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1.XML 1.1 XML Overview XML Stands for Extensible Markup Language

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1.XML 1.1 XML Overview XML Stands for Extensible Markup Language 1.XML 1.1 XML Overview XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is a text-based markup language derived from Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML tags identify the data and used to store and organize data, rather than specifying how to display it like HTML tags are used to display the data. XML is not going to replace HTML in the near but introduces new possibilities by adopting many successful features of HTML. There are three important characteristics of XML that make it useful in a variety of systems and solutions: XML is extensible : XML essentially allows you to create your own language, or tags, that suits your application. XML separates data from presentation : XML allows you to store content with regard to how it will be presented. XML is a public standard : XML was developed by an organization called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and available as an open standard. 1.1.1 XML Usage A short list of XML's usage says it all: XML can work behind the scene to simplify the creation of HTML documents for large web sites. XML can be used to exchange of information between organizations and systems. XML can be used for offloading and reloading of databases. XML can be used to store and arrange data in a way that is customizable for your needs. XML can easily be mixed with stylesheets to create almost any output desired. Virtually any type of data can be expressed as an XML document. 1.1.2 What is Markup? Markup is information added to a document that enhances its meaning in certain ways, in that it identifies the parts and how they relate to each other. Following is an example of how XML markup looks when embedded in a piece of text: <message> <text>Hello Word!</text> </message> This snippet includes the markup symbols , or you can call them tags and they are <message>...</message> and <text>... </text>. The tags <message> and </message> mark the start and end points of the whole XML fragment. The tags <text> and </text> surround the text Hello, world!. 1.1.3 Is XML a Programming Language? A programming language is a vocabulary and syntax for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. XML doesn't qualify as a programming language because it doesn't instruct a computer to do anything, as such. It's usually stored in a simple text file and is processed by special software that's capable of interpreting XML. Following is the simple syntax rules to be followed to write a XML document. <?xml version="1.0"?> <contact-info> <name>Akilesh Prathick</name> <company>SNS Industries</company> <phone>0422-2666646</phone> </contact-info> You can notice there are two kinds of information in the above example: markup, like <contact-info> and text (also known as character data), like SNS Industries and 0422-2666646. 1.2 Tags and Elements A xml file is structured by several xml-elements, also called xml-nodes or xml-tags. The xml- element name is enclosed by < > brackets as shown below: <element> 1.2.1 Syntax Rules for Tags and Elements (1) Element Syntax : Each xml-element needs to closed as shown below. Either with start and end elements: <element>....</element> (2) Nesting of elements : A xml-element can contain additional children xml-elements inside it. But the elements may not overlap i.e an end tag must always have the same name as the most recent unmatched start tag. Wrong nested tags Correct nested tags <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xml version="1.0"?> <contact-info> <contact-info> <company>SNS Industries <company>SNS Industries <contact-info> </company> </company> <contact-info> (3) Root element : A XML document can have only one root element. For example following is not a well-formed XML document, because both the x and y elements occur at the top level: <x>...</x> <y>...</y> The following example show a well formed XML document: <root> <x>...</x> <y>...</y> </root> (4) Case sensitivity : The names of xml-elements are case-sensitive. That means the name of start and end elements need to be written in the same case. For example <contact-info> is different from <Contact-Info>. 1.3 Attributes A xml-element can have one or more attributes. An attribute specifies a single property for the element, using a name/value pair. For example: <a href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a> Here href is the attribute name and http://www.google.com/ is attribute value. 1.3.1 Syntax Rules for XML Attributes (1) - Attribute names in XML (unlike HTML) are case sensitive i.e HREF and href refer to two different XML attributes. (2) - Same attribute cannot have two values. The following example is not well-formed because the b attribute is specified twice: <a b="x" c="y" b="z">....