Field Study 7-Cape Clear Sep13

2017-09-13

WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Field Study 7: Cape Clear Island

Sign for the Goat farm on Cape Clear

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WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Christian Pleijel

[email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25

2017-09-13

Content 1 Summary 3 2 Introduction 4 The assignment The client Study objects The three levels of an island Methodology 3 The water of the island 7 Location Geology Hydrology and climate Vegetation 4 The water of the islanders 10 Human pressure Virtual distance Water consumption 5 The water of the community 14 Governance Water procurement Wastewater Water quality Cost and taxes Future plans 6 Water saving 19 Benchmark #1 Benchmark #2 Benchmark #3 Benchmark #4 7 References 22

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WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Christian Pleijel

[email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25

FIELD STUDY: CAPE CLEAR

1 Summary Cape Clear – Oileán Chléire in Irish – is a 6,7 km2 island with a resident population of 125. Technically speaking, recalculating the impact of summer residents and visitors, the human pressure on the island is equivalent 278 all-year inhabitants. - “There is plenty of water on Cape Clear. Why do we have to save?” says local co-op man- ager Máirtín O’Méalóid, and answers “Because of the leakages.” Pipework leaking heavily for over twenty years, due to large trucks and other heavy machinery being transported to the island, causing damage to the system. Old tanks were leaking heavily, meaning there was reduced storage capacity. Wells were being over pumped in an effort to supply water to the system, although most of it was leaking out before it reached any house or business. Sometimes the water would be switched on at storage tanks but would be gone quickly because of a pipework failure due to the sudden pressure. The island struggled to provide sufficient water during the summer months, water supply switched off at night during the tourist season.. Some houses and businesses using well kept rainwater collecting systems. Right now, an investment of approximately 4.3 million euro will replace and rehabilitate 11.5km of old water mains and other infrastructure on Cape Clear Island, resulting in the saving of an estimated 11 million litres of water per year on the island. It will also result in fewer burst mains, leaks, and disruptions to drinking water supply.

Cape Clear, June 2017 Christian Pleijel

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2 Introduction 2.1 The assignment The Cape Clear study is part of an assignment to search for, find, describe and share good examples of water saving practices on eight European islands, islands who do not solve water scarcity just by bringing more water through pipelines, desalination plants and tankers, but are making efforts to save water. The project is looking for best practices within four areas of water saving actions: 1 Training: Information, good examples, schooling, campaigns, understanding that water has different qualities which can be used for different purposes. 2 Engineering: Technologies for reducing water consumption in households (water taps, showerheads, toilet sinks etc), for reducing leakages in mains and pipes, for more effi- cient desalination/reverse osmosis processes, treatment of wastewater etc. 3 Billing: Differentiated pricing of (municipal) water that lead to water saving. 4 Cutting: Switching off the (municipal) water: mostly for shorter periods of time. Obstacles to save water can be found in governance (water saving is not a political issue), regulations, cost, taxes and financial obstacles (the water company does not earn money by saving water), no ‘sense of urgency’, sustainability indicators are underdeveloped or inexistent, management (saving is not an objective), human behaviour, business threats (water saving might ruin the visitors’ experiences and damage the island’s brand), technology and over-capacity (the island has a system which procures more water than the island needs, even in peaks). 2.2 The client The assignment has been given to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm by MEP Tonino Picula from Croatia, the Hellenic Small Islands Network (HSIN), l'Associa- tion des îles du Ponant, the Irish Islands Federation/Comhdháil Oileáin na hÉireann and the European Small Islands Federation (ESIN).

2.3 Study objects Eight islands are included in the project: Tilos and Ithaka in Greece, Lastovo and Vis in Croatia, Sein and Houat in France, Inisheer and Cape Clear in Ireland.

