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The Typologies of Realism
Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, 2006, 109–134 doi:10.1093/cjip/pol006 The Typologies of Realism Liu Feng* and Zhang Ruizhuang Much more than a single theory, realism is a school of thought containing numerous related branches. In recent years an outpour of debate and exchange within the realist tradition has captured the attention of scholars. Many scholars have attempted to create schemes classifying the different branches and threads of realist thought that have emerged, while others have introduced a wealth of new terminology. Unfortunately, as a result of these Downloaded from efforts, realist concepts have become obfuscated, resulting in much confusion, and ultimately erecting a barrier to intellectual progress in the field. The goal of this article is to help remove this barrier by clarifying the criteria for classifying different approaches to realist thought and presenting a more coherent classification scheme that will enhance the understanding of the http://cjip.oxfordjournals.org/ relationship between various strands of realist thought. The Debate Regarding the Classification of Types of Realism Since the 1980s, a number of new schools of thought, including by guest on May 28, 2014 constructivism, critical theory and post-modernism, have critiqued, and ultimately come to challenge, traditional schools of international relations theory such as realism and liberalism. Yet, as a result of sharp differences with respect to ontology, epistemology and methodology, exchange between these new schools and the more traditional mainstream schools have been quite limited. In stark contrast with this dearth of scholarly exchange across schools of thought, the intellectual debate and exchange of ideas within the realist school have flowered, giving birth to many new branches and sub-branches of realist thought. -
Waltz's Theory of Theory
WALTZ’S THEORY OF THEORY 201 Waltz’s Theory of Theory Ole Wæver Abstract Waltz’s 1979 book, Theory of International Politics, is the most infl uential in the history of the discipline. It worked its effects to a large extent through raising the bar for what counted as theoretical work, in effect reshaping not only realism but rivals like liberalism and refl ectivism. Yet, ironically, there has been little attention paid to Waltz’s very explicit and original arguments about the nature of theory. This article explores and explicates Waltz’s theory of theory. Central attention is paid to his defi nition of theory as ‘a picture, mentally formed’ and to the radical anti-empiricism and anti-positivism of his position. Followers and critics alike have treated Waltzian neorealism as if it was at bottom a formal proposition about cause–effect relations. The extreme case of Waltz being so victorious in the discipline, and yet being so consistently misinterpreted on the question of theory, shows the power of a dominant philosophy of science in US IR, and thus the challenge facing any ambitious theorising. The article suggests a possible movement of fronts away from the ‘fourth debate’ between rationalism and refl ectivism towards one of theory against empiricism. To help this new agenda, the article introduces a key literature from the philosophy of science about the structure of theory, and particularly about the way even natural science uses theory very differently from the way IR’s mainstream thinks it does – and much more like the way Waltz wants his theory to be used. -
Neo-Classical Realism in International Relations
Asian Social Science; Vol. 12, No. 6; 2016 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Neo-classical Realism in International Relations Jalal Dehghani Firoozabadi1 & Mojtaba Zare Ashkezari1 1 Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i Universiti, Tehran, Iran Correspondence: Mojtaba Zare Ashkezari, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i Universiti, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 25, 2016 Accepted: February 14, 2016 Online Published: May 20, 2016 doi:10.5539/ass.v12n6p95 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n6p95 Abstract Neo-classical realism is result of foreign policy studies through studying both structure of international system and domestic factors and their complex interactions with each other. The main goal of neoclassical realism is to find out how distribution of power in international system, motivations and subjective structures of states toward international system shape their foreign policy. Neo-classical realists reject the idea of neo-realism in which it is argued that systemic pressures will immediately affect behaviours of units. They believe that the extend of systemic effects on states behaviour depends on relative power and also internal factors of states in anarchical system. This article is to study how neo-classical realism applies assumptions such as anarchy, effects of structure-agent, role of power in creating behaviours, national interests, survival and security in order to analyse international politics. Keywords: Neo-classical Realism, classical realism, neo-realism, levels of analysis, Structure, international relations, foreign policy 1. Introduction Neoclassical realism is used in International Relations not because of its capability of explaining different phenomena but because of its strength in emphasizing on different levels of analysis and also its avoidance from reductionist dogmatism that other theories suffer. -
John J. Mearsheimer: an Offensive Realist Between Geopolitics and Power
