following species should also be mentioned, as they were not rare: Amaranthus rare: chlo not they as were also species be should mentioned, following Chenopodiumwere weeds rarest 296). The (in 253 of strictum squares the ATPOL occurred because it in85%of inthe area, noted s the speciesfrequently most They occurred in the arable fields or ruderal habitats in the investigated area. The fol area. The investigated inthe orhabitats ruderal fields They arable occurred in the cophytes, 46 as hemiagriophytes, and 6 as holoagriophytes (Appendix 1 – Table 2). Table – 1 (Appendix holoagriophytes as 6 and hemiagriophytes, as 46 cophytes, A Galinsoga in the segetal habitats: growing epoecophytes of the group to belong lowing c iflora scoparia Kochia la suaveolens rostachys diaphytes (ergasiophytes) (Appendix 1 – Table 1). Among the established species of species of the established Among 1). Table 1 – (Appendix (ergasiophytes) diaphytes of the list and group, the largest species) (108 represent alien archaeophytes origin, as epoe classified 44 species were group, the last 96 species. In of consists kenophytes ka-Guzik et al., 2012). et al., ka-Guzik , Geranium divaricatum muralis otaxis species. 52 together Plateau, in the Proszowice numerous was in Poland uralhabitats Th mead unmanaged fields, abandoned in species common last was The squares). POL Solidago streams. gigantea along communities in riparian as well as ows, In this group of epoecophytes, Centaurea epoecophytes, diffusa of this group In mentioned as the species with the expansive potential on the area. It was noted mainly mainly noted was It the area. on potential the species as the expansive with mentioned could it roads, along when planted however, streams; along thickets and in forests , inserta the localis Parthenocissus to flora threat Another areas. larger easily overgrow species are that following The dispersion. vegetative to which very due easily expands frondosa Bidens area: in the noted often fairly are parthenium Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń ties. Itties. was noted in 54% of ATPOL squares. tree species, Other inia pseudoacacia squares), inmoreoccurred than 200ATPOL squares: Chamomila suaveolens found rarely, very and were they noted in1-10ATPOL square 1).Only sixspecies (Fig. tree crowns. Impatiens parviflora Frequently, undergrowth consisted of woodlands these of amixture of forest and meadow plants. embankments of Vistula the River are significantly overgrown by The black locust. it evencreates on woodlands single-species steep slopes above roads. the The steep expansivea particularly plant. It is already completely established forests, inthe and mong Robinia tree species, alien pseudoacacia canadensislodea area,the and it was found in81%of ATPOL squares.treatedbe could The species as cia haleb beckia laciniata, and Impatiens glandulifera vulgare , Ligustrum 10 ATPOL square anumber ×2km); (2km of squares: all 296,anumber of kenophytes: 96 Fig.frequency 1.The occurrence of of kenophytes the of Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland)the in itats. The remaining four were species foundthe in forest communities. found studied inthe area, is which related relief to local and the rarity the of such hab reedsgrew inthe and canadensis Elodea area, inthe occurred and it was found ineight ATPOL squares only. calamus Acorus . A In group the of holoagriophytes, were sixtaxa listed: calamus Acorus number of squares M 101–150 151–200 , ost alien species wereost species alien found rarely studied inthe area. (55%of were 53taxa all) 61–100 E 11–30 31–60 > 200 1–10 Conyza canadensis (71%), Galinsoga ciliata parviflora (79%), G. Impatiens parviflora 02 04 060 50 40 30 20 10 0 (81%),a T rifolium patens. , Impatiens parviflora nd Veronica persica , also aholoagriophyte,, also covered floorsbeneath the the was also found was also inothers forest and communi shrub inwater were reservoirs. These species rarely , Medicago sativa % of of % , Quercus rubra, Robinia and pseudoaca (77%). spec ies were most the frequently noted in Onobrychis viciifolia , Onobrychis Q uercus rubra rarely (77%of ATPOL , Cerasus ma (85%),Rob , Rud ------

The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) - - 11 Hyssopus , Three species Three

