Life Cycle and Nest Architecture of Polistes Wasps in the Okushiri Island, Northern Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Title (With 9 Text-Figures and 2 Tables)
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Life Cycle and Nest Architecture of Polistes Wasps in the Okushiri Island, Northern Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Title (With 9 Text-figures and 2 Tables) Author(s) YAMANE, Sôichi Citation 北海道大學理學部紀要, 18(3), 440-459 Issue Date 1972-10 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/27541 Type bulletin (article) File Information 18(3)_P440-459.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Life Cycle and Nest Architecture of Polistes Wasps in the Okushiri Island, Northern Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)1)2) By Soichi Yamane Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University (With 9 Text-figure8 and 2 Tables) The Okushiri Island, lying in the Japan Sea about 18 km west from Setana, southern Hokkaido, has four Polistes species (Munakata and Yamane, 1970), but their biology and sociology have so far not been studied. Of four species, P. chinensis antennalis Perez is the commonest, P. rothneyi iwatai Vecht is the next, and the other two, P. mandarinus Saussure and P. snelleni Saussure are rare. It is important to study the life mode of two common species at their northern limit of geographical distribution, in reference to social structure and adaptation at the cool temperate region. In my previous paper on the outline of the life history of P. snelleni and P. biglumis in Sapporo, the latter of which may be the northern vicariant of P. chinensis, it was supposed that the number of worker is smaller and the period of the superindividual stage defined by Yoshikawa (1962a) is shorter than in populations in southern Japan, presumably because of reduction of the duration of nesting activity due to the cooler weatheer (Yamane, 1969a). In the present paper the life cycle and nest architecture of two species mentioned above are described and briefly discussed in comparison with those obtained from populations in southern Japan and two different species in Sapporo, based upon two surveys in June and September, 1970, and rearing of chinensis colonies in Sapporo. Before going further, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Sh6ichi F. Sakagami of the Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University, for his kind guidance in the course of the present study. Cordial thanks are also due to Assist. Prof. Meiy6 Munakata, Hok kaido University of Education and Mr. Sadaharu Ikejima, Okushiri Town, for their helps at my stay in the Okushiri, and to Prof. Mayumi Yamada, Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University, who kindly read through the manuscript. 1) Contribution No. 930 from the Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. 2) Biology and sociology of Poliste8 wasps in Northern Japan. III. Jour. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 18(3), 1972. 440 Life Cycle and Nest Architecture of Polistes Wasps 441 Areas surveyed A schematic map of the Okushiri Island and surveyed routes are given in Fig. 1 (cf. also Munakata and Yamane, 1970). The surveys were made as follows. The first survey (June 20 ~22) at Okushiri Town, Bushigawa, a pass between Miyatsu and Nonamae, Inaho, and Akaishi. The second survey (September 7-10) at a pass between Okushiri T. and Horonai, Coast of Horonai, Aonae, Inaho Point, Inaho, Nonamae, Akaishi, and Bushigawa. INAHO R OKUSHIRI ~i' • SURVEYED AREA --- ROUTE WALKED o 5Km Fig. 1. A schematic map of the Okushiri Island showing routes of surveys. 1. Distribution and nesting sites Both species seem to inhabit mainly narrow coastal plains and their terraces, but rarer in central sub montane areas. The nesting sites were recorded as follows: A) P. chinensis: Nests were found mostly at open places: Bushigawa: trunks of afforested young Japanese cedar (1 ~3 m high), stems of mugwort Artemisia sp.; Akaishi: young Japanese cedar, twigs of gooseberry, trunks and twigs of shrubs; Inaho-Nonamae: young Japanese cedar, twigs of sweet brier Rosa rugosa, stems of mugwort; Horonai: sweet brier. The plants on which the nests were attached are shown as the following descending order: young Japanese cedar (13 cases, 10 on trunks and 3 on twigs) sweet brier (7), withered stems of mugwort (6), withered stems of dock Rumex sp. (2), stem of daisyfleabane Erigeron annus (1), reed Fragmitis sp. (1), twig of oleastern Elaegnus sp. (1), twig of Malus sp. (1), Sachaline giantl knotweed Polygonum sachalinense 442 S. Yamane (1), twig of weigela Weigela hortensis (1), withered stem of bamboo Sasa sp. (1). Besides plant substrates, one nest was found on the under-side of a rock. Thus, nesting sites are similar to those of P. biglumis in Sapporo and Oketo. Although nests of this species are generally found under eaves of the house, at crevices of tiles covering the roof, on walls, etc. in southern Japan, no such cases were seen in the present survey. Nests usually attach to the plants of 30", 100 cm high, rarely to those more than two meters, and attach at the level less than 100 cm above the II! ground (Fig. 2), with the axes horizontally or aslant to downward as in P. biglumis (Fig. 4A, B, D, E), and P. chinensis nesting on perpendicular substrates in southern Japan. B) P. rothneyi: Eight nests were discovered at a small village consisting of thirteen houses only about 30 m distant o z from the coast line of Horonai. Nests were hung down on eaves of the houses as 20 60 100 140Cm commonly seen in southern Japan. This Fig'. 2. Heights of nest (A) and species seems to make the nest usually on plants used as nest substrates (B). such a place at everywhere in the island. 2. Records of nests observed Twenty-eight nests, three of them having been orphan, and twelve ones of P. chinensis were discovered in June and September respectively. Ten out of them found in June were carried to the garden of the Apicultural Laboratory of Hokkaido University, and those found in September as well as five out of seven nests of P. rothneyi were sampled to examine their nest composition. 2.1 P. chinensis 2.1.1. Observations on June 20 ",22: A) Developmental stage of nests (Tab. 1): Except for three orphan nests, developmental stages of 25 nests were all in the solitary stage, from just after the foundation (01 7001) to cocoon stage (01 7027), though mostly of just before and after the appearance of larvae. The foundation is crudely estimated late May to early June for most nests, middle May for the earliest one (01 7027), judging from the duration of egg and larval stages taking 35 ",45 days in other species in Sapporo. Dates of nest foundation in this island are about 1.5 months later than in southern Japan (Osaka and Wakayama, middle April; Fukuoka, early April). B) Number of cells made in solitary stage: The construction of new cell decreases or nearly ceases after the appearance of larvae (Morimoto, 19Mb, Yamane, 1969a). Therefore, the total number of cells constructed by a founding queen in Life Cycle and Nest Architecture of Polistes Wasps Table 1. Nest composition of P. chinensis in the Okushiri Island on June 20- 22, 1970. Larvae Total [vacanti Nest No. cells Eggs Cocoon cells V ciTe Remarks (Tc) 1st I 2nd I 3rd 14th 1 5th I T (Vc) 01 7001 4 2 2 0.500 02 23 19 I 4 0.174 03 38 25 2 2 11 0.290 ()4, 36 23 13 0.361 05 28 18 10 0.357 06 36 26 10 0.278 07 4 Orphan 08 36 17 2 2 4 15 0.417 09 34 14 3 1 4 16 0.471 10 43 24 2 2 17 0.396 11 38 18 20 0.526 12 43 15 4 1 2 1 8 20 0.465 13 42 9 1 5 2 8 25 0.595 14 32 18 14 0.437 15 43 19 4 4 20 0.465 16 48 9 3 2 2 5 12 27 o 562 17 43 10 6 1 2 2 11 22 0.511 18 21 15 6 0.286 19 35 24 11 0.314 20 28 21 2 2 5 0.177 21 39 27 1 1 11 0.282 22 ca. 30 Orphan 23 42 23 2 1 3 16 0.381 24 46 13 4 4 8 25 0.545 25 45 24 5 5 12 0.293 26 31 Orphan 27 39 9 3 3 1 2 5 14 1 15 0.385 28 35 11 5 1 2 8 16 0.457 the solitary stage might mostly be represented by those constructed before the appearance of larvae or by those with some minor additions.l ) Therefore, the total number of cells constructed in the solitary stage is estimated at 30 