DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: from Anatomical Description to Surgical Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: from Anatomical Description to Surgical Management Neurochirurgie 65 (2019) 75–82 Disponible en ligne sur ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com Original article History of degenerative spondylolisthesis: From anatomical description to surgical management F. Bernard a,b,∗, E. Mazerand a, C. Gallet a, L. Troude c, S. Fuentes d a Department of neurosurgery, teaching hospital, 4, rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France b Laboratory of anatomy, medical faculty, 28, rue Roger-Amsler, 49100 Angers, France c Department of neurosurgery, North university hospital, Aix-Marseille university, AP–HM, 13015 Marseille, France d Department of neurosurgery, La Timone university hospital, Aix-Marseille university, AP–HM, 13015 Marseille, France article info abstract Article history: This review of the historical medical literature aimed at understanding the evolution of surgical manage- Received 26 December 2018 ment of degenerative spondylolisthesis over time. The Medic@, IndexCat and Gallica historical databases Received in revised form 26 January 2019 and PubMed and Embase medical databases were used, with several search-terms, exploring the years Accepted 20 March 2019 1700–2018. Data from anatomical, biomechanical, pathophysiological and surgical studies were com- Available online 2 April 2019 piled. In total, 150 documents were obtained, dating from 1782 to 2018: 139 from PubMed, 1 from Medic@, 7 from IndexCat, and 3 from Gallica. The review thus ranges in time from (1) description of the Keywords: first clinical cases by several authors in Europe (1782), (2) the identification of a distinct entity by MacNab History (1963), and (3) surgical management by the emerging discipline of minimally invasive spine surgery, to its Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Spine subsequent evolution up to the present day. Spondylolisthesis is a frequent condition potentially respon- Surgery sible for a variety of functional impairments. Understanding and surgical management have progressed Anatomy since the 20th century. Historically, the first descriptions of treatments concerned only spondylolisthe- Review sis associated with spondylolysis, especially in young adults. More recently, there has been progress in the understanding of the disease in elderly people, with the recognition of degenerative spondylolisthe- sis. New technologies and surgical techniques, aided by advances in supportive care, now provide spine surgeons with powerful treatment tools. Better knowledge of the evolution of surgery throughout his- tory should enable better understanding of current approaches and concepts for treating degenerative spondylolisthesis. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 1. Abbreviations 2. Introduction Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) is one of the most com- monly encountered spine conditions. It was the object of increased research interest during the 20th century (Fig. 1). DS appeared in ALIF anterior lumbar interbody fusion the literature decades earlier under a different name, but the term CT computed tomography was first used in the 1960s by Newman and Stone [1]. Spondy- DS degenerative spondylolisthesis lolisthesis is derived from the Greek terms “spondylos” meaning MIS minimally invasive surgery vertebra and “olisthesis” meaning to slip forward. PLIF posterior lumbar interbody fusion This condition probably includes different pathophysiological PRISMA preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and entities [2–6]. DS, also known as arthritis spondylolisthesis, is dif- meta-analyses ferentiated from isthmic spondylolisthesis by pars interarticularis TLIF transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion disruption [7]. Despite its frequent occurrence, the pathophysiol- ogy of the vertebral slippage remains controversial, and numerous treatment options are available. Symptomatic DS can be due to either spinal stenosis, typically causing lower-limb symptoms, or ∗ Corresponding author. Department of neurosurgery, teaching hospital, 4, rue mechanical low-back pain, impairing quality of life [7]. This pattern Larrey, 49100 Angers, France. typically associates lower limb pain, paresthesia, and a sensation of E-mail address: bernardfl[email protected] (F. Bernard). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2019.03.006 0028-3770/© 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 76 F. Bernard et al. / Neurochirurgie 65 (2019) 75–82 Fig. 1. Chart of PubMed publications on “degenerative spondylolisthesis” over time from 1957 to 2018. heaviness or weakness walking or standing. These aspects are well in 1963; other search-terms were also used: “pseudospondylolis- documented and have previously been reviewed (see, for example thesis” and “listhesis”. [8–10]). However, historical references are scarce in the literature and 3.3. Exclusion criteria generally limited to a few lines in review articles, usually recent and including only English-language sources. Thanks to the new online The search tools provided a first set of sources that were more availability of previously unpublished source articles, we know that or less relevant and therefore required additional sorting. Exclusion this condition was previously described in the French and German criteria were as follows: literature. These historical data can improve understanding of the historical construction of the concept of DS and provide insight into • study not focusing on degenerative spondylolisthesis (spondy- clinical and therapeutic practices currently proposed in different lolisthesis with spondylolysis, lumbar spinal stenosis, infectious medical specialties and countries. spinal disease, etc.; The aim of this paper was to carry out a systematic review of the • off topic: indexing error or aberrant result (non-spinal cases, such medical literature. We focused on the presence of the condition in as obstetric); the literature and on means of surgical management, seeking to • duplicate; understand the mechanisms that governed their evolution. • review article. 3. Methods 3.4. Final sample PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and After examination of Abstracts based on the inclusion and exclu- Meta-Analyses) consists in a minimum set of items for reporting in sion criteria, 150 articles were chosen for full-text examination, 49 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It focuses on the reporting of which finally fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Fig. 2 is a PRISMA of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a flow diagram, which illustrates the number of articles at each data basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research acquisition level, the number of excluded articles, and the reasons [11]. for exclusion. 4. Anatomy of degenerative spondylolisthesis 3.1. Bibliographic databases 4.1. First anatomical descriptions The following databases were examined: Spondylolisthesis was first described in 1782 by Herbiniaux, • literature before 1946: Medic@ Library (BIU Santé Paris, 2017); a Belgian obstetrician. In his Traité pour divers accouchements IndexCat (Index-Catalog of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s laborieux [12], he describes a case of “spondyloptosis” (corre- Office, US National Library of Medicine, 2017); and Gallica (Bib- sponding to Meyerding grade IV spondylolisthesis [13])asa liothèque Nationale Franc¸ aise, 2017); factor of mechanical obstruction to delivery. In Herbiniaux’s case • literature published since 1946 was accessed via Internet report, the affected vertebral body decreased the diameter of and database searches of both public and academic literature the pelvic inlet (Fig. 3). Secondly, in an anatomical work, Robert (PubMed, PubMed Central, and MEDLINE). de Koblenz, professor of medicine at the University of Mar- burg, described the notion of posterior vertebral instability and 3.2. Keywords underlined the involvement of posterior arch instability in the genesis of L5-S1 spondylolisthesis [14]. After successively sec- The search-term used for all databases was “degenerative tioning posterior arches, discs and intervertebral ligaments, he spondylolisthesis”. As this term was introduced by Newman only emphasized the importance of posterior arch integrity in the F. Bernard et al. / Neurochirurgie 65 (2019) 75–82 77 Fig. 2. PRISMA flowchart showing the flow of information through the different phases of the systematic review. prevention of spondylolisthesis. In 1865, he performed osteoliga- an acquired pathology resulting from spondylolysis, concerning mentous resections of the lumbar spine, and for the first time mostly the pediatric population or young adults. In 1930, Junghanns described acquired iatrogenic instability by posterior destabiliza- and Schmorl introduced the term “pseudospondylolisthesis”, cor- tion [15]. responding to spondylolisthesis without isthmic lysis [8,16,17]. In 1950, MacNab (Fig. 4F) referred to this as intact neural arc 4.2. Toward a new entity spondylolisthesis [18]. Finally, in 1963, Newmann first used the term “degenerative spondylolisthesis”, concerning an elderly The terms spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis were con- female population [1]. Thus, the understanding of DS as a separate fused until 1930 [15]. Spondylolisthesis was first understood as pathophysiological entity has evolved. 78 F. Bernard et al. / Neurochirurgie 65 (2019) 75–82 Fig. 3. Drawings of first description of spondylolisthesis by Herbiniaux in Traité pour divers accouchements laborieux, 1782. Source gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Fig. 4. Emblematic figures the degenerative spondylolisthesis in chronological order. A. Fred H. Albee (1876–1945). B. Russell A. Hibbs (1869–1932). C. Willis C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Report Spinal Gout with Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: Case Report and Review of the Literature