C subsp. matronalis subsp. CSR . ruthenicus subsp. CS SR Salsola kali , Hesperis matronalis R , CSR CR CS C SR CR R . erophytes (39 species) predominate when considering the main plant life form form life plant the main when considering (39 species) predominate erophytes Concerning the origin of the kenophytes that occurred in the investigated area, area, occurred in the investigated that the kenophytes the of origin Concerning Th The interesting issue is the allocation strategy of alien plants. 41% of species have species of have 41% plants. of alien strategy is the allocation issue interesting The he nutrient soil condition, rich soil was favourable (N = 7–8 for 50% of species). 50% of 7–8 for (N = favourable soil rich was soil condition, nutrient he officinalis species originating in Northern America (33) and Europe (22) make the con highest (22) make Europe America and (33) in Northern species originating tribution (Appendix 1 – Table 2). 1 – Table (Appendix tribution The percentage contribution of Grime’s life strategy in the kenophytes of the Proszowice Plateau Plateau Proszowice of the kenophytes strategy in the life Grime’s of contribution 2. The percentage Fig. 96 kenophytes: of a number tolerant; R – ruderals, S – stress C – competitors, Poland); (Southern been characterised as having the Competitor strategy, while a CR strategy 27% had strategy, the Competitor been having as characterised 70% than take occurrence the species when in more we an with (Fig. 2). However, species only two were There the them CR strategy. had of most squares, ATPOL of parviflora strategy: the SR with Impatiens The largest group of kenophytes produced anemochorous seeds (40% of species). of seeds 16% (40% anemochorous produced kenophytes of group largest The among predominates spreading of mode vegetative The autochorous. specieswere of all species).perennials (16% of among species. There is also a significant number of hemicryptophytes (36 (36 species). hemicryptophytes of number is also significant a species. There among species seventeen character, agriculture an have that areas in the investigated Even spe most the ecological the respect of indicators, With phanerophyte. of a form had cies preferred full light and a moisture indicator value between 4 and 6. Concerning 6. Concerning between value 4 and indicator a moisture full and light cies preferred t used the CS strategy: Acorus calamus Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń h itoring etal., 2008).In (Pyšek recent of species alien different decades, approaches number of anthropogenic habitats.kinds These of studies are important forthe mon floras local the of Poland is diversified, and itdepends often the accessibility on and Tokarska-Guzik 2015).The Zając, etal., 2012;Zając, proportion of anthropophytes in could significantly changethe diversity (e.g., Heger, Trepl,al., et 2010; 2003; Bradley g tion (Faliński, 1972;Kornaś, 1977;Kornaś, Medwecka-Kornaś, 2002)and provide a analyses floras ofDetailed local provide assessment a useful their synanthropisaof squares ×2km) (2km Fig. 3.The distribution of chosen kenophytes the on Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland); ATPOL holoagriophytes was found Vistula inthe 3). (Fig. River valley 12 p ferentiation and land the Therole method. thelandscape use in special diversity is ood base for considerations, base further ood that connected species with particularly alien layed by river and The stream highest concentration valleys. of hemiagryophytes and ave been discussed forave discussed analysing been causes the and mechanisms of encroachment the The analysis the distributionof the of kenophytes indicatedthe role of habitat dif Discussion - - - The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) ------13 and the formation of dense thickets with Lyci with dense thickets of the formation and cal scale, the last species should be treated as a hemiagriophyte, a hemiagriophyte, as cal scale, be species the treated last should . On a lo The distribution of kenophytes along rivers is perceived by many authors (e.g., (e.g., authors many by is perceived rivers along kenophytes of distribution The of formation spontaneous by the is demonstrated area of the local The character In general, some rules of occurrence of kenophytes and its features in thein investi features its and kenophytes rules occurrence of some of general, In The