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Figure 1. The eight islands in the study They have been chosen because they (a) all have a scarcity of freshwater, (b) represent different sizes, seas, hydrogeology, climate, size of population and remoteness, (c) have what seems to be interesting solutions for saving water, and (d) have been in previous contact with us which makes it easy to obtain true data within a limited time and budget. 2.4 The three levels of an island The freshwater system of an island can be described as three interlinked levels: a The water of the island This is the basic geophysical system level which encompasses the physical geographical conditions on the islands no matter if people live there or not: geology, oceans, skies, hydrology, meteorology, flora and fauna. This is the physical landscape. b The water of the islanders At the next level, humans move in and make their human footprints: they build houses and villages, till the soil and water, eat, drink, walk, arrange their social life with children, schools, elderly care, health care and security. This is the cultural landscape. c The water of the community At the top level, the humans build a common infrastructure of roads, water, sewer, tele- phone, broadband, fossil and renewable energy sources, ports and ships. Water is produced, distributed, managed, financed and administrated; This is the technical landscape.

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2.5 Methodology Data about the islands has been collected through desktop research and field studies, during which we made semi-structured interviews with politicians, technicians and citizens, investigated technical installations, took part of documents, plans, studies, maps and earlier research. This field study on Cape Clear was undertaken on June 20 and 21, 2017 by Christian Plei- jel, Mairtin O’Mealoid from Irish Islands Federation and Maxime Bredin from the Universi- ty of Brest, under supervision of professor Anders Nordström from the Univerity of Stock- holm and professor Sara Borgström at KTH.

Figure 2. Máirtín O’Méalóid Figure 3. Maxime Bredin

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3 The water of the island

3.1 Location Cape Clear Island (Oileán Chléire in Gaelic) lies off the south-west corner of the Irish mainland. It is the most southerly point of Ireland apart from the Fastnet rock, which lies 4 miles to the south-west. Cape Clear and Sherkin Islands together form the south-eastern part of Roaringwater Bay. Almost oval in shape, it has an area of 6,7 km2 (2,59 sq mi), about five km miles long and approximately two and a half km wide, with the Cnoicin and Seabthaic rising 160 m over sea level at low tide. The varied landscape is divided into east and west halves by an isthmus, “The Waist”.

Figure 4. Map of County Cork

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Figure 5. Cape Clear Island, sea chart

3.2 Geology Cape Clear Island is composed almost entirely of old red sandstone. The folding which took place in the past has given the island a considerable south-easterly dip. The effects of folding and erosion have produced a spectacular coastline with jutting rocks, many caves, blowholes and stacks. 3.3 Hydrology and climate Being at the tip of a partly submerged peninsula, Cape Clear gets little shelter from the winds sweeping in from the Atlantic. Its positions strongly influences the climate and the range in temperatures is very small, with means of 7 degrees Celsius in January and 15 degrees Celsius in July. Frosts are rare and there is seldom snow. The closest weather station to Cape Clear Island is located on Sherkin Island, located c. 1.9km to the North East of Cape Clear. Met Éireann records for this station show that average annual rainfall from 1981 to 2010 (Met Eireann, 2012) in the area is 1,188mm/year. This station is active and records automatically the rainfall on an hourly basis. Monthly rainfall was obtained from the Sherkin Island Rainfall station (station no. 3402) as follows:

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Months 2014 Monthly Average montly rainfall 1981-2000 Jan 200.2 132.7 Feb 196.9 101.4 Mar 85.4 94.7 Apr 74.8 73.7 May 59.4 73.7 Jun 60.0 75.1 jul 61.3 78.0 Aug 66.9 88.3 Sept 22.9 92.4 Och 159.3 127.6 Nov 148.5 120.1 Dec 66.6 130.3 Table 1. Annual precipitation Thus, annual rainfall is about 700 mm of which groundwater formation is circa 550 mm, creating a water magazine matching the island's total water needs on the island - if new mains are installed without any major leaks. Locally, large amounts of sewage may mean that you need to supply water from surround- ing wells. The wells should not be drilled too deeply so that salt water comes in to the well. The wells should not be closer to the coast than about 100 m. Rainwater collection for use in animals, garden and toilet flushing should be maintained. These systems also act as reservoirs in case of operating problems in the drinking water supply system. 3.4 Vegetation Heather, gorse and wild flowers cover the rugged hills. The island has wild romantic scen- eries, sparkling harbours, jagged cliffs, bogs, a small lake with slightly brackish water, in- numerable streams, cliffs and rocky beaches.