    Int J Clin Exp Med 2017;10(3):5493-5496 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0043949 Case Report Spinal gout with lumbar spondylolisthesis: case report and review of the literature Hui Zhang, Wenhao Zheng, Naifeng Tian, Xiangyang Wang, Yan Lin, Yaosen Wu Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China Received November 9, 2016; Accepted December 30, 2016; Epub March 15, 2017; Published March 30, 2017 Abstract: Gout, a metabolic disorder, is commonly accepted as a peripheral joint disease of the appendicular skel- eton by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Gouty involvement of the spinal column is rare. In this paper, we report a case of spinal gout with spondylolisthesis, meanwhile, we review the clinical, radiological features, diagnosis and treatment of spinal gout in literature. The patient was 60-year-old with low back pain. Radiological examinations of the lumbar spine showed L4 spondylolisthesis with bone erosion in facet joints and lamina. The patient was treated by L4/5 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. The postoperative histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of spinal gout. Spinal gout is rare and can easily be underestimated. Clinician should keep in mind spinal gout as a differential diagnosis especially in patients with long history of gout and axial symptoms. Keywords: Spine, gout, low back pain, spondylolisthesis, cord compression, computed tomography Introduction treatment with enalapril and indapamide are used to control hypertension. However, there is Gout is a common metabolic disorder which is no effective treatment of gout. characterized by precipitation of urate crystals in joints and soft tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Surgical Complications in the Treatment of Scoliotic Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: a Literature Review
    Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.32.005202 Efficacy and Surgical Complications in the Treatment of Scoliotic Patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A Literature Review Thibault Cloché1, Stéphane Bourret*1, Cédric Maillot2, Wendy Thompson M1, Agostino Cirullo1, Jean Charles Le Huec1 1Institut Vertebra, Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, France 2Département de Chirurgie et de Traumatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, France *Corresponding author: Stéphane Bourret, Recherche Clinique, Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT November 12, 2020 Received: Objective: To compile the current knowledge of the surgical approach performed in Published: November 24, 2020 the treatment of scoliosis in Ehlers-Danlos patients. Summary of Background Data: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) has a low incidence Citation: Thibault Cloché, Stéphane in the population and is often associated with the development of scoliosis during the Bourret, Cédric Maillot, Wendy Thompson growth. Few articles are reported in the literature describing the effectiveness and the M, Agostino Cirullo, Jean Charles Le Huec. risks associated with the surgical treatment of scoliosis in EDS patients. Such approach has been shown to increase life expectancy but is largely controversial because of the the Treatment of Scoliotic Patients with high rate of complications and morbidity. Due to the lack of knowledge about this disease, Ehlers-DanlosEfficacy and SurgicalSyndrome: Complications A Literature in Review. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 32(1)- of surgery. 2020. BJSTR. MS.ID.005202. appropriate recommendations are needed to propose an efficient approach for this kind Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed (MEDLINE) database. The Medical Subject Headings keywords used in this research were “Ehlers-Danlos Keywords: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Sco- syndrome” associated with a combination of the following terms “spine”, “scoliosis” or liosis; Surgical Procedure; Spine “ktphoscoliosis”, “spinal fusion”, ‘spinal surgery”, “surgery”.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Outcome After Monosegmental L4/5 Stabilization