presented analysis of local flora gives a general view on the group of alien group on generalthe view a of localgives flora analysis presented The rzcińska-Tacik, 2014). rzcińska-Tacik, lien species originated mainly from Europe and North America(Zając 1998; al., et North and Europe from mainly lien species originated re rare in Poland. The rarity of archaeophytes is connected with global change known known change with globalis connected archaeophytes of rarity The in Poland. rare re esistant to invasion (e.g., Pyšek et al., 2010; Barabasz-Krasny et al., 2018). et al., Pyšek (e.g., 2010; Barabasz-Krasny et al., invasion to esistant if the tendency to occupy new patches will maintain. It can be also assumed that the be can that also assumed It will maintain. new patches occupy if the tendency to the intensive of localities the result is of number alien species a low of with list long The in Poland. invasive as treated species are Both mentioned the landscape. use of the high; is a half of almost area species in the investigated plant invasive of number ka-Tacik et al., 1998; Trzcińska-Tacik, Stachurska-Swakoń, 2010; Stachurska-Swakoń, 2010; Stachurska-Swakoń, Stachurska-Swakoń, 1998; Trzcińska-Tacik, et al., ka-Tacik T valleys 2009). The river servehabitat as Tokarska-Guzik, 2003; Dajdok, Kącki, Dajdok, diaspores. plant of dispersion for roads and in landscape the diversification pseudoacacia Robinia woodlands with Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). There are mainly therophytes and competitors (according (according competitors and therophytes mainly are 2012). There al., et Tokarska-Guzik Tokarska-Guzik by was alsonoticed phenomenon This predominates. strategy) life to of The usefulness compared. was cities Polish chosen of when(2003) the alien flora (e.g., authors described was different areas by anthropogenic estimate to strategy life the CR strategy at (2014) pointed et al. 2002; Lososová 2006). Vuković et al., Grime, of the list compare when we Similarly, species in Croatia. invasive for prevailed that in which the species was squares of localities (the number of species a number with species the had CR strategy with that be could concluded it strategy, life and recorded) invade. to a higher potential in farmlands, i.e. larger farms, mechanization, the use of herbicides, etc. (e.g., Trzcińs (e.g., etc. herbicides, the use of mechanization, farms, larger i.e. in farmlands, species occurring in the landscape that has been used intensively of a long time. The The time. a long of beenspecies has occurring used that intensively in the landscape of the flora of 20% about very alien species not they of is high, constitute and number and of railroads is lack the phenomenon of this cause main The Plateau. Proszowice agricul of history long The 2006). (Towpasz, centres communication or cities bigger ka-Swakoń, 2011; Trzcińska-Tacik, Stachurska-Swakoń, 2011; Bartoszek, Stachurs 2011; Stachurska-Swakoń, Trzcińska-Tacik, 2011; ka-Swakoń, sites make that conditions abiotic for to look is approach other The 2016). ka-Swakoń, r preva in the visible are in landscape the fields arable of thepredomination and ture them of 2003). Some Kotańska, alien species (Towpasz, among archaeophytes of lence a the countries, adjacent or in Poland regions be could other seen. to Similar area gated a um barbarum of alien species. One of them is to look for particular attributes that make if possible if possible make that particular attributes look for to them is alien species. of of One 1999; Drescher, Dostatny, 1998; Fu 1990; Faliński, Kornaś, (e.g., species invade to for Stachurs Towpasz, 2007; Dukes, Theoharides, 2005; Tokarska-Guzik, 2003; Prots, Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń Ellenberg, H.,Weber,Ellenberg, Wirth, R., V., H.E.,Düll, Werner, W., Paulissen, D. Von (1992).Zeigerwerte Pflan Bartoszek, W., Stachurska-Swakoń, perfoliata A.(2016).Gypsophila Dajdok, Z.,Tokarska-Guzik, B. (2009).Doliny iwody rzeczne stojące gatunków jako siedliska inwazy Dajdok, Z.,Kącki, Z.(2003).Kenophytes of riversides. Odra the In: B. M.Zając, A.Zając, Zemanek DAISIE European Invasive SpeciesGateway, Alien http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do. Bradley, B.A., Blumenthal, D., Wilcove, D., L.H.(2010).Predicting Ziska, plant invasions inan eraof Kornaś, J.,Roślin Medwecka-Kornaś, A.