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Developing Technologies for Prevention of Bovine Failure of Passive Transfer of Antibody (FPTA)

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Developing Technologies for Prevention of Bovine Failure of Passive Transfer of Antibody (FPTA) Developing Technologies for Prevention of Bovine Failure of Passive Transfer of Antibody (FPTA) Elaine Hunt, DVM, Diplomate AC VIM Steven D. Van Camp, DVM, Diplomate ACT Sherrill Fleming, D VM Food Animal and Equine Medicine College o f Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina ^ ailure of passive transfer of colostral antibody (FPTA) need for these products and if they are beneficial to calves remains a major cause of septicemia, mortality, and with FPTA, their development should be encouraged! economic loss in modern livestock production.1 Calves with Most of these immuno-supplements are non-specific and FPTA frequently develop enteric disease, navel infections, are targeted at the neonatal calf, foal and kid. However, septic arthritis, pneumonia, or fatal colisepticemia.2 The the global market for human supplements with pathogen causes and means of avoiding FPTA have been described.3,4 specific antibody is limitless, and is the real financial Diagnostic techniques for use in individual animal and herd impetus in product development. For example: An problems have been summarized.5 New technologies of experimental bovine globulin powder providing specific immuno-supplementation are developing which may immunity against enteric pathogens such as Rotavirus, prevent the otherwise fatal septicemia in the FPTA affected Giardia, and Escherichia coli is presently being evaluated calf. This article summarizes the information concerning experimentally in daily human consumption studies.3 It is available and emerging products. hoped that continuous supplementation with this type of product will supply a daily source of enteric antibody for The Developing Interest in Immuno-supplements AIDS patients suffering from chronic enteritis or for the casual vacationer concerned about contracting traveler’s Use of immuno-supplements for the immunologically diarrhea. Bovine immunoglobulins have also been added compromised human or calf with FPTA is a tantalizing to infant formula. Disease resistance in infants fed this but controversial topic. These products are derived from fortified formula was similar to that of infants fed human processed cheese whey, colostral whey or skin milk. At milk, while neonates receiving infant formula alone least five products are presently available or are being experienced higher rates of enteric infections.6 This formulated using whey protein as a source of injectable, technology is applicable to the cattle industry as well. A absorbable or local (enteric) bovine immunoglobulin. mid-Western company is presently evaluating Documentation of the efficacy of these immuno- incorporation of whey derived bovine immunoglobulins in supplements has lagged behind product development. In calf milk replacer. some instances, manufacturers are at a loss to define what protective agent(s) actually exists in their product. Most Cheese Whey Derivatives of these immuno-supplements have been released as Cheese whey is the most immediate and inexpensive nutritional supplements, a less-restrictive label than would source of bovine immunoglobulin. The protein content of be required were they classified as drugs or biological liquid whey is low (0.65%) and includes beta-lactoglobulin, agents. In spite of favorable field reports and obvious alpha-lactalbumin and globulin fractions.7,8 Since total consumer demand, publications of controlled challenge global production of cheese whey is estimated at 80 million studies of these products are lacking. Currently, the tons/year, this still represents a large quantity of bovine products listed for oral administration do not claim to be immunoglobulin that is presently discarded. Large scale adequate to protect calves against complete colostrum industrial ultrafiltration or ion exchange adsorption will deprivation. Until properly tested, these products should make it possible to selectively concentrate bovine IgGi, not be used as a total substitute for colostrum. Although IgG2 and lactalbumin in liquid whey, resulting in the we need to approach these products cautiously, it is recovery of many tons of immunoglobulins. important to remember in these periods of experimental Colostrx® is derived from ultrafiltration of cheese whey.b development and product refinement: There is a legitimate This product looks like milk replacer and is a reconstituted NOVEMBER, 1988 131 with water like a milk replacer. It is fed to the calf within To explain enhanced survival in Colostrx® supplemented 10 hours of birth. Colostrx® should not be combined with calves, the manufacturer postulated the presence of a new colostrum since the resulting mixture is too