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS) PRIMARY RESEARCH Long-term Outcome After Monosegmental L4/5 Stabilization for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis With the Dynesys Device Sven Hoppe, MD,*w Othmar Schwarzenbach, MD,* Emin Aghayev, MD,z Harald Bonel, MD,y and Ulrich Berlemann, MD* results. The rate of secondary surgeries is comparable to other Study Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected dorsal instrumentation devices. Residual range of motion in the clinical data. stabilized segment is reduced, and the rate of radiologic and Objective: To assess the long-term outcome of patients with symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration is low. Patient monosegmental L4/5 degenerative spondylolisthesis treated with satisfaction is high. Dynesys stabilization of symptomatic L4/5 the dynamic Dynesys device. degenerative spondylolisthesis is a possible alternative to other stabilization devices. Summary of Background Data: The Dynesys system has been used as a semirigid, lumbar dorsal pedicular stabilization device Key Words: monosegmental degenerative spondylolisthesis, since 1994. Good short-term results have been reported, but dynamic stabilization, long-term follow-up, Dynesys little is known about the long-term outcome after treatment for (Clin Spine Surg 2016;29:72–77) degenerative spondylolisthesis at the L4/5 level. Methods: A total of 39 consecutive patients with symptomatic degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis at the L4/5 level were egenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) is a treated with bilateral decompression and Dynesys in- Dcommon condition in elderly patients and a frequent strumentation. At a mean follow-up of 7.2 years (range, cause of spinal stenosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy
    Y Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy | NASS Clinical Guidelines 1 G Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines for Multidisciplinary ETHODOLO Spine Care M NE I DEL I U /G ON Diagnosis and Treatment of I NTRODUCT Lumbar Disc I Herniation with Radiculopathy NASS Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines Committee D. Scott Kreiner, MD Paul Dougherty, II, DC Committee Chair, Natural History Chair Robert Fernand, MD Gary Ghiselli, MD Steven Hwang, MD Amgad S. Hanna, MD Diagnosis/Imaging Chair Tim Lamer, MD Anthony J. Lisi, DC John Easa, MD Daniel J. Mazanec, MD Medical/Interventional Treatment Chair Richard J. Meagher, MD Robert C. Nucci, MD Daniel K .Resnick, MD Rakesh D. Patel, MD Surgical Treatment Chair Jonathan N. Sembrano, MD Anil K. Sharma, MD Jamie Baisden, MD Jeffrey T. Summers, MD Shay Bess, MD Christopher K. Taleghani, MD Charles H. Cho, MD, MBA William L. Tontz, Jr., MD Michael J. DePalma, MD John F. Toton, MD This clinical guideline should not be construed as including all proper methods of care or excluding or other acceptable methods of care reason- ably directed to obtaining the same results. The ultimate judgment regarding any specific procedure or treatment is to be made by the physi- cian and patient in light of all circumstances presented by the patient and the needs and resources particular to the locality or institution. I NTRODUCT 2 Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy | NASS Clinical Guidelines I ON Financial Statement This clinical guideline was developed and funded in its entirety by the North American Spine Society (NASS). All participating /G authors have disclosed potential conflicts of interest consistent with NASS’ disclosure policy.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW ARTICLE Korean J Spine 8(1):1-8, 2011
    REVIEW ARTICLE Korean J Spine 8(1):1-8, 2011 History of Spinal Deformity Surgery Part I: The Pre-modern Era Samuel K. Cho1, Yongjung J. Kim2 1Spine Service, Leni and Peter May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 2Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY Spinal deformity is one of the oldest known diseases that date back thousands of years in human history. It appears in fairy tales and mythologies in association with evil as its dramatic appearance in patients suffering from the disease easily lent itself to be thought of as a form of divine retribution. The history of spinal deformity dates back to prehistoric times. The early attempts to treat patients suffering from this disease started from Hippocrates age. Side traction or axial traction and cast immobilization were the only possible option prior to the discovery of anesthesia. The first surgical attempts to correct scoliosis occurred in the mid 19th century with percutaneous myotomies of the vertebral musculature followed by postoperative bracing, which outcomes were very quite horrifying. Hibbs’ fusion operation had become a realistic treatment option to halt the progression of deformity in the early 20th century. Harrington’s introduction of the internal fixation device to treat paralytic scoliosis in 1960’s started revolution on deformity correction surgery. Luque developed a segmental spinal using sublaminar wiring technique in 1976 and Cotrel developed Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) instrumentation, which was a posterior segmental instrumentation system that used pedicle and laminar hooks on either thoracic or lumbar spine and pedicle screws on the lumbar spine.