(2002).Geografia Kornaś, J. (1990).Plant invasions incentral Europe: historical In: and aspects. F. ecological A.J. Castri, De Kornaś, J. (1981).Mechanisms and effects the of human impact theupon flora. Wiadomości Botaniczne, K Klotz, S., Kuhn,I., W.Durka, (2002). BIOLFLOR-Einedatenbank mitbiologisch-Oekologischen Merk Heger, T., Trepl, L.(2003). Predicting biological invasions. Biological Invasions Grime, J.P. (2002).Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties . J. Wiley Chichester: and Drescher, A.,Prots, B. (2003).Distribution pattern of Himalayan (Impatiens balsam F Barabasz-Krasny, B., Możdżeń, A.,Stachurska-Swakoń, K.,Sołtys-Lelek, A.(2018).Biological traits of In investigation the respect, this flora important. of is local the still arethem really aggressive area in the and a growing number of is observed. localities noticed kenophytes are found list inthe of invasive plant inPoland. species Some of 14 Faliński, J.B. (1972). Synantropizacja szaty roślinnej –próba określenia istoty procesu igłównych ki Faliński, J.B. (1998). Invasive plants alien and vegetation dynamics. In: U. Starfinger,Edwards, K. u Dostatny, D. (1999).Effect of density on individual size twoand in of Galinsogaspecies fertility weeds: ornaś, J. (1977).Analiza flor synantropijnych. Wiadomości Botaniczne, 21(2)85–91.[In Polish] Kraków: InstituteKraków: of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 137–146. Austria. In: B. M. Zając, A.Zając, Zemanek Phytogeographical (eds.), problems of synanthropic plants. Botanical Journal Botanical 10.15835/nbha4611097046(1), 277–285.DOI: Ś jnych. In: Z.Dajdok, P. Pawlaczyk Inwazyjne (eds.), gatunki roślin ekosystemów mokradłowych Polski. Cracow, 131–136. (eds.), change.global Trends in Ecologyand Evolution 10.1016/j.tree.2009.12.003, 25(5)310–318.DOI: [In Polish] erunków badań. Phytocoenosis Academic Publishers, 19–36. Hansen, M.Debussche Invasions (eds.), in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Dordrecht: Kluwer 25(3), 165–182.[In Polish] Zurmalen Flora Von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe Fuer Vegetationskunde, 381–334.[In German] Ltd. Sons ciliata zen In Mitteleuropa. 2.Und Verbesserte Auflage. Geobotanica Scripta en: Backhaus Publishers, 3–21. I. Kowarik, M.Williamson Plant (eds.), invasions: ecological mechanisms and human responses. Leid Impatiens parviflora wiebodzin: Wyd.wiebodzin: Klubu Przyrodników, 24–30.[In Polish] Cav. Polish Journal of Ecology,47(3)353–357. Galinsoga and parviflora Blake Cav. Phytogeographical problems of synanthropic plants, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, , 257–262. DOI: 10.1515/pbj-2016-0030, 61(2)257–262.DOI: DC. under different DC. habitat conditions. Notulae Botanicae Agrobotanice Horti , 1(3),157–170.[In Polish] . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (Caryophyllaceae) inPoland. (Caryophyllaceae) Polish , 18,1–25.[In German] , 5313–321.

glandulifera References Royle) in - - - - - ,

The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) ------6, , 15 176, 256–273. DOI: , , 23, 237–244. DOI: 10.1016/j. raków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Botany, of Institute Szafer raków: W. volution E , 80(2), 101–149. econd Edition. Boca Raton-London-New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. & Francis Taylor Press, CRC York: Boca Edition. econd Raton-London-New 70(4), 313–322. , , S , 6, 47–65. , 12157–12162. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002314107 Perspectives in plant ecology evo plant in Perspectives Europe. in central habitats man-made of vegetation in annual traits , 47–64. [In Polish] , 24, 47–64. [In Szafera wa tree.2008.02.002 Władysła Prof. im. Muzeum i Materiały Prace Prądnik. zone. protection its and Park National Ojców 8, 69–81. DOI:10.1016/j.ppees.2006.07.001, Systematics and lution . 1. K Poland of Biodiversity (ed.), Mirek Z. In: – A checklist. land Ecology & in Trends ecology. in invasion biases onomic New Phytologist invasion. of stages four during species success digenous 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02207.x . Kraków: plants synanthropic of problems (eds.), Phytogeographical Zemanek A. Zając, M. Zając, B. In: 75–84. University, Jagiellonian Botany, of Institute Neobiota Acta Botanica Silesiacaryzacja pochodzenia obcego praktycznych. działań podstawa jako roślin Polish] 23–53. [In inwazyjnych. uwzględnieniem gatunków ze szczególnym pochodzenia obcego w Polsce Rośliny Polish] [In Środowiska. Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Warszawa: Polish] , 50(4), 88–90. [In Ojczystą Przyrodę Essl F., Genovesi P., Gherardi F., Hejda M., Kark S., Lambdon, P.W., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Nenwig, M.L., Nenwig, Desprez-Loustau, P.W., S., Lambdon, M., Kark Hejda F., Gherardi P., Genovesi F., Essl M., Win Vila, S., Solarz, W., Shirley, D.B., Roques, A., Roy, W., K., Rabitsh, Poboljšaj, J., Pergl, W., Polish Academy of Sciences. of Academy Polish - inva biological on pressures human and environmental of the role Disentangling (2010). M. ter, , America of States Unites the of Sciences of Academy National the of Proceedings Europe. across sions 107(27) . Kraków: river Nidzica neolithic on study palaeogeographical and archeological An uplands. loess the Polish] PAN. [In i Etnografii Archeologii Instytut Delipetrou, P., L., Chassot, G., Celesti-Grapow, Brundu, Bazos, J., P., Andriopoulos, P., M., Anastasiu, Vilà, J., I., Pino, H., Perglová, I., Marchante, Kühn, Y., S., Kokkoris, S., Klotz, M., Kark, Josefsson, P., trends, temporal species diversity, Europe: of Alien(2008). flora P.E. Hulme, D., Zikos,M., Roy, A., needs. Preslia research and patterns geographical crobe species crobe tural landscape: the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) as a case-study. Acta Societatis Botanico a case-study. as Poland) (Southern Plateau the Proszowice landscape: tural rum Poloniae eoharides, K.A., Dukes, J.S. (2007). Plant invasions across space and time: factors affecting nonin affecting time: factors space and across invasions (2007). Plant K.A., Dukes, J.S. eoharides, irek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A., Zając, M. (2002). Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Po of pteridophytes and plants Zając,H., Zając,A., Flowering (2002). M. Piękoś-Mirkowa, Z., irek, Lososová, Z., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I., Hájek, M., Horaková, V., Pyšek, P., Tichý, L., (2006). Patterns of plant plant of L., (2006). Patterns Tichý, Pyšek, P., V., M., Horaková, I., Hájek, M., Kühn, Lososová, Z., Chytrý, Kotańska, M., Towpasz, K., Trzcińska-Tacik, H., Mitka, J. (2001). Vegetation cover in an ancient agricul ancient in an cover Vegetation (2001). J. Mitka, H., K., Trzcińska-Tacik, M., Towpasz, Kotańska, Th Stachurska-Swakoń, A., Trzcińska-Tacik, H. (2014). Weed disappearance of root crop cultivation in the cultivation crop root of disappearance H. (2014). Weed A., Trzcińska-Tacik, Stachurska-Swakoń, M occurring in Poland. alien species some (kenophytes) of preferences (2003). Habitat B. Tokarska-Guzik, assessment. a tentative occurring in Poland: kenophytes of ability (2005). Invasive B. Tokarska-Guzik, i katego (2011). Identyfkacja Zając, Danielewicz, Al., M., W. Z., Urbisz, Dajdok, B., Tokarska-Guzik, C. (2012). Hołdyński, A., Danielewicz, W., Z., Zając, M., Zając, A., Urbisz, Dajdok, B., Tokarska-Guzik, Chrońmy Brzeska. Nowego koło w Hebdowie kserotermiczna roślinność K. (1994). Interesująca Towpasz, Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M., Pergl, J., Jarošik, V., Sixtová, Z, Weber, E. (2008). Geographical and tax E. (2008). Geographical and Z, Weber, Sixtová, V., Jarošik, J., Pergl, D.M., Richardson, Pyšek, P., Pyšek, P., Jarošik, V., Hulme, P., Kühn, I., Wild, J., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Chiron, F., Didžiulis, V., V., Didžiulis, F., S., Chiron, M., Bacher, Arianoutsou, J., I., Wild, Kühn, P., Hulme, V., Jarošik, Pyšek, P., Biological Invasion: economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal and mi and animal plant, alien of costs environmental and economic Invasion: (2011). Biological D. Pimentel, Environmental changes and settlement on on settlement and changes Environmental Z. (1996). Śnieżko, S.W., M., Alexandrowicz, Sarunas, Kruk, J., Winter, J., Pergl, V., Jarošík, F., M., Esl, M., Arianoutsou, C., Hejda, Basnou, Pyšek, P., P.W., Lambdon, Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń Towpasz, K.,Cwener, for locality A.(2002).Anew Ranunculus illyricus T Z Vuković, M.,Milović, N.,Miletić, M.,Jelaska, S.D(2014).Grime’s CSR strategies of invasive the plants in Zając, A., Zając, M.,Tokarska-Guzik, A., Zając, Zając, B. (1998).Kenophytes flora in the of Poland: list, status, and origin. Trzcińska-Tacik, H.,Towpasz, K.,Kotańska, M.