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4 The water of the islanders 4.1 The islanders The island’s population is 125 in winter, in summer 400-450. Secondary school students are away during the week, university students home some weekends. Annual visitors 25,000 plus. The islanders are employed in farming, ferries, school, tourism and associated services, summer colleges, beef farming, goat farming, organic farming, vegetable growing, fishing as well as computer-based services such as translation. The island has an established reputation for its Irish language schools. The Oileán Chléire observatory is the only one of its type in Ireland. Its research database is extensive as a daily log of bird sightings is recorded from March 23rd to November 5th annually since 1959. There is significant tourism potential which is not being fully harnessed. There is a short- age of activities for visitors. Bird-watching and sea-watching could be developed, Irish be taught to more pupils.

4.2 Human pressure The human pressure on the islands' infrastructure including freshwater, energy distribution, sewage and waste recuperation and treatment, roads, ports, telephones, internet, transports, postal services, healthcare and fire brigade, can be calculated as follows:

Residents 365 days 125 45,625 man-days Summer residents 60 days 450 27,000 man-days Summer college students 20 days 300 4,000 man-days Visitors 1 day 25,000 25,000 man-days Sum of man-days 101,625 man-days Table 2. Human pressure on Cape Clear The human pressure on the island is over 100,000 man-days/year. If divided by 365 days, it is equivalent to a resident population of 278 inhabitants.

4.3 Remoteness The island is located significantly further offshore than the other West Cork Islands and access is therefore more vulnerable to disruption by poor weather. This has implications for service provision, access to goods and services for islanders and the holding of events on the island, particularly during the winter months. The island is accessed via a 45-minute ferry ride from Baltimore; one ferry operates year- round, and additional summer ferries operate from Baltimore and Schull (between the

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beginning of June and the end of August).

Figure 6. Passengers to and from cape Clear (2104) The total number of passengers from Baltimore was 21,096 return journeys, whereof islanders 6,178, tourists and other visitors 14,919. The summer ferry between Cape Clear and Schull operated between the beginning of July and the end of August. It transported 709 passengers. The main access point is known as North Harbour (Trá Chiaráin), which is owned by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Within North Harbour, there are three piers; the middle pier (generally used by ferries and yachts), the dock (which is used by fishing boats and ferry mainly during winter) and the outer pier (the Bull’s Nose), which has recently been replaced by a new structure including hydraulic storm gates. Barges and RoRo traffic can access the island via Cuas an Duglais (at the eastern end of the island), which is maintained by Cork County Council. There are two other piers on the island – Foilcoagh and South Harbour. There is a new deepwater slipway at North Harbour to accommodate RoRo traffic.

Figure 7. Works at the North Harbour (2016)

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Roads on the island are generally narrow and steep. The island has its own rural transport bus service that meets people from the ferry as well as a helipad used for the emergency services and other occasional use. Nearest airports are Cork and Farranfore. Kent railway station is located 9 km from Cork Airport. Killarney railway station is nearer but does not have as frequent services. VIRTUAL DISTANCE Oileán Chléire is not so remote counted in kilometres but it is quite distant counted in time. From North Harbour is 6,5 nautical miles (12 kilometres) to the port of Baltimore The trip takes about 45 minutes or slightly longer in rough conditions. The speed is thus 8 knots 16 km/h. Modern people are used to travelling at 70 km/h and perceive the distance to be about 50, not 12 kilometres. Because of the distance in time, visitors tend to see the island as much more remote than it really is. It adds to the myth and the image of an island such as Oileán Chléire but is generally true for many small islands, remote in reality and in human minds. This affects people’s willingness to live and work on a small island like Cape Clear. 4.3 Water consumption

CONSUMER’S PERSPECTIVE In Europe, the average daily water consumption rate per capita varies between 40 and 150 litres per day. In Ireland, it is 135 litres / person and day according to Eurostat1, whereof 9 litres for food and drinking, 54 litres for bath and shower, 23 litres for dishes, 14 litres for washing, 10 litres for other purposes and 27 litres for flushing the toilet.