    [Show full text]
  • Disorders of the Thoracic Spine: Pathology and Treatment
    Disorders of the thoracic spine: pathology and treatment CHAPTER CONTENTS • Extraspinal tumours involve the bony parts of the Disorders and their treatment e169 vertebrae. Benign tumours are usually located in the posterior parts (spinous and transverse processes), Tumours of the thoracic spine . e169 malignant tumours in the vertebral body. Extradural haematoma . e171 Spinal cord herniation . e173 Thoracic spinal canal stenosis . e173 Chest deformities . e173 Intraspinal tumours Fracture of a transverse process . e179 Spinal infections . e179 Thoracic neurofibroma Lateral recess stenosis . e180 Pathology Arthritis of the costovertebral and This benign tumour usually originates from the dorsal root and costotransverse joints . e180 arises from proliferating nerve fibres, fibroblasts and Schwann Arthritis of the thoracic facet joints . e181 cells. Sensory or motor fibres may be involved.1 Some confu- Paget’s disease . e181 sion exists about the terminology: various names, such as neu- rofibroma, neurinoma, neurilemmoma or schwannoma have been used. Some believe that all these terms cover the same type of tumour; others distinguish some slight histological dif- Disorders and their treatment ferences between them. Multiple tumours in nerve fibres and the subcutaneous tissues, often accompanied by patchy café Tumours of the thoracic spine au lait pigmentation, constitute the syndrome known as von Recklinghausen’s disease. Neuromas are the most common primary tumours of the Spinal neoplasms, both primary and secondary, are unusual spine accounting for approximately one-third of the cases. causes of thoracolumbar pain. However, because these lesions They are most often seen at the lower thoracic region and the are associated with high mortality, examiners must always be thoracolumbar junction.2 More than half of all these lesions are aware of the possibility of neoplastic diseases and must include intradural extramedullary (Fig 1), 25% are purely extradural, them in their differential diagnosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ankylosing Spondylitis New Insights Into an Old Disease
    PEER REVIEWED FEATURE 2 CPD POINTS Ankylosing spondylitis New insights into an old disease LAURA J. ROSS MB BS RUSSELL R.C. BUCHANAN MB BS(Hons), MD, FRACP Early recognition and treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) improves prognosis but is challenging. Suggestive symptoms include chronic back pain that worsens with rest and early morning axial pain and stiffness. NSAIDs and stretching exercises remain the mainstays of treatment. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors improve quality of life for patients with refractory AS. nkylosing spondylitis (AS) is the positivity and familial aggregation.2 prototypic form of spondylo­ In the past decade, major progress has arthritis (SpA). Historically, the been made in the understanding, recog­ term SpA has referred to a group nition and treatment of SpA. As a result, Aof chronic systemic, inflammatory diseases the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis Inter­ that include AS, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis national Society (ASAS) has developed related to inflammatory bowel disease, new classification criteria for SpA.3 The reactive arthritis, undifferentiated SpA and ASAS system characterises SpA as either a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.1 axial (affecting the spine and sacroiliac These diseases share overlapping features, joints) or peripheral (affecting mainly such as sacroiliitis, extra­articular mani­ peripheral joints), according to the pre­ festations (e.g. acute anterior uveitis, dominant articular features at presenta­ psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), tion, although these groups overlap and includes AS and n onradiographic axial human leucocyte antigen (HLA)­B27 one may progress to the other. Axial SpA SpA (Box 1).4 A characteristic feature of SpA is enthesitis, defined as inflammation at the site of attachment of tendons, ligaments, 2 MedicineToday 2016; 17(1-2): 16-24 joint capsule or fascia to bone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literature Synthesis
    CHIROPRACTIC MAAGEMET OF THORACIC SPIE CODITIOS A Literature Synthesis FIAL SECTIO EDIT v 1.2 Team Lead Jeffrey R. Cates, DC, MS Team Members Daniel S. Bowerman, DC orman W. Kettner, DC Harry J. Morgan, DC Brian D. Justice, DC John J. Triano, DC, PhD David . Young, PhD, DC Stakeholder review draft. ot for distribution otherwise or for attribution . A Literature Synthesis by the Research Commission of the Council on Chiropractic Guidelines and Practice Parameters “A wise man . proportions his belief to the evidence.” - David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section X, Part I. Stakeholder review draft. ot for distribution otherwise or for attribution . 2 Table of Contents Pg o. QUICK REFERECE SOURCE 4 SUMMARY OF BEST PRACTICES OPTIOS 5 PROCESS DESCRIPTIO 28 THORACIC DISORDERS I GEERAL 43 ACUTE THORACIC SPIE PAI 55 CHROIC THORACIC SPIE PAI 61 SCOLIOSIS/KYPHOSIS 64 THORACIC OUTLET SYDROME 100 DISC/ERVE ROOT LESIOS 104 REFERRED PAI AD SPECIAL CODITIOS 107 Musculoskeletal Referred Pain 107 General Costovertebral Syndrome 110 T4 Syndrome 112 Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome 114 Organic Referred Pain 116 General Chest/Cardiac 116 Miscellaneous Conditions Shoulder Pain 122 Flat-back syndrome 124 Spinal Stenosis 123 Ankylosing spondylitis 125 EVIDECE TABLES 128 REFERECES 133 APPEDIX 143 Stakeholder review draft. ot for distribution otherwise or for attribution . 3 QUICK REFERECE SOURCE Process and Procedures A schematic of the best practice development process followed by the CCGPP teams is given in Figure 1. Process development was guided by experience of Commission members with the RAND consensus process, Cochrane collaboration, AHCPR, SIGN, and published recommendations modified to the needs of the Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Influence of Kyphosis and Scoliosis on Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in French Bulldogs Maria Claudia C
    Inglez de Souza et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2018) 14:5 DOI 10.1186/s12917-017-1316-9 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs Maria Claudia C. M. Inglez de Souza1,2, Richard Ryan2, Gert ter Haar2, Rowena M. A. Packer2, Holger A. Volk2 and Steven De Decker2* Abstract Background: Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. Results: French bulldogs that underwent computed tomography for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (n =101),and French bulldogs with thoracolumbar (n = 47) or cervical intervertebral disc extrusion (n = 30) that underwent magnetic resonance imaging were included. There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. Dogs with kyphosis were at nearly a two times increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion than those without kyphosis [(OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.04–3.78)]. There was also an association between the presence of scoliosis and the anatomical distribution of intervertebral disc extrusions, with dogs with scoliosis more likely to have more caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions.