(1998).Vegetation cover of Proszowice the Plateau. In: T Trzcińska-Tacik, H.,Stachurska-Swakoń, A.(2010).Weed disappearance of root crop cultivation inthe Towpasz, K.,Kotańska, M.,Stachurska-Swakoń, A.(2017). Protected and threatened plant of species Towpasz, K.,Kotańska, M.(2003).Anthropophytes inflora the of Proszowice Plateau.Zając, M. In: A. Towpasz, K.,Kotańska, M.(2001).Endangered and threatened plants vascular Proszowice inthe Plateau Towpasz, K.,Kotańska, muraw M.(1999).Roślinność kserotermicznych wLelowicach na Płaskowyżu Towpasz, K.(2006).Vascular plants of Proszowice the Plateau (Małopolska Upland). Prace Botaniczne Towpasz, zagrożone K.(2004).Rzadkie, ichronione rośliny kserotermiczne wKaczkowicach na 16 Zając, A. (1978). Założenia metodyczne A.(1978).Założenia Zając, „Atlasu rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych wPolsce”. Wiado Towpasz, K.,Stachurska-Swakoń, A.,Kostrakiewicz, K.(2011).Ostericum palustre (Apiaceae) –Anew Towpasz, K.,Stachurska-Swakoń, A.(2011).The analysis the of forest flora the of Strzyżowskie foothills Towpasz, K.,Stachurska-Swakoń, A.(2010).Rare and threatened vegetation peat bog inSłupów on the owpasz, K.,Kotańska, M.,Trzcińska-Tacik, H.(2001).Floristic notes from Płaskowyż Proszowicki rzcińska-Tacik, H., Stachurska-Swakoń, A.(2011).Alopecurus myosuroides ając, M.(2015).Distribution A.,Zając, of kenophytes in the polish Carpathians and their foreland. Floristica et Geobotanica et Floristica Ser. Polonica 39, 1–302.[In Polish] dition, and needs. Katowice: Przyrody Dziedzictwa Górnego Centrum Śląska, 121–128.[In Polish] mości Botaniczne, 22(3)145–155.[In Polish] Croatia. Periodicum 4, 19–22. botanica Ser. Polonica of weed Skała the segetal vicinity Krakow-Częstochowa inthe Upland. Fragmenta Floristica et Geo Phytocenosis 10(N.S.),Supplementum Cartographicae Geobotanicae, 9107–116. NakłademKraków: Instytutu Uniwersytetu Botaniki Jagiellońskiego. 5 K. Wasylikowa (ed.) Holocene-Prehistoric Settlement and its environmental setting east of Cracow. The (Małopolska Polonica Upland). Geobotanica et Part 3.Fragmenta Floristica wa Szafera, 20397–408.[In Polish] Ojców National Park and its protection zone. Prądnik. Prace iMateriały Muzeum im. Prof. Władysła 169–171. [In Polish] red lists of threats in the conservation of natural resources –their role and importance, and their con moist and wet meadows, fens and redswamp of Proszowice the Plateau. In: J.B. Parusel (ed.), Regional Botany, Jagiellonian University, 339–345. B.Zając, Zemanek (eds.), (Małopolska Upland, Southern Poland). Nature Conservation, 5869–81. Proszowickim. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 55(6)81–83.[In Polish] Płaskowyżu Proszowickim. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 60(1)92–94.[In Polish] species in the Proszowice in the species Plateau (S Poland). Biologica Oecologica from of perspective presence the the of anthropogenic Acta species. Universitatis Lodzensis, Folia Proszowice Plateau. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 66(3)175–183.[In Polish] th Palaeobotanical and Palynological Conference. Polish Academy of Guide Sciences. to Excursion, Biologorum , 99–110. DOI: 10.2478/v10107-009-0018-x , 799–110.DOI: , 18(2), 221–229.[In Polish] Phytogeographical problems of synanthropic plants Institute. Kraków: of , 116323–329. , 9370–373.[In Polish] Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Ser. Polonica, (Ranunculaceae). Fragmenta (Ranunculaceae). (Poaceae) as permanent the , 821–27. 18(1), - - - - , The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) 17 . plants synanthropic of problems hytogeographical P ship. In: A. Zając, M. Zając, B. Zemanek (eds.), Zemanek Zając,A. Zając,M. B. In: ship. Kraków: Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 93–104. University, Jagiellonian Botany, of Kraków: Institute of Academy Polish Botany, of Institute Szafer Kraków: W. in Poland. vascular plants of indicators Science. - Voivod Kraków thein former anthropophytes of local of distribution Zając,Zając, M., Rules (2003). A. Zarzycki, K., Trzcińska-Tacik, H., Różański, W., Szeląg, Z., Wołek, J., Korzeniak, U. (2002). Ecological U. Korzeniak, J., Z., Wołek, Szeląg, W., H., Różański, K., Trzcińska-Tacik, Zarzycki, Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń Acorus calamusAcorus saccharinum A. negundo Acer Tab. 1.The historical-geographical classification the of flora of Proszowice Plateau (SouthernPoland) 18 karska-Guzik etal., 2012)are marked inbold Spontaneophytes Cardaria draba B. ×pseudothominii B. japonicus carinatus Bromus B. rapa subsp. rapa nigra Brassica Bidens frondosa A. ×salignus A. novi-belgii A. novae-angliae lanceolatus Aster A. retroflexus lividus A. Amaranthus chlorostachys hippocastanum Aesculus Anthropophytes Bunias orientalis Bunias Bryonia alba