The darker the colour of the water in the diagram, the less purified does it need to be. It is perfectly sound to flush your toilets with rainwater (dark blue) but many people buy bot- tled water to drink (light blue). From earlier studies of small island water consumption2, it is reasonable to assume that resident islanders use 75% of the national average 135 litres/day, summer residents, summer college students and visitors 100% of the national average 135 litres/day.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: To- tal_freshwater_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³_per_inhabitant)_YB16.png

2 http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochavlopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c153c5fdf8ad127e2.html

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Using a population figure of 125 and a usage of 101 (135 x 0,75) l/day indicates existing resident (or winter time) domestic demand of 10.0 m3/day. There are 126 residential connections to the water supply system. The 2011 Census indi- cated 127 houses on the island with 77 unoccupied at the time of the Census, leaving an average of 2.48 persons per occupied house. This is slightly below the county average of 2.75 persons per household. Many of the existing homes are holiday homes. Using an average of 2.5 persons per house and assuming that all 77 houses are occupied during the peak holiday season, it is estimated that the peak domestic non-resident demand for the island is 26.0 m3/day. Therefore the total peak summer domestic demand for the island, for both residents and non- residents, is estimated at 42.9m3/day. Based on the calculation in table 2, the yearly water consumption on Cape Clear in the year of 2017 is estimated as follows:

Category Man-days Consumption Total liters/day consumption 125 residents (365 d) 45,625 101 4,608 m3 450 summer residents (60 d) 27,000 135 3,645 m3 Summer college students (20 d) 4,000 135 540 m3 25,000 visitors (1 d) 25,000 135 3,375 m3 Total water demand 12,168 m3 Table 3. Yearly water consumption on Cape Clear According to this calculation, it seems the island needs a little more than 12 million litres (12,2 m3) of freshwater per year. Less than5 million litres is used for drinking, 16 million litres is for showers, 2 million litres is for dishes and washing and 2,4 million litres is to flush toilets.. PRODUCER’S PERSPECTIVE Last year (2016), the production of municipal water on Cape Clear was ???? m3 freshwater.

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5 The water of the community 5.1 Governance THE COUNTY Oileán Chléire is part of County Cork. There is a West Cork Islands Integrated Development Strategy, finalised in 20103. The West Cork Islands Interagency is a collective representa- tion of interests of all seven inhabited West Cork Islands, which will assist with the implementation of the Integrated Strategy for the West Cork Islands in conjunction with rele- vant agencies, and promote public awareness of the islands as an entity and island group, while recognising the individual differences and specific issues pertaining to each individual island. IRISH WATER Five years ago, Irish Water was founded to bring all water supply under one entity on a national level. Two main issues were (1) to manage leakages and (2) to make separate, correct and understandable billing of water consumers. This hasn’t turned out se well, se point 5.4 below. Irish Water has a local water scheme caretaker on Inisheer. THE LOCAL CO-OP In 1969, the local co-operative Comharchumann Chléire Teoranta (CCT) was established. It is the local development group on the island and offers substantial community supports to it. The CCT is involved in various community development projects including island rural transport and renewable energy. In its own right, it directly operates a number of ventures, including a social club; a coal, gas and oil distribution facility, which is combined with a machinery hire business; the sale of books and souvenirs; a rural transport project. In addition, it acts as co-ordinator of a number of property sub-tenancies, though it is not itself the owner of those properties – most are owned by Údarás na Gaeltachta, though some are on sites belonging to Roinn na Mara. It occupies, under a lease, a building owned by Údarás na Gaeltachta, in which it has its own offices, but it also has, as sub-tenants, a pottery workshop, child-care facilities (which are complemented by both after-school facilities and youth club activities) and some other enterprises. And it also owns two properties, which are used by students during the periods of the Coláistí Samhraidh and another, which is used both as classroom space and a games room – though this usage is for relatively short periods of the year only.