    [Show full text]
  • Spondylolisthesis (Slipped Vertebra)
    Tempe Phoenix Gilbert Scottsdale Peoria Show Low PHONE: (480) 962-0071 www.SonoranSpine.com www.SpineResearch.org Patient Name: Date: Date of Birth: S O N O R A N S P I N E -- R E F E R E N C E SPONDYLOLISTHESIS (SLIPPED VERTEBRA) The term spondylolisthesis is used to describe several caused by a stress fracture. This type, called "isthmic” different spinal disease processes where one vertebra spondylolisthesis, can usually be diagnosed on the basis is out of its normal alignment with the adjacent of oblique x-rays. Occasionally isthmic spondylolisthesis vertebra. The term means "spine slip". This is clearly is diagnosed with a CT scan. seen and measurable on routine x-rays. It should not be confused with the chiropractic community's concept A bone scan can be helpful at identifying a recent of a vertebra being "out" (without any imaging stress fracture that could lead to spondylolisthesis. abnormalities, including x-rays). This has an important role in children who have back pain from an undiagnosed cause, and isthmic The typical appearance of spondylolisthesis is one spondylolisthesis is suspected. vertebra slipping forward on the vertebra below. Retrolisthesis is a term used to describe when a CAUSES vertebra is slipping backward on the vertebra below. There are five general causes for spondylolisthesis. Lateralolisthesis describes the vertebra that is Isthmic spondylolisthesis results from a stress fracture displaced to the side of the vertebra below. Rotatory in the back part of the spine, and most commonly listhesis is a degenerative condition where a vertebra develops between ages 5 and 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonspinal Musculoskeletal Disorders That Mimic Spinal Conditions
    REVIEW DHRUV B. PATEDER, MD JOHN BREMS, MD ISADOR LIEBERMAN, MD, FRCS(C)* CME Attending Spine Surgeon, Steadman Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, and Department CREDIT Hawkins Clinic Spine Surgery, Cleveland Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic; Professor Frisco/Vail, CO of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University GORDON R. BELL, MD ROBERT F. McLAIN, MD Associate Director, Center for Spine Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, Health, The Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Clinic Masquerade: Nonspinal musculoskeletal disorders that mimic spinal conditions ■ ABSTRACT OT ALL PAIN in the neck or back actual- N ly originates from the spine. Sometimes Nonspinal musculoskeletal disorders frequently cause pain in the neck or back is caused by a prob- neck and back pain and thus can mimic conditions of the lem in the shoulder or hip or from peripheral spine. Common mimics are rotator cuff tears, bursitis in nerve compression in the arms or legs. the hip, peripheral nerve compression, and arthritis in the This article focuses on the diagnostic fea- shoulder and hip. A thorough history and physical tures of common—and uncommon—non- examination, imaging studies, and ancillary testing can spinal musculoskeletal problems that can mas- usually help determine the source of pain. querade as disorders of the spine. A myriad of nonmusculoskeletal disorders can also cause ■ KEY POINTS neck or back pain, but they are beyond the scope of this article. Medical disorders that Neck pain is commonly caused by shoulder problems can present as possible spinal problems have such as rotator cuff disease, glenohumeral arthritis, and been reviewed in the December 2007 issue of humeral head osteonecrosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Painful Spinal Conditions in Young Children and Adolescents
    Mini Review iMedPub Journals Journal of Bone Reports & Recommendations 2016 http://www.imedpub.com ISSN 2469-6684 Vol. 2 No. 1: 4 DOI: 10.4172/2469-6684.100018 Painful Spinal Conditions in Young Rahul Tyagi Children and Adolescents MBBS, MS Orth, MRCSEd, MCh Orth, FRCSEd (Tr and Orth), University Hospital Ayr, UK Abstract Corresponding author: Rahul Tyagi There are numerous etiologies of back pain in the pediatric population. Most of the children experiencing the back pain who are seen in orthopaedic outpatient [email protected] need careful evaluation of underlying biomechanical and musculoskeletal cause. Nevertheless, other causes like rheumatic, infectious or oncologic etiology need University Hospital Ayr, Dalmellington Road, to be considered. This research explores evaluation, differential diagnoses, and Ayr KA6 6DX, United Kingdom. diagnosis of back pain in young children. Back pain in children, adolescents and young adults is less common that in mature adults. One of the pertinent issues Tel: +44-7515405834 in the determination of the incidence and prevalence of the lower back pain in ways that, it is defined. Low back pain may be defined as the low back pain with no clinical cause, non-organic and non-specific pain. It is normally used as a descriptive term for different types of back pain. Mechanical pain is also a Citation: Tyagi R. Painful Spinal Conditions confusing term that refers to pain without the pathological underlying cause but in Young Children and Adolescents. Bone is conversely used to explain conditions that arise from trauma or overuse such as Rep Recommendations. 2016, 2:1. the intervertebral disc prolapse, muscle pain or spondylolysis.
    [Show full text]