John J. Mearsheimer: an offensive realist between geopolitics and power Peter Toft Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Østerfarimagsgade 5, DK 1019 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] With a number of controversial publications behind him and not least his book, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, John J. Mearsheimer has firmly established himself as one of the leading contributors to the realist tradition in the study of international relations since Kenneth Waltz’s Theory of International Politics. Mearsheimer’s main innovation is his theory of ‘offensive realism’ that seeks to re-formulate Kenneth Waltz’s structural realist theory to explain from a struc- tural point of departure the sheer amount of international aggression, which may be hard to reconcile with Waltz’s more defensive realism. In this article, I focus on whether Mearsheimer succeeds in this endeavour. I argue that, despite certain weaknesses, Mearsheimer’s theoretical and empirical work represents an important addition to Waltz’s theory. Mearsheimer’s workis remarkablyclear and consistent and provides compelling answers to why, tragically, aggressive state strategies are a rational answer to life in the international system. Furthermore, Mearsheimer makes important additions to structural alliance theory and offers new important insights into the role of power and geography in world politics. Journal of International Relations and Development (2005) 8, 381–408. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800065 Keywords: great power politics; international security; John J. Mearsheimer; offensive realism; realism; security studies Introduction Dangerous security competition will inevitably re-emerge in post-Cold War Europe and Asia.1 International institutions cannot produce peace. -
INRL 5008 Methodology and Theory of International Relations
INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE CAMPUS REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Postgraduate Diploma in International Relations INRL 5008 Methodology and Theory of International Relations Dr. Nand C. Bardouille [email protected] SEMESTER I ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 – 2021 1 INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IIR) THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, ST. AUGUSTINE Methodology and Theory of International Relations Postgraduate Diploma Course INRL 5008 Dr. Nand C. Bardouille Email: [email protected] Office hours online: Wednesday 5pm–6pm and Thursday 5pm–6pm or by appointment Class times online: Tuesdays 5pm – 8pm (5pm–6:30pm; 6:30pm–7:00pm; 7:00pm–7:45pm) Mode of Delivery This course will be delivered online, leveraging zoom teleconference, online activities and assignments. Description The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the conceptualization, understanding and application of theory in International Relations (IR). The course begins with a brief introduction on the approaches to analysis within the discipline, ontology and epistemology, methodology and so on. This prepares students, firstly, for the discussion note and later the main coursework essay, which invites them to reflect on issues of what constitutes IR and how to ' do' the discipline. Secondly, it gives students the necessary grounding with which to examine, understand and analyse the varied theoretical approaches which are addressed within the course. They include classical theories like idealism and realism. This forms the basis for consideration of mainstream IR theory, having an eye to structural realism, liberalism, neoliberal institutionalism and cosmopolitanism, and the so-called 'neo-neo' debate. -
Volume 43, No. 2-3, June-September 2015
EAST EUROPEAN QUARTERLY Volume 43 June-September 2015 No. 2-3 Articles Glenn Diesen Inter-Democratic Security Institutions and the Security Dilemma: A Neoclassical Realist Model of the EU and NATO after the End of the Soviet Union 137 Yannis Sygkelos Nationalism versus European Integration: The Case of ATAKA 163 Piro Rexepi Mainstreaming Islamophobia: The Politics of European Enlargement and the Balkan Crime-Terror Nexus 189 Direct Democracy Notes Dragomir Stoyanov: The 2014 Electoral Code Initiative in Bulgaria 217 Alenka Krasovec: The 2014 Referendum in Slovenia 225 Maciej Hartliński: The 2015 Referendum in Poland 235 East European Quarterly Department of Political Science Central European University, Budapest June-September 2015 EDITOR: Sergiu Gherghina, Goethe University Frankfurt DIRECT DEMOCRACY NOTES EDITOR: Peter Spac, Masaryk University Brno BOOK REVIEWS EDITOR: Theresa Gessler, European University Institute Florence EDITORIAL BOARD: Nicholas Aylott, Södertörn University Stockholm Andras Bozoki, Central European University Budapest Fernando Casal Bertoa, University of Nottingham Mihail Chiru, Median Research Center Bucharest Danica Fink-Hafner, University of Ljubljana Petra Guasti, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Henry Hale, George Washington University Tim Haughton, University of Birmingham John T. Ishiyama, University of North Texas Petr Kopecky, Leiden University Algis Krupavicius, Kaunas University of Technology Levente Littvay, Central European University Budapest Grigore Pop-Eleches, Princeton University Robert Sata, -
Power in Democracy Promotion Wolff, Jonas
www.ssoar.info Power in democracy promotion Wolff, Jonas Preprint / Preprint Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (HSFK) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Wolff, J. (2015). Power in democracy promotion. Alternatives, 40(3-4), 219-236. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0304375415612269 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen -
Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Crises 136 Balkan Devlen and Özgür Özdamar 00Freybergfm.I Xii 4/14/09 1:18 PM Page Vi
00FreybergFM.i_xii 4/14/09 1:18 PM Page i Rethinking Realism in International Relations 00FreybergFM.i_xii 4/14/09 1:18 PM Page ii blank verso ii 00FreybergFM.i_xii 4/14/09 1:18 PM Page iii Rethinking Realism in International Relations Between Tradition and Innovation Edited by ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN EWAN HARRISON PATRICK JAMES The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 00FreybergFM.i_xii 4/14/09 1:18 PM Page iv © 2009 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2009 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 246897531 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rethinking realism in international relations : between tradition and innovation / edited by Annette Freyberg-Inan, Ewan Harrison, Patrick James. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9285-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8018-9285-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9286-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8018-9286-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Realism—Political aspects. 2. International relations—Philosophy. I. Freyberg-Inan, Annette. II. Harrison, Ewan, 1973– III. James, Patrick, 1957– JZ1307.R47 2009 327.101—dc22 2008048620 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible. -
Chapter-02.Pdf
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 1. Which of the following is derived from a set of assumptions and evidence about some phenomenon? a. a framework b. a theory c. a paradigm d. a normative proposition 2. Which of the following refers to a dominant way of looking at a particular subject, which structures our thought about an area of inquiry? a. a paradigm b. a theory c. a normative proposition d. a hypothesis 3. Which political movement in the United States calls for the use of military and economic power in foreign policy to bring freedom and democracy to other countries? a. liberalism b. realism c. defensive realism d. neoconservatism 4. Which three important applications do theories have for policy makers? a. diagnosis, prescription, and lesson-drawing b. persuasion, prescription, and prognosis c. prescription, description, and retrospection d. inference, prescription, and prognosis 5. Which of the following is the oldest of the prevailing schools of thought in international relations? a. realism b. neoconservatism c. feminism d. liberalism 6. Whose writings can the realist theory of international relations be traced to? a. St. Augustine’s b. Hugo Grotius’s c. Thucydides’s d. Carl Marx’s 7. Realists argue that the condition of anarchy typically leads to which of the following? a. chaos b. interdependence c. war Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02 d. self-help 8. Which of the following statements best describes the notion of relative gains? a. “Winning is more important than doing well.” b. “Doing well is more important than winning.” c. -
Final Thesis
Research on the US Restrictive Policy on China`s Technology Industry during the Trump Administration ——A Case Study of Huawei Author: Yu Hao Aalborg University (AAU), Denmark University of International Relations (UIR) 国际关系学院, Beijing, China Master Thesis Supervisor A: Wu Xue Supervisor B: Jesper Willaing Zeuthen May 15, 2020 Keystrokes (excluding title page, summary, and table of contents): 161042 Table of Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Choice of Theory .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Research Method .................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Choice of Data ...................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Limitation ............................................................................................................. 9 3. Theory ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Neoclassical Realism.......................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 -
Scarce Differences: Toward a Material and Systemic Foundation for Offensive and Defensive Realism
Security Studies, 22:436–465, 2013 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0963-6412 print / 1556-1852 online DOI: 10.1080/09636412.2013.816125 Scarce Differences: Toward a Material and Systemic Foundation for Offensive and Defensive Realism ERIC J. HAMILTON AND BRIAN C. RATHBUN A divide has opened up between offensive and defensive realism as to the relative scarcity of security in the international system, with powerful implications for the vision each approach offers about the nature of international politics. Yet we still do not understand why the two diverge given their common neorealist foundations. This article reviews implicit, explicit, and other potential explanations of that difference—the relationship between power and security, the offense-defense balance, the prevalence and efficiency of balancing vs. bandwagoning, and the role played by uncertainty in decision- making—and finds them lacking in their ability to provide an adequate account that is systemic and structural in nature, does not violate arguments the scholars have made in practice, and does not confuse cause with effect. Finding prior efforts lacking, this article proposes that the distinction could be logically rooted in material scarcity, a familiar theme in realism historically that has been ignored in more recent formulations. Drawing a distinction between a “dangerous world” in which uncertainty is the core problem and a “competitive world” in which scarcity bedevils state relations helps explain where offensive and defensive realism both diverge and converge. Eric J. Hamilton is a PhD candidate in the Politics and International Relations Program at the University of Southern California. Brian C. Rathbun is an associate professor at the University of Southern California. -
The Rarity of Realpolitik the Rarity of Brian Rathbun Realpolitik What Bismarck’S Rationality Reveals About International Politics
The Rarity of Realpolitik The Rarity of Brian Rathbun Realpolitik What Bismarck’s Rationality Reveals about International Politics Realpolitik, the pur- suit of vital state interests in a dangerous world that constrains state behavior, is at the heart of realist theory. All realists assume that states act in such a man- ner or, at the very least, are highly incentivized to do so by the structure of the international system, whether it be its anarchic character or the presence of other similarly self-interested states. Often overlooked, however, is that Real- politik has important psychological preconditions. Classical realists note that Realpolitik presupposes rational thinking, which, they argue, should not be taken for granted. Some leaders act more rationally than others because they think more rationally than others. Hans Morgenthau, perhaps the most fa- mous classical realist of all, goes as far as to suggest that rationality, and there- fore Realpolitik, is the exception rather than the rule.1 Realpolitik is rare, which is why classical realists devote as much attention to prescribing as they do to explaining foreign policy. Is Realpolitik actually rare empirically, and if so, what are the implications for scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of foreign policy and the nature of international relations more generally? The necessity of a particular psy- chology for Realpolitik, one based on rational thinking, has never been ex- plicitly tested. Realists such as Morgenthau typically rely on sweeping and unveriªed assumptions, and the relative frequency of realist leaders is difªcult to establish empirically. In this article, I show that research in cognitive psychology provides a strong foundation for the classical realist claim that rationality is a demanding cogni- tive standard that few leaders meet.