Grg301k / Weather and Climate Class Notes Outline

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GRG301K / WEATHER AND CLIMATE CLASS NOTES OUTLINE Chapter #1 (The Earth's Atmosphere) How Weather Affects Our Lives Weather, Climate, Meteorology and the Atmosphere History of Meteorology Weather Elements Weather Maps Basic Causes of Weather Introduction to the Atmosphere Atmospheric Composition Atmospheric Origins Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Observation of the Atmosphere Chapter #2 (Warming the Earth and the Atmosphere) The Earth/Sun Relationship Earth's Seasons Heat Transfer/Heat Budget/Energy Balancing Act Albedo Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Absorption/Emission Black Body Objects Latent Heat Heat and Temperature Chapter #3 (Air Temperature) Latitudinal Heat Balance Surface Air Temperature Temperature Measurement Temperature Scales/Conversions Temperature Controls Temperature Temperatures and Uses Biometeorology Chapter #4 (Humidity, Condensation and Clouds) Water Vapor in the Air Hydrologic Cycle Moisture and Changes of State Ways to Express Moisture Content of the Air Humidity Measurement Atmospheric Stability - Stable vs. Unstable Air Lapse Rates Thermodynamic Diagrams Dew/Frost Formation Cloud/Fog Formation Cloud Types and Classification Chapter #5 (Cloud Development and Precipitation) Atmospheric Stability (See Above) Cloud Formation (See Above) Precipitation Formation and Types Precipitation Measurement Weather Modification Chapter #6 (Air Pressure and Winds) Atmospheric Pressure Pressure/Temperature Relationships Measuring Air Pressure Standard Atmospheric Pressure High and Low Pressure Surface and Upper Atmospheric Pressure Charts Introduction to Winds Measuring Wind Chapter #7 (Atmospheric Circulations) Scales of Atmospheric Circulation Global Scale Winds General Global Scale Circulation and Precipitation Westerly Winds and the Jet Stream Global Scale Wind and the Oceans Southern Oscillation Eddies Local Scale Winds Chapter #8 (Air Masses, Fronts and Mid-Latitude Cyclones) What is an Airmass? Airmass Types and Source Regions Airmasses Affecting North America Weather Patterns Mid-Latitude Cyclones Mid-Latitude Cyclones and Jet Streams Cyclogensis Fronts Dry Lines Chapter #9 (Weather Forecasting) Acquisition of Weather Information "Pieces" of the Weather Forecast Puzzle Numerical Weather Prediction Methods of Weather Forecasting How Accurate are Weather Forecasts and Why Forecasts Still Go Wrong Chapter #10 (Thunderstorms and Tornadoes) Thunderstorm Basics Thunderstorm Distribution Thunderstorm Development and Life Cycle Air Mass Thunderstorms Severe Thunderstorms Thunderstorm Hazard / Lightning Thunderstorm Hazard / Flash Flooding Thunderstorm Hazard / Straight Line Wind Thunderstorm Hazard / Hail Thunderstorm Hazard / Tornado The Waterspout Radar Observation of the Tornado Chapter #11 (Hurricanes) Tropical Meteorology Tropical Cyclone Development and Dissipation Naming Hurricanes Chapter #12 (Global Climate) Defining Climate Climate Controls Classifying Climate Types - A/B/C/D/E/H Chapter #13 (The Earth’s Changing Climate) Past Climates Causes of Climate Change Carbon Dioxide, the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Updated 06/30/2014 tmk GRG301K.ClassOutline.wpd.