Tab. 2.Kenophytes flora inthe the of Proszowice Plateau; invasive in species Poland (according to To Metaphytes Di Archaeophytes Kenophytes aphytes (Ergasiophytes) Epoecophytes Hemiagriophytes Holoagriophytes Species Name of group of Name

185 Number of 72 45 + + + CR 47 CR C T T M 20 Am S&C Am S&C Eur SE 12 59 18 6ErE saWHC + CR H Eur E,Asia W 16 saC&SG yCS G,Hy Asia C&S 7 1 u WTC + + G,H Eur SE, Asia SW R CR H 3 T Eur S,Asia W 4 Eur SW 2 1 3 1 1 1 u E saWHC+ C H Eur SE, Asia W 3 squares (max 296) antrop Am N Am Am N Am Am N Am N Am N Am N Am Am N Am N Am N Am u R+ CR T Eur S Number of species 0rigin 804 231 204 108 96 44 46 27 6 T, H T, + - M + C M + + + C H C C H H + - H + C H R+ CR T R+ CR T life forms CSR + - life strategy

+ Epoecophytes Local flora [%] Local Hemiagriophytes Appendix 1 79.8 22.9 20.2 10.7 9.5 4.4 4.6 0.6 2.7

+ Holoagriophytes - The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland) 19 + + + + + + + - + SR CS + CR CR + CSR CSR CSR CSR T CR + T R + T CR + G C + H CR + HH C - + + H CRH + C + H H C + H - + M C + Hy Ch T, liT, CR + T, p T, H T, H T, H H, T C + Eur Eur Eur SEur H Am S Eur CEur H - + Am C Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N Am N antrop antrop Am SW Am Eur SW, Afr N, SW, Eur 2 2 3 3 SE Eur H C + 2 14 SE Eur N C + 31 C & E Asia SW Asia H C H C + + 1 S & SE Eur 1 5 C S, Asia Eur T R + 1 SE Eur T R + 7 9 E Asia T R + 76 W E, Asia Eur H C + 11 N [SE] Am 6 S & W Eur 12SW Asia SE, Eur SW S, Asia Eur M C 50 S, SE Eur H cr + 12 97 26 11 W E, Asia Eur T CR + 15 1616 SE Eur M C + 1344 S Eur C Asia H CS T C + + 86 14 N [SE] Am 59 T CR + 10 C Asia T R + 143 S Asia H C + 127 138 E Asia N C + 161 E C, Asia Asia T 233 253 S & C Am T CR + 211 227 E N, Asia Am H R + Onobrychis viciifolia Oenothera depressa Oenothera Malus domesticaMalus sativa Medicago Mentha spicata M. × varia Lolium multiflorum Ligustrum vulgare Lycopersicon esculentum Lycopersicon Lysimachia punctata Lysimachia Kochia scoparia Kochia Lepidium densiflorum Lupinus polyphyllos Lonicera caprifolium barbarum Lycium Helianthus tuberosus Helianthus H. sosnovskyi Heracleum mantegazzianum Heracleum Juglans regia Juglans tenuis Juncus Hyssopus officinalis Hyssopus Impatiens glandulifera I. parviflora Hesperis matronalis subsp. subsp. matronalis Hesperis matronalis G. pyrenaicum Erigeron annuus Galinsoga ciliata G. parviflora Geranium divaricatum Eragrostis minor Epilobium ciliatum Elsholtzia ciliata Elsholtzia Echinops sphaerocephalus Echinops Elodea canadensis Conyza canadensis Cuscuta campestris Datura stramonium Dianthus barbatus Diplotaxis muralis lobata Echinocystis Chenopodium strictum Chamomilla suaveolens Chamomilla Cerasus mahaleb Cerasus Centaurea diffusa Krystyna Towpasz, Alina Stachurska-Swakoń of expansion area, agricultural inthe although annual the with Cstrategy predominate. the species Nowa and life strategies. The results indicatethat with aCRlifeperennial species havestrategy greatestthe chance The listselected. was subject to a detailed analysis frequency,the of ecological numbers,origin, life forms, Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland). basis of Onthe long-term floristic studies, alist of kenophytes was of research. The presentedpaper concernsthe analysis selected featuresof of kenophytes the occurring on a diversity,imal as well as itsthrough significance theeconomy, impact global theand local on both directly The synanthropisation of vegetation is presentlyserious a problem,both due to its impact on plant and an Quercus rubra Quercus communis Pyrus mestica fontana Oxalis 20 Salsola kali subsp. ruthenica Robinia pseudoacacia japonicaReynoutria subsp. do domestica Prunus Physalis alkekengi inserta Parthenocissus Padus