</a> (3) - An attribute name should not be defined in quotation marks, whereas attribute values must always appear in quotation marks. Following example demonstrates WRONG xml format: <a b=x>....</a> 1.4 XML References References usually allow you to add or include additional text or markup in an XML document. References always begin with the character "&" (which is specially reserved) and end with the character ";". XML has two types of references: (1) Entity References : An entity reference contains a name between the start and end delimiters. For example & where amp is name. The name refers to a predefined string of text and/or markup. (2) Character References : These contain references, like &#65;, contains a hash mark (“#”) followed by a number. The number always refers to the Unicode code for a single character. In this case 65 refers to letter "A". 1.5 Documents An XML document is a basic unit of XML information, composed of elements and other markup in an orderly package. An XML document can contain any data, say for example, database of numbers, or some abstract structure representing a molecule or equation. Example: A simple document would look like as in the following example: <?xml version="1.0"?> document prolog <contact-info> <name>Akilesh Prathick</name> <company>SNS</company> document elements <phone>0422-2666646</phone> </contact-info> The document prolog comes at the top of the document, before the root element. This section can further be divided into: XML declaration Document type declaration The document elements are the building blocks of XML. These divide the document into a hierarchy of regions, each serving a specific purpose. You can separate a document into parts so they can be rendered differently, or used by a search engine. 1.6 Comments XML comments are similar to HTML comments. Comments are added as notes or lines for understanding purpose of a XML code.Comments can be used to include related links, information and terms. Comments can be viewed only in the source code not in the XML code. Comments may appear anywhere in the XML code. Syntax: <!-------Your comment-----> Comments starts with <!---and ends with--->. You can add textual notes as a comment between the characters. Never nest one comment with other comment. Example: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!---Students grades are uploaded by months----> <class_list> <student> <name>AkileshPrathick</name> <grade>A</grade> </student> </class_list> 1.7 Character Entities Character Entities are used to name some of the entities which are symbolic representation of information i.e characters that are difficult or impossible to type can be substituted by Character Entities.There are three types of character entities: Predefined Character Entities Numbered Character Entities Named Character Entities 1.7.1 Predefined Character Entity These are introduced to avoid the ambiguity while using some of symbols. For example ambiguity observed when less than ( < ) or greater than ( > ) symbol is used with the angle tag(<>). These are basically used to delimit tags in XML. Following is a list of pre-defined character entities from XML specification. These can be used to express characters safely. ampersand: &amp; Single quote: &apos; Greater than: &gt; Less than: &lt; Double quote: &quot; 1.7.2 Numbered Character Reference Numeric reference can either be in decimal or hexadecimal numbers. Numeric reference refers to the character by its number in the Unicode character set. General syntax for decimal numeric reference is: &# decimal number ; General syntax for hexadecimal numeric reference is: &#x Hexadecimal number ; Character Entities with their Numeric values Entity Decimal Hexadecimal Character name reference reference Quot " &#34; &#x22; Amp & &#38; &#x26; Apos ' &#39; &#x27; Lt < &#60; &#x3C; Gt > &#62; &#x3E; 1.7.3 Named Character Entity As its hard to remember the numeric characters, the most preferred type of character entity is the named character entity. Here each entity is been identified with a name. Example: 'Aacute' represents capital character with acute accent. 'ugrave' represents the small with grave accent. 1.8 CDATA Sections CDATA ( Character Data) are used to escape block of text that does not parsed by the parser and are otherwise recognized as markup. The predefined entities such as &lt;, &gt;, and &amp; require typing and are generally hard to read in the markup. For such cases CDATA section can be used. Syntax: <![CDATA[ characters with markup ]]> Details of the above syntax: CDATA Start section - CDATA begins with the nine-character delimiter <![CDATA[ CDATA End section - CDATA section ends with ]]> delimiter. CData section - Characters between these two enclosures are interpreted as characters, and not as markup. This section may contain markup characters (<, >, and &), but they are ignored by the XML processor. CDATA cannot contain the string "]]>" anywhere in the XML document.Nesting is not allowed in CDATA section. Example: Here is the example of CDATA.
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