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How the Ocean Affects Weather & Climate
Ocean in Motion 6: How does the Ocean Change Weather and Climate? A. Overview 1. The Ocean in Motion -- Weather and Climate In this program we will tie together ideas from previous lectures on ocean circulation. The students will also learn about the similarities and interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. 2. Contents of Packet Your packet contains the following activities: I. A Sea of Words B. Program Preparation 1. Focus Points OThe oceans and the atmosphere are closely linked 1. the sun heats the atmosphere as well as the oceans 2. water evaporates from the ocean into the atmosphere a. forms clouds and precipitation b. movement of any fluid (gas or liquid) due to heating creates convective currents OWeather and climate are two different things. 1. Winds a. Uneven heating and cooling of the atmosphere creates wind b. Global ocean surface current patterns are similar to global surface wind patterns c. wind patterns are analogous to ocean currents 2. Four seasons OAtmospheric motion 1. weather and air moves from high to low pressure areas 2. the earth's rotation also influences air and weather patterns 3. Atmospheric winds move surface ocean currents. ©1998 Project Oceanography Spring Series Ocean in Motion 1 C. Showtime 1. Broadcast Topics This broadcast will link into discussions on ocean and atmospheric circulation, wind patterns, and how climate and weather are two different things. a. Brief Review We know the modern reason for studying ocean circulation is because it is a major part of our climate. We talked about how the sun provides heat energy to the world, and how the ocean currents circulate because the water temperatures and densities vary.
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Weather and Climate: Changing Human Exposures K
CHAPTER 2 Weather and climate: changing human exposures K. L. Ebi,1 L. O. Mearns,2 B. Nyenzi3 Introduction Research on the potential health effects of weather, climate variability and climate change requires understanding of the exposure of interest. Although often the terms weather and climate are used interchangeably, they actually represent different parts of the same spectrum. Weather is the complex and continuously changing condition of the atmosphere usually considered on a time-scale from minutes to weeks. The atmospheric variables that characterize weather include temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, and wind speed and direction. Climate is the average state of the atmosphere, and the associated characteristics of the underlying land or water, in a particular region over a par- ticular time-scale, usually considered over multiple years. Climate variability is the variation around the average climate, including seasonal variations as well as large-scale variations in atmospheric and ocean circulation such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Climate change operates over decades or longer time-scales. Research on the health impacts of climate variability and change aims to increase understanding of the potential risks and to identify effective adaptation options. Understanding the potential health consequences of climate change requires the development of empirical knowledge in three areas (1): 1. historical analogue studies to estimate, for speciﬁed populations, the risks of climate-sensitive diseases (including understanding the mechanism of effect) and to forecast the potential health effects of comparable exposures either in different geographical regions or in the future; 2. studies seeking early evidence of changes, in either health risk indicators or health status, occurring in response to actual climate change; 3.
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Geographical Influences on Climate Teacher Guide
Geographical Influences on Climate Teacher Guide Lesson Overview: Students will compare the climatograms for different locations around the United States to observe patterns in temperature and precipitation. They will describe geographical features near those locations, and compare graphs to find patterns in the effect of mountains, oceans, elevation, latitude, etc. on temperature and precipitation. Then, students will research temperature and precipitation patterns at various locations around the world using the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server and other sources, and use the information to create their own climatogram. Expected time to complete lesson: One 45 minute period to compare given climatograms, one to two 45 minute periods to research another location and create their own climatogram. To lessen the time needed, you can provide students data rather than having them find it themselves (to focus on graphing and analysis), or give them the template to create a climatogram (to focus on the analysis and description), or give them the assignment for homework. See GPM Geographical Influences on Climate – Climatogram Template and Data for these options. Learning Objectives: - Students will brainstorm geographic features, consider how they might affect temperature and precipitation, and discuss the difference between weather and climate. - Students will examine data about a location and calculate averages to compare with other locations to determine the effect of geographic features on temperature and precipitation. - Students will research the climate patterns of a location and create a climatogram and description of what factors affect the climate at that location. National Standards: ESS2.D: Weather and climate are influenced by interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, ice, landforms, and living things.
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Weather and Climate Science 4-H-1024-W
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Introduction to Climatology
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Inc. © Eyewire, OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1Introduction to Climatology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION those specializingNOT FOR in glaciology, SALE OR as wellDISTRIBUTION as special- Chapter at a Glance ized physical geographers, geologists, and ocean- Meteorology and Climatology ographers. The biosphere, which crosscuts the Scales in Climatology lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmo- Subfields of Climatology sphere, includes the zone containing all life forms © Jones & BartlettClimatic Learning, Records andLLC Statistics © Joneson the& Bartlettplanet, including Learning, humans. LLC The biosphere NOT FOR SALE SummaryOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORis examined SALE by OR specialists DISTRIBUTION in the wide array of life Key Terms sciences, along with physical geographers, geolo- Review Questions gists, and other environmental scientists. Questions for Thought The atmosphere is the component of the system © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCstudied by climatologists ©and Jones meteorologists. & Bartlett Ho- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONlistic interactions betweenNOT the FORatmosphere SALE and OR DISTRIBUTION Climatology may be described as the scientific each combination of the “spheres” are important study of the behavior of the atmosphere—the contributors to the climate (Table 1.1), at scales thin gaseous layer surrounding Earth’s surface— from local to planetary. Thus, climatologists must integrated over time. Although this definition is draw on knowledge generated in several natural © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC certainly acceptable, it fails to capture fully the and sometimes social scientific disciplines to un- NOTscope FOR of SALE climatology.
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Ocean Depth Affects Local Climate
Ocean Depth Affects Local Climate t is well known that topography of the land surface The bathymetric effect of the seas does not stop with affects weather and climate. For example, the Pacific causing variations in the sea surface temperature (SST). ICoast of South America is desert, while Amazonia on New measurements with the QuikSCAT and TRMM satel- the other side of the Andes is rich in rainfall and hosts lites reveal remarkable spatial co-variations in wind speed the largest rain forest of the world. On the global scale, and SST. High winds and increased cloudiness are found the Tibetan Plateau is a controlling element in Northern over the bathymetric-induced warm tongues. One such Hemisphere climate. Even the tall mountains of the tiny band of ocean-atmosphere co-variation meanders through Hawaiian Islands have been shown to exert far-reaching the Yellow Sea between China and Korea, following a deep effects on the Pacific Ocean and atmosphere. channel for 1000 km (Figure 3b). The mechanism for this The influence of the shape of the ocean bottom on ocean effect on the winds is thought to be the convectively climate, however, has been studied less widely. To many, it induced vertical mixing in the atmosphere over the warm may even sound absurd that submerged bottom topography tongue, similar to that over the Kuroshio (see p. 3). can change winds and clouds. A team of scientists at the The Kuroshio is steered northeastward along the IPRC (S.-P. Xie, J. Hafner, and H. Xu), the Jet Propulsion shelf break, where there is another bathymetric effect Laboratory (W.T.
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Teacher's Guide Grade 5: Weather and Climate
Teacher’s Guide Grade 5: Weather and Climate TEKS 5.8 Earth and Space: The student knows that there are recognizable patterns in the natural world and among the Sun, Earth, and Moon system. The student is expected to: A) differentiate between weather and climate. Background Information: This unit reinforces the idea of recognizable patterns in the natural world. Students learn the difference between weather and climate. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate reflects the average weather pattern of a particular place over a long period of time. They understand the factors such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure affect the climate and weather conditions. Prerequisite Knowledge: Prior to this year, students have learned that there are recognizable patterns in the natural world. Students know that the natural world includes the air around us and objects in the sky. They are able to describe weather changes and identify events that have repeating patterns including seasons and times of the day. Students are able to record, measure, and graph weather information including temperature, wind conditions, precipitation, and cloud coverage, using tools that include Celsius thermometers, rain gauges and wind vanes They can also compare day-to-day weather conditions in different locations. Students can descriptively illustrate that the Sun is a star that provides light and heat energy for the water cycle. They have also measured and recorded changes in the weather and can make predictions using weather maps, weather symbols, and a map key. Common Misconceptions: Students often believe the terms weather and climate are interchangeable.
