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Theveli 2018: New Horizons in Higher Education: Synergies, Innovation and Development The 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research 12-13 August 2018, the Maldives National University, Malé, Maldives Honorary Committee Dr. Mohamed Latheef Professor Tony Townsend Professor Kinshuk Professor Hassan Ugail Steering Committee Dr. Ali Fawaz Shareef (Chair) Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem Dr. Muaviath Mohamed Dr. Fazeela Waheed Aishath Shaheen Dr. Aishath Naila Organising Committee Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem (Chair) Dr. Aminath Riyaz Dr. Muaviath Mohamed Rifaath Hassan Aishath Shaheen Hawwa Afra Dr. Fazeela Waheed Zeenaz Hussain Dr. Aishath Naila Asiya Ibrahim Program Committee Dr. Fazeela Waheed (Chair) Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem Dr. Khadeeja Ibrahim Didi Dr. Shazla Mohamed Dr. Mahmood Shougee Fathimath Shougee Dr. Aminath Riyaz Dr. Mohamed Mursaleen Dr. Mariyam Suzana Mariyam Fizana Rasheed Support Committee Hafeeza Ibrahim Hushama Saeed Abdul Rasheed Ali Azha Abdulla Aishath Sidhuna HussainAfzal Aminath Shahidha Usman Saeed Abdul Muhaimin Abdul Haadhee Pavithran Puthyapurayil Finance, Facilities Mangement, & IT Committee Dr. Muaviath Mohamed (Chair) Hassan Malaz Aishath Neem Mohamed Zahir Hussain Shinan Ahmed Ameen Mohamed Publication Committee Dr. Aishath Naila (Chair) Dr. Fazeela Waheed Dr. Shazla Mohamed Dr. Mariyam Suzana Dr. Raheema Abdul Raheem Dr. Aminath Riyaz Publicity Committee Aishath Shaheen (Chair) Najumulla Shareef Ahmed Shareef August 2018 The Maldives National University Contents Conference Program at a Glance .............................................................2 Keynote Speakers ...................................................................................5 Professor Steve Flint ............................................................................. 5 Professor Colleen Fisher ....................................................................... 6 Professor Rozhan M. Idrus .................................................................... 7 Professor David Preen .......................................................................... 8 Abstracts ................................................................................................9 Theme 1: Education, Employment and Poverty Reduction ................ 10 Theme 2: Medicine, Nursing, Health and Nutrition ............................ 24 Theme 3: Social and Behavioural Science and Psychology ................. 31 Theme 4: Politics and Policy ............................................................... 36 Theme 5: Sharia’h, Law and Islamic Studies ....................................... 39 Theme 6: Business, Management, Finance and Governance ............. 55 Theme 7: Tourism and Hospitality ...................................................... 69 Theme 9: Science and Environment ................................................... 75 Theme 10: Engineering, Computer Science and Technology .............. 84 Theme 11: History, Language, Art and Culture ................................... 95 Theme 12: Media and Communication ............................................ 107 Index of presenters ............................................................................. 110 1 Conference Program at a Glance Day 1: 12 Aug 2018 07:00-09:00 Registration 09:00-09:25 Opening ceremony 09:25-10:15 Refreshments 10:15-10:45 Keynote speech 1, Foundation Auditorium 10:45-11:15 Keynote speech 2: Foundation Auditorium Concurrent Sessions Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 FHTS Room 1 FHTS Room 4 FHTS Room 5 FHTS Room 6 11:30 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 7: 11:45 Abdulla Maumoona Soenke Ziesche Athula Naseer Abdulla Gnanapala 11:45 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 7: 12:00 Ibrahim Dona Kalyani Muhammed Abuzar Ali Khan Mohamed Lokupitiya Yousoof Ismail 12:00 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 7: 12:15 Sanduni Muhandiramlage Ibrahim Adam Ismail Shiyar Dilanka Lalith Warnasuriya 12:15 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 7: 12:30 Fathimath Lilani Randika Pavithran Ibrahim Fairooza Kapuge Puthiyapurayil Zuhuree 12:30 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 7: 12:45 Thuhufa Malith Damith Ibrahim Thorig Shifnaz Ismail Abdullah Amarasinghe 12:45 – Lunch break 14:00 2 Concurrent Sessions Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 FHTS Room 1 FHTS Room 4 FHTS Room 5 FHTS Room 6 14:00 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 11: 14:15 Haneef Ur Rehman Vithiyalani Sadat Ali Khan Aminath Muthusamy Neena 14:15 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Rishan Theme 10: Theme 11: 14:30 Thangadurai Sampath Fathimath Ahmed Devarajan Hewage Nasiha Abdul Hashim Muhaimin 14:30 – Theme 9: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 11: 14:45 Sangeetha Manori Ibrahim Adam Aaidha Jeyabalan Pathmalatha Hammad Kovilage 14:45 – Theme 2: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 11: 15:00 Asiya Ibrahim Manori Aishath Leeza Sudha Ahmed Pathmalatha Kovilage 15:00 – Theme 2: Theme 6: Theme 10: Theme 11: 15:15 Gulisthan Easa Devundara Mohamed Azeeza Afeef Gedara Lasantha Shihab Rasika 15:15 – Theme 2: Theme 6: - Theme 11: 15:30 Aminath Shiuna Nasira Moosa Mohamed Didi 15:30 – Theme 2: Theme 6: - Theme 11: 15:45 Humaira Jamal Dinesh Devindra Aminath Fernando Naushaan 15:45 – Tea break 16:30 16:30 – Theme 2: Theme 6: - Theme 11: 16:45 Nasreena Waheed Manori Hameeza Pathmalatha Afeef Kovilage 16:45 – Theme 2: - - Theme 11: 17:00 Ibrahim Mustafa Aminath Zahir 3 Day 2: 13 Aug 2018 08:00-08:30 Keynote speech 3, Foundation Auditorium 08:30-09:00 Keynote speech 4, Foundation Auditorium 09:00-09:30 Morning Tea Concurrent Sessions Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 FHTS Room 1 FHTS Room 4 FHTS Room 5 Foundation Auditorium 09:30 – Theme 1: Theme 3: Theme 5: 09:45 Mariyam Fizana Khadheeja Shakir Mohamed Mansoor Rasheed Adam 09:45 – Theme 1: Theme 3: Theme 5: 10:00 Hidaya Mohamed Subburaj Syed Imran Zahir Alagarsamy 10:00 – Theme 1: Theme 3: Theme 5: 10:15 Mariyam Shazna Nimal Mohamed Mohamed Mursaleen 9:30-17:00 10:15 – Theme 1: Theme 4: Theme 5: 10:30 Shama Moosa Aishath Hassan Batool Zahoor Qazi Environmental 10:30 – Theme 1: Theme 4: Theme 5: Research: 10:45 Shirmeena Faheem Mohamed Rauf Mohamed Iyaz Issues, Abdul Latheef Challenges 10:45 – Theme 1: Theme 4: Theme 5: and Strategies 11:00 Shifna Moosa Hanan Shafyq Fayyaz Ali Manik for 11:00 – Theme 1: Theme 4: Theme 5: Sustainable 11:15 Hasma Waheed Aminath Shazly Ahmed Abdul Development Matheen and Livelihood 11:15 – Theme 1: – Theme 5: Security 11:30 Aishath Adhila Aishath Azdha 11:30 – Theme 1: – Theme 5: 11:45 Shimna Shakeeb Asif Moosa Ibrahim 11:45 – Theme 1: – Theme 5: 12:00 Fathimath Riyaza Abdullah Jameel Mohamed 12:00 – Theme 1: – Theme 5: 12:15 Leela Waheed Ali Zahir Saeed Qasim 12:15 – Theme 1: – – 12:30 Waseema Fikuree 12:45 – Lunch break 14:00 14:00 – – – Theme 5: 14:15 Usman Yoosuf Ali 14:15 – Theme 5: Abdul 14:30 Sattar Abdul Rahman Detailed program will be distributed seperately 4 Keynote Speakers Professor Steve Flint Professor in Food Microbiology and Safety, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Steve Flint joined Massey University after 20 years with Fonterra (New Zealand’s largest dairy manufacturer) as a food microbiologist. There he learned much about New Zealand’s leading food industry, participating in problem-solving and evaluating rapid methods for microbial analysis covering aspects of food safety and food spoilage. He developed specialist research interests in biofilms, (which he studied for his PhD), spore formation, alternative methods for cleaning, sanitation and new processing technologies. He enjoys teaching along with his passion for science. He continues to develop his research in the fascinating world of biofilms (the origin of most microbial problems in food) and dairy microbiology. His research team consists of 10 PhD students investigating various aspects of biofilm development and control. In 2015, his team was involved in publishing a book “Biofilms in the Dairy Industry” which covers 15 years of biofilm research. His team was awarded the Massey University Team Research Award in 2017. He has published 157 journal articles, 20 book chapters and given160 conference presentations. 5 Professor Colleen Fisher Head of School, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia Professor Colleen Fisher is a teaching and research academic in the School of Population and Global Health where she teaches at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Her research expertise is in the areas of women’s health, inequality and family and domestic violence. Her research includes intervention and program evaluations as well as researching across the lifespan and cross-culturally, including in refugee and international contexts. Professor Fisher has delivered invited presentations at national and international conferences, has been successful in obtaining nationally competitive research grants and has published widely. She has also been an invited member on a range of related government and non-government committees and advisory bodies. Professor Fisher has supervised PhD and Masters students to completion, both within her content area and those students who utilized qualitative and mixed methods research. 6 Professor Rozhan M. Idrus Professor of Open and Distance Learning & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Professor Rozhan M. Idrus is currently the Dean of the Centre for Graduate Studies (CGS) in the Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. He is a Professor of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) & Technology with 30 years of experience as an e-learning analyst, consultant, presenter