3 http://www.askaboutireland.ie/enfo/irelands-environment/county-focus/cork/islands/west-cork- islands-strategy.pdf

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As described above, the Co-op has a vital role in the life on the island. It played a main role in bringing electricity to the island (in partnership with the Electricity Supply Board), it has established a number of enterprises to create sustainable employment which include a fish farm and a campsite, it has facilitated many small business start ups and it established the second Irish Summer College of the island in 1972. Most of the Co-op’s economic activities also make important social contributions to the Island’s community as well as making some (often small) contributions to covering its fixed overheads. Apart from its social contribution, the Co-op employs up to 60 different people over the course of any given year between full time employees, part time and sea- sonal (summer). The estimated value of its economic contribution to the Island is not easy to calculate but direct wages to people who are employed directly by the Co-op is about 300,000 euro per. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Cape Clear island is internationally active in the European Small Islands Federation ESIN (https://europeansmallislands.com), partcipated in the EU funded SMILEGOV energy project (http://www.sustainableislands.eu) and has signed the PACT OF ISLANDS (http://www.sustainableislands.eu/pact-of-islands/what-is-pact-of-islands.html) treaty.

Figure 8. ’Six thinking hats’ exercise on Cape Clear done in SMILEGOV (2014) Figure 9. Pact of Islands

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5.2 Water procurement The islands freshwater comes from six wells, up to 100 meters deep, on the northern part of the island. The water is pumped to a central treatment plant, then to six reservoirs high on a hill, and gravity fed to entire island. Original pipework installed in the early 1970’s. Thanks to an automatic wireless system, Irish Water has constant real-time information on the performance of the pumps and the water level in the reservoirs.

Figure 10. Water scheme (1967)

Figure 11. Water scheme (2017)

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Figure 12. Central treatment unit Figure 13. New ”whisky” well

Figure 13. 4 Na Ubdirnach well Figure 14. 4 Cahruna well

Figure 16. 4 Water reservoirs RAINWATER COLLECTION Households, farms and colleges on Cape Clear use rainwater to water animals, water gar- dens and flush toilets (see chapter 6 below).

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5.3 Leakages Pipework leaking heavily for over twenty years, due to large trucks and other heavy machinery being transported to the island, causing damage to the system. Outflow from reservoir almost double the demand figures, illustrating significant leakage. Various measures tried to mitigate losses. Old tanks were leaking heavily, meaning there was reduced storage capacity. Wells were being over pumped in an effort to supply water to the system, although most of it was leaking out before it reached any house or business. Sometimes the water would be switched on at storage tanks but would be gone quickly because of a pipework failure due to the sudden pressure. Pressure reduction valves fitted as a supposed fix. Island struggled to provide sufficient water during the summer months - water supply switched off at night during the tourist season. Until 2015 there was severe rationing. Some houses and businesses using a dual system, collected water used where potable water not required eg. toilets etc. Water management implementation became more of an issue and public awareness of the problem rose due to media coverage. Figure 14. Media coverage (2014) Reverse osmosis tried as a pilot project but was not successful due to high rejection rate. Constant problems because of biofouling. Poor water quality caused problems. Many dual systems on the island, mostly encompassing rainwater or water from streams to use in non potable situations. Water tankers from mainland brought to island during extreme periods (figure 14: water tanker brought 30,000 litres). Once the leaks in reservoirs and mains are fixed, boat transports should not be needed.

5.4 Costs and taxes New water charges were introduced in Ireland in January, 2015, with the first bills re- ceived by householders in April. There were huge protests to the new water bills. Irish Water, the utility set up to provide water services nationally, said that in the first billing cycle, only 44 per cent were paying water charges. In the third billing cycle of 2016, 61 per cent of their customers, or 928,000 people, were paying – meaning 39 per cent weren’t.