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Humidity, Condensation, and Clouds-I
Humidity, Condensation, and Clouds-I GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology 1 Overview • Water Circulation in the Atmosphere • Properties of Water • Measures of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere (Vapor Pressure, Absolute Humidity, Specific Humidity, Mixing Ratio, Relative Humidity, Dew Point) 2 Where does the moisture in the atmosphere come from ? Major Source Major sink Evaporation from ocean Precipitation 3 Earth’s Water Distribution 4 Fresh vs. salt water • Most of the earth’s water is found in the oceans • Only 3% is fresh water and 3/4 of that is ice • The atmosphere contains only ~ 1 week supply of precipitation! 5 Properties of Water • Physical States only substance that are present naturally in three states • Density liquid : ~ 1.0 g / cm3 , solid: ~ 0.9 g / cm3 , vapor: ~10-5 g / cm3 6 Properties of Water (cont’) • Radiative Properties – transparent to visible wavelengths – virtually opaque to many infrared wavelengths – large range of albedo possible • water 10 % (daily average) • Ice 30 to 40% • Snow 20 to 95% • Cloud 30 to 90% 7 Three phases of water • Evaporation liquid to vapor • Condensation vapor to liquid • Sublimation solid to vapor • Deposition vapor to solid • Melting solid to liquid • Freezing liquid to solid 8 Heat exchange with environment during phase change As water moves toward vapor it absorbs latent heat to keep the molecules in rapid mo9ti on Energy associated with phase change Sublimation Deposition 10 Sublimation – evaporate ice directly to water vapor Take one gram of ice at zero degrees centigrade Energy required
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Weather and Climate: What's the Difference?
WEATHER AND CLIMATE: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? DESCRIPTION This lesson plan enables students to learn the differences between weather and climate. Students collect local weather data for a defined period of time, and then compare these data with longer- term climate data for their community. BACKGROUND Weather is a specific event or condition that happens over a period of hours or days. For example, a thunderstorm, a snowstorm, and today’s temperature all describe the weather. Weather is highly variable day to day, and from one year to the next. For example, TIME: Minneapolis might have a warm winter one year and a much colder Introduction: 30 minutes winter the next. This kind of change is normal. But when the Data collection: 10 minutes per day (for average pattern over many years changes, it could be a sign of one or more weeks) climate change. Part 1 graphing/analysis: 45 minutes Part 2 graphing/analysis: 45 minutes Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over Part 3 discussion: 15 minutes many years (usually at least 30 years, to account for the range of natural variations from one year to the next). For example, the LEARNING OBJECTIVES: climate in Minneapolis is cold and snowy in the winter, while Students will: Miami’s climate is hot and humid. Learn to collect and graph local weather data The climate in one area, like the Midwest or Hawaii, is called a regional climate. The average climate around the world is called Learn to access and understand longer- global climate. When scientists talk about global climate change, term local climate data they’re talking a pattern of changes happening around the world Understand the general distinctions over many years.
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Meteorology and Climatology
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PART 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe BasicsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CHAPTER© 1 Jones Introduction & Bartlett to Climatology Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT MeteorologyFOR SALE and Climatology OR DISTRIBUTION Scales in Climatology Subﬁelds of Climatology Climatic Records and Statistics Summary © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCKey Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONReview Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Questions for Thought CHAPTER 2 Atmospheric Structure and Composition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Origin of the Earth© Jonesand Atmosphere & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Atmospheric CompositionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Faint Young Sun Paradox Atmospheric Structure Summary Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Review Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT QuestionsFOR SALEfor Thought OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
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The Climate System: an Overview
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View Climate Change and Oceans
&/,0$7(&+$1*($1'2&($16 This paper is commissioned by the Consultative Group on Biological Diversity. The collaborating author on this paper is Mark Spalding with the Alaska Conservation Foundation and the Ocean Foundation. This is one in a three-part series of translation papers addressing climate change and its impacts on oceans, forests, and human and wildlife health. To be sustained by the sea, we must sustain the sea… ABSTRACT The oceans are in trouble. We have lost 90 percent of large fish, at least ten percent of the world's coral reefs have been degraded beyond recovery, and the oceans can no longer be considered an unlimited mixing zone for the dilution of pollution. Meanwhile less than one percent of the oceans are protected. To make matters worse, we now must recognize that there is an overarching layer of human-induced global climate change threats to coastal and marine ecosystems, which include sea-level rise, increased air and water temperatures, and changes in weather patterns. This paper reviews the relationship between the marine ecosystem and climate, and the very powerful transformations in their interactions as the result of climate changes. It then turns to some of the specific impacts of each on the other and the manner in which the traditional marine problems (over-fishing, habitat destruction, etc.) will be exacerbated. In the end, the need for an integrated set of strategies to both protect/enhance marine and address climate systems is described. This paper suggests that philanthropy support efforts that enhance the integration of climate in oceans conservation, so that the two realms are no longer considered separately.
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