serotina Senecio vernalis confertus Rumex Rudbeckia laciniata rugosa Rosa Solidago canadensis Solidago loeselii S. altissimum Sisymbrium alba Sinapis dichotomaSilene (Grime’s strategy): C–competitors, S–stress R–ruderal, tolerator li –liane, M–megaphanerophyte, N–nanophaneropyte, p–parasite, T–therophyte, Life strategy Life forms forms): (Raunkieur – chamaephyte, Ch G– geophyte, H–hemicryptophyte, Hy –hydrophyte, strumarium X. Xanthium albinum V. grandiflora Vicia dasycarpa V. persica Veronica peregrina Typha laxmanii Trifolium patens Telekia speciosa Tanacetum parthenium Syringa vulgaris albus Symphoricarpos S. gigantea nd indirectly. Understanding mechanisms the of arrivals is new one of important the of many aspects types - 4 mN saETR+ R T Am N,Asia E 143 240 1 u + + CR T - T Asia SW Eur S 229 113 147 10 65 10 0Ai + C G + Asia E C 30 N,li Am N[E] 38 34 0ErS,Ai ,TC + CR H,T Eur SE, Asia C 30 8ErSTC + CR T + Eur S C 38 N Eur SE 19 16 u E saCT Eur SE, Asia C 1 + C H Eur SE, Asia SW 4 4 saENC+ + C C N Eur SE, Asia W H Eur SE, Asia W 9 Asia E 3 3 u ,S + + R CR H H,T Eur SE, Asia C 7 Eur S,SE 4 6 1 mN[]TC + + CR T + CR Am N[S] T Eur S,Asia SN - 1 + 3 H,Hy C 3 + Eur, Asia H C 1 Eur SE, Asia H 1 Eur SE, Asia SW 1 5 Am N[E]& AmS[N] Am N Am Am N Am Am N Am Am N Am Am N Am N Am Am N Am Am S Am u R+ CR T Eur S As Eur ia ,MC+ C N, M ,HC+ C G, H ,HC+ C G, H T, H T, + C M + C C M M C M + C H + C N R+ CR T + - T SR + R + Abstract + + - - The occurrence of alien species in the agriculture landscape: the case of the Proszowice Plateau (Southern Poland)

------21 treszczenie S Information on the authors on Information na przykładzie Płaskowyżu Proszowickiego (Południowa Polska) Proszowickiego (Południowa na przykładzie Płaskowyżu Występowanie gatunków obcego pochodzenia w krajobrazie rolniczym: obcego pochodzenia w krajobrazie Występowanie gatunków tachurska-Swakoń https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-4520 tachurska-Swakoń flora, gatunki inwazyjne, kenofity, strategie życiowe, synantropizacja życiowe, strategie kenofity, inwazyjne, wa kluczowe: gatunki flora, kazują, że największe szanse ekspansji w terenie rolniczym mają gatunki wieloletnie o strategii życiowej życiowej o strategii wieloletnie gatunki mają rolniczym w terenie ekspansji szanse że największe kazują, ednym z ważnych aspektów badań nad inwazyjnością. Prezentowana praca dotyczy analizy wybranych wybranych analizy dotyczy praca Prezentowana inwazyjnością. nad badań aspektów ważnych z ednym ted in geobotany, plant ecology, and plant protection. plant and ecology, plant in geobotany, ted Alina S communi in plant changes of particularly in the mechanisms ecology, in the vegetation interested is She protection. plant ecology and plant influence, influence anthropogenic and natural under flora ties and Krystyna Towpasz interes is She in Kraków. University the Jagiellonian of Botany of the Institute at professor a retired is She cech kenofitów występujących na Płaskowyżu Proszowickim (Południowa Polska). Na długolet podstawie Polska). (Południowa Proszowickim na Płaskowyżu występujących kenofitów cech (spośród 96 keno C. Obecnie, 42 gatunki o strategii jednoroczne gatunki CR, przeważają chociaż liczebnie Synantropizacja szaty roślinnej jest współcześnie poważnym problemem, zarówno z powodu wpływu na z powodu zarówno problemem, jest współcześnie poważnym roślinnej szaty Synantropizacja gospo na oddziaływanie poprzez znaczenie ekonomiczne ma jak również i zwierząt, roślin różnorodność darkę w wymiarze bezpośrednim i pośrednim. Poznanie mechanizmów wnikania nowych przybyszów jest przybyszów wnikania nowych mechanizmów w wymiarze bezpośrednimdarkę i pośrednim. Poznanie j analizie względem czę szczegółowej którą poddano kenofitów, listę wyłoniono florystycznych badań nich Wyniki życiowych. i strategii życiowych form pochodzenia, obszaru liczb ekologicznych, wystąpień, stości ws Polski. florze we inwazyjne są jako wymienione Proszowickiego Płaskowyżu we florze występujące fitów) Sło days, 42 plant species (from 96 kenophytes of the Proszowice Plateau flora) are listed as invasive species in as invasive listed are flora) Plateau the Proszowice of 96 kenophytes species (from 42 plant days, Poland. synanthropisation strategy, life species,kenophytes, invasive flora, words: Key Received: [2018.06.20] [2018.11.07] Accepted: