The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies the Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation Case Studies
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation Case Studies David Farrier and Melissa Harvey, Solange Teles da Silva and Project Director: Françoise Burhenne Márcia Diegues Leuzinger, Jonathan Verschuuren and Mariya Gromilova, Arie Trouwborst, Alexander Ross Paterson IUCN Environmental Law Programme Environmental Law Centre Godesberger Allee 108-112 53175 Bonn, Germany Phone: ++ 49 228 / 2692 231 Fax: ++ 49 228 / 2692 250 IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 85 – Volume 2 [email protected] www.iucn.org/law With the financial support of World Commission on Environmental Law The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation Case Studies The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation Case Studies David Farrier and Melissa Harvey, Solange Teles da Silva and Márcia Diegues Leuzinger, Jonathan Verschuuren and Mariya Gromilova, Arie Trouwborst, Alexander Ross Paterson Project Director: Françoise Burhenne IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers No. 85 Volume 2 The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland in collaboration with the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, Germany Copyright: © 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: David Farrier and Melissa Harvey, Solange Teles da Silva and Márcia Diegues Leuzinger, Jonathan Verschuuren and Mariya Gromilova, Arie Trouwborst, Alexander Ross Paterson (2013). The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation -- Case Studies, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 78 pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1601-5 Cover design by: IUCN Environmental Law Centre Cover photos: IUCN Photo Library © Cynthia Craker, IUCN Photo Library © Julián Orozco Badilla; IUCN Photo Library © Geoffroy Mauvais Layout by: Anni Lukács, IUCN Environmental Law Centre Available from: IUCN Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0010 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications iv The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies CONTENTS THE GREAT EASTERN RANGES INITIATIVE, AUSTRALIA - 1 - 1 Introduction - 1 - 2 International and National Legal Context - 3 - 2.1 Division of federal and state legislative powers - 3 - 2.2 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 - 3 - 2.3 Federal policies relevant to connectivity conservation - 4 - 2.4 Institutions relevant to connectivity conservation - 4 - 2.5 Funding - 5 - 3 Governance of the GER Initiative - 5 - 4 Legal Mechanisms - 9 - 4.1 Border Ranges Alliance - 9 - 4.1.1 Strategic planning - 9 - 4.1.2 Private land management - 10 - 4.1.3 Regulation - 12 - 4.2 Hunter Valley Regional Partnership - 12 - 4.2.1 Strategic planning - 13 - 4.2.2 Regulation - 13 - 4.2.3 Funding - 14 - 4.3 Jaliigirr Biodiversity Alliance - 14 - 5 A Critical Reflection - 15 - 6 References - 18 - 6.1 Articles/books/reports - 18 - 6.2 Legal instruments - 20 - 6.3 Websites - 21 - BIODIVERSITY AND CONNECTIVITY CONSERVATION IN BRAZILIAN LAW - 23 - 1 Introduction - 23 - 2 International and Regional Context - 25 - 3 Domestic Context - 26 - 3.1 Conservation legislation - 26 - 3.1.1 Constitutional Basis - 27 - 3.1.2 Specially protected territorial spaces - 28 - 3.1.3 Biodiversity - 35 - 3.2 Sustainable Use Legislation - 36 - 3.3 Land Use/Spatial Planning Legislation - 36 - 3.3.1. Master plans, urban areas and rural areas - 37 - v The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies 3.3.2. Ecological-Economic Zoning - 37 - 3.3.3. Private property and the concept of the socio-environmental function of property - 38 - 3.4 Development Control Legislation - 39 - 3.5 Voluntary Contractual Arrangements - 40 - 3.6 Incentive-based Mechanisms - 42 - 4 A Critical Reflection - 42 - 5 Acronyms and Abbreviations - 44 - 6 References - 45 - CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE E DA CONECTIVIDADE NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO - 47 - 1 Introdução - 47 - 2 Contexto Internacional e Regional - 49 - 3 Direito Brasileiro - 50 - 3.1 Legislação de proteção da natureza - 51 - 3.1.1 Fundamentos constitucionais - 51 - 3.1.2 Espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos - 52 - 3.1.3 Biodiversidade - 60 - 3.2 Legislação sobre uso sustentável dos recursos naturais - 61 - 3.3 Legislação de Uso do Solo e Ordenamento Territorial - 62 - 3.3.1. Plano diretor, áreas urbanas e áreas rurais - 62 - 3.3.2. Zoneamento ecológico-econômico - 63 - 3.3.3. Propriedade privada e o conceito de função socioambiental da propriedade - 64 - 3.4 Legislação de Controle do Desenvolvimento - 65 - 3.5 Modalidades contratuais voluntárias - 66 - 3.6 Mecanismos de incentivo - 67 - 4 Uma Análise Crítica - 68 - 5 Siglas e Abreviaturas - 70 - 6 Referências - 71 - CONNECTIVITY CONSERVATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - 73 - 1 Introduction - 73 - 2 International and Regional Context - 73 - 3 EU Connectivity Law - 74 - 3.1 Conservation Legislation - 74 - 3.2 Sustainable Use Legislation - 77 - 3.2.1 EU Water Framework Directive - 77 - 3.2.2 EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive - 78 - 3.3 Land Use/Spatial Planning Legislation - 79 - 3.4 Development Control Legislation - 79 - 3.4.1 Pollution control legislation - 79 - 3.4.2 Environmental impact assessment legislation - 79 - vi The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies 3.5 Voluntary Contractual Arrangements - 80 - 3.6 Incentive-based Mechanisms - 81 - 4. A Critical Reflection - 83 - 5 National examples of connectivity instruments in European countries - 84 - 5.1 France - 84 - 5.1.1 The development of national land use planning law - 84 - 5.1.2 Green Infrastructure in France - 85 - 5.1.3 Latest legislation on connectivity - 85 - 5.1.4 National Biodiversity Strategy - 86 - 5.1.5 Example I: the municipality of Saint-Martin d’Uriage - 86 - 5.1.6 Example II: Parc du Chemin de l'Ile - 86 - 5.2 Germany - 87 - 5.2.1 Example I: Habitat Fallow Land (Lebensraum Brache) Project - 87 - 5.2.2 Example II: German Green Belt (Grünes Band Deutschland) - 88 - 5.3 Spain - 88 - 5.3.1 Cataluña region - 88 - 5.3.2 Madrid region - 89 - 5.3.3 Basque country - 90 - 5.4 United Kingdom - 90 - 5.4.1 England - 91 - 5.4.2 Example I (England): the West Cambridgeshire Hundreds Project - 91 - 5.4.3 Example II (England): Agri-environment schemes to protect biodiversity - 91 - 5.4.4 Wales - 92 - 5.4.5 Example: Framework for the South East Wales Networked Environmental Region - 93 - 5.5 Finland - 93 - 5.5.1 Example: Ruuhka-Suomi project - 93 - 5.6 Slovakia - 94 - THE NETHERLANDS ECOLOGICAL NETWORK - 95 - 1 Introduction - 95 - 2 International and Regional Context - 95 - 3 Domestic Context - 95 - 3.1. The Netherlands Ecological Network - 95 - 3.2. Conservation Legislation - 102 - 3.3. Spatial Planning Legislation - 102 - 3.4. Voluntary and Incentive-based Mechanisms - 103 - 4 A Critical Reflection - 103 - 5 References - 106 - CONNECTIVITY CONSERVATION LAW THROUGH THE EYES OF THE GREATER CEDARBERG BIODIVERSITY CORRIDOR - 109 - vii The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies 1 Introduction - 109 - 2 Overview of the Greater Cedarberg Biodiversity Corridor - 109 - 2.1 Origins and Setting - 109 - 2.2 Institutional Arrangements Underpinning the Corridor - 111 - 2.3 Objectives and Strategy of the Corridor - 111 - 3 Domestic Laws Facilitating Connectivity Conservation - 112 - 3.1 Conservation Legislation - 113 - 3.1.1 Establishing Protected Areas - 113 - 3.1.2 Biodiversity Planning - 114 - 3.1.3 Listed Ecosystems and Species - 117 - 3.2 Sustainable Use Legislation - 118 - 3.3 Land-Use Planning Legislation - 119 - 3.3.1 Future Spatial Planning - 119 - 3.3.2 Zoning, Environmental Overlays and Subdivision - 120 - 3.4 Development Control Legislation - 120 - 3.4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment - 121 - 3.4.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment - 121 - 3.4.3 Environmental Management Frameworks - 121 - 3.4.4 Critical Biodiversity Areas - 122 - 3.5 Integrated Coastal Management Legislation - 122 - 3.5.1 Coastal Management Planning - 123 - 3.5.2 Coastal Management Committees - 123 - 3.5.3 Estuarine Management - 123 - 3.5.4 Regulatory and Enforcement Mechanisms - 124 - 3.6 Voluntary Contractual Arrangements - 125 - 3.7 Incentive-based Mechanisms - 125 - 3.7.1 Property Rates Incentives - 125 - 3.7.2 Income Tax Incentives - 126 - 4 A Critical Reflection - 126 - 4.1 Planning Imperatives - 127 - 4.2 Drawing from a Diversity of Legal Tools - 127 - 4.3 Facilitating Cooperative Governance - 127 - 4.4 Providing Resources, Capacity & Support - 128 - viii The Legal Aspects of Connectivity Conservation – Case Studies The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative, Australia David Farrier and Melissa Harvey 1 Introduction 1 The Great Eastern Ranges