thick and may IgGi complex (or aggregate) that is not absorbed, but be excessively hyperosmotic.8 Each Colostrx® bag contains remains as a digestion resistant source of immunoglobulin a minimum of 24 grams (g) of bovine IgG. This product in the calfs gut. This complex has been found in colostrum, does not claim to be a total immunoglobulin substitute, milk and cheese whey, but not in serum. This complex and 24 g of bovine IgG represents only one-sixth to one- was stable when subjected to papain and pepsin in vitro. tenth of the oral immunoglobulin mass necessary to protect A proprietary monoclonal antibody has been developed calves against septicemic colibacillosis. Electro- to measure the presence and activity level of the complex phoretogram analysis of the mixed solution showed 87% in company products. The aggregate will be marketed under of the total protein present was neither globulin nor the name Immuplex®, as a biological agent rather than albumin, and could not be identified with available as a feed supplement. In preliminary trials with Immuplex®, laboratory standards (Table 1). Therefore, much of the daily supplementation to veal calves reportedly resulted product may offer little systemic benefit to the calf, or in higher average daily gains and better feed conversion may represent an immunoglobulin aggregate which we than in unsupplemented calves. This was reported even presently cannot identify. when the Immuplex® supplemented calves received unmedicated milk replacer, and the control animals Table 1. Comparative Product Analysis from two Veterinary Clinical received milk replacer with growth promotant levels of Immunology Laboratories antibiotics included.9 Eliminating antibiotics from calf milk Product Colostrx® Colostrx® CL Replacer ID-1® replacers would be beneficial in promoting a residue-free Assayed at NCSU* TAMU** TAMU** NCSU* product for consumers and slowing the evolution of Bovine IgG 600 mg/dl 1040 mg% >4000 mg% antibiotic resistant microbial strains in the food animal IgG, 832 mg% industry. If data can be produced to collaborate this igG2 90 mg% information, the impact of such a product on food animal Bovine IgM 52 mg% 70 mg% 70 mg% 300 mg% production would be substantial. Colostrx®may prove useful in dairy herds where Bovine Bovine IgA 150 mg% 600 mg% *** Leukosis Virus (BLV) infectin is widespread and Total Protein 17 g/dl 11.2 gram% 4.6 g/dl eradication is desirable. Infected colostrum may be one Gammaglobulins 3.87 g/dl 3.23 gram% 4.6 g/dl means through which it has been postulated that calves gamma-1 2.7 g/dl can be infected with BLV by their dams. To prevent vertical Alpha Globulin 3.48 gram% 1.41 gram% viral infection, calves from BLV positive dams would alpha-1 0.8 g/dl require a complete colostrum substitute. Even if viral Beta Globulin 1.12 gram% 1.41 gram% infection of the milk is not a concern, BLV maternal beta-1 1.0 g/dl antibody titers may remain elevated for 6-8 months Albumin 8.53 g/dl 5.14 gram% 0 g/dl following colostrum ingestion, preventing early sale of valuable offspring. Although small quantities of BLV *NCSU— North Carolina State University College of Veterinary antibody are present in the whey from which Colostrx® Medicine, Clincial Immunology Laboratory. “ TAMU— Texas A and M University College of Veterinary Medicine. is derived, independent tests have shown this antibody has Information kindly provided by Dr. Tom Kasari. a short half life in the calf and will not result in false ***87% of protein was a singular fast-migrating protein that could not positive reaction to the BLV test by the time the calf is be identified. 3 weeks of age.10 The authors have encountered one problem with Colostrum deprived calves fed Colostrx® absorb such Colostrx® when deviation from directions occurred. low levels of measureable bovine immunoglobulin that they Excessive stable foam may develop if the product is mixed must still be considered to have FPTA. In spite of this, with water using a wire whisk. When this foamy product was efficacy studies by the manufacturer suggest some administered via esophageal feeder (a total of two packages, protection against systemic disease does occur with the second given four hours following the first) to a large, Colostrx® supplementation, with mortality rates in recumbent calf lacking a sucking reflex, the calf died from colostrum-deprived Colostrx® supplemented calves bloat caused by deposition of the second administration of comparable to those of colostrum-fed calves (9%).9 No frothy material in the rumen. This is obviously not a problem information has been released yet as to morbidity rates, when the calf is capable of suckling and the product is deposited specifically joint and navel infections. It must be in the abomasum. The additional quantity of product may emphasized again, however, this product is not meant to also have been a factor, as
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