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Figure 15. Protests (source: Irish Times) When the present Irish Government was being formed in 2016 the issue of water billing was given to a cross-party committee which eventually issued a set of recommendations, basically that there will be no water charges for 92 per cent of the households. Only a tiny fraction of the population will pay extra for water (i.e. households who are seen as water wasters and use more than 1.7 times the average amount). The average use in Ireland is defined as 345 litres per day, based on an average household of 2.6 people. That is 128 litres per person per day (l/p/d), while the European Commis- sion believes Irish people use 135 l/p/d, see part 4.3 above. So households that use more than 589 litres of water a day (1.7 times the average amount) will be the ones who will be targeted for extra charges or levies. An estimation says there are 70,000 Irish households in total in this bracket. There will be allowances for bigger families and those in exceptional circumstances and who might pass the 589 litres figure earlier. As this project is searching for ways to save water, the Irish model is not in line with what we hope for. If water is free for residents up to 135 l/p/d, most people will not be engaged in saving water. Since businesses still pay for water. Consequently, that’s where we found our three best practices, see part 6 below. 5.5 Future plans See “the watermains rehab project” 6.4 below.

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6 Water saving 6.1 Flushing toilets with rainwater at the Summer College #1 One of the two Irish Summer Colleges on Cape Clear, which is run by the co-op, collects rainwater from the roof, stores it in a harvesting tank, pumps it to a storage tank on the attic and uses it to flush the toilets in the college. If there is not enough rainwater, ball cocks in the storage tank will automatically switch to the municipal water system.

Figure 16. Rainwater harvesting system Figure 17: Boys toilets in the college 6.2 Multiple water sources at the Mara island Heritage Farm

Figure 18. Spring in hill and two reservoirs

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Figure 19. Rainwater harvesting from a tin roof

Figure 20. Water tank at the Mara Farm Figure 21. Fiona, owner of the farm The Mara Island Heritage Farm (http://www.capeclearbandb.ie/blog/visit-mara-island- heritage-farm) is an eco-friendly visitor farm with Kerry Bog Ponies, Kerry Cows and other various older breeds of pigs. Fiona has a small coffee shop where she sells home baked cakes and biscuits and serves teas and coffees. The farm uses water from a private spring which is stored in two reservoirs, it uses rainwater which is collected from roofs of buildings and sheds, and it uses municipal water.

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6.3 Flushing toilets with springwater at the Summer College #2 The second of the two Irish Summer Colleges on Cape Clear run by Mickey O’Driscoll and his son Paul has 15 toilets which are flushed with water from a spring just above the college. On picture 2, one can see the spring (not the wastewater) coming out in the bay.

Figure 22. Irish Summer College Figure 23. The spring coming out in the bay 6.4 The watermains rehab project Irish Water will invest approximately €4.3 million as part of the replacement and rehabilitation of 11.5km of old water mains on Cape Clear Island. Upon completion, the water main replacement works will result in the saving of an estimated 11 million litres of water per year on Cape Clear. The replacement and rehabilitation of the existing water mains will also result in fewer burst mains, leaks, and disruptions to drinking water supply. Completion Date Winter 2018. Benefits: Reduce water leakage; Improve water supply; Ensure long-term provision of drinking water. What is involved as part of this project? (a) Rehabilitation of approximately 11.5km of aging watermains (b) Installation and commissioning of 208 new service connections (c) Installation of associated fittings, chambers & reinstatement of disturbed surfaces

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8 References Aqua GeoServices: Feasability Study Phase IV (pumping tests) for the development of an 18m3/d groundwater supply well in Cape Clear Island (2015) Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: To- tal_freshwater_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³_per_inhabitant)_YB16.png Hynes, Gerry / Renergise Ltd: Water Conservation Recommendations for Cape Clear island (2017) Irish Times April 12, 2017 https://www.irishtimes.com/news/water-charges/water- charges-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-bit-more-1.3046260 Nordström, Anders: Dricksvatten för en hållbar framtid (2005) Spilanis et al, the ESPON 2013 Programme The Development of the Islands – European Islands and Cohesion Policy (EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis (2013) Peter Quinn Consultancy Services: Cape Clear Development Plan (2005) Pleijel, Christian: Energy Audit on Oileán Chleíre (2015) Pleijel, Christian: How to Read an Island (2015) Pleijel, Christian: VA Kosteröarna (2017) http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochavlopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c15 3c5fdf8ad127e2.html Ryan Hanley: Project Inception Report, Cape Clear WSS Upgrade (2016) West Cork Islands Integrated Development Strategy (2010), part 4.1.3 Water, Wastewater, Surface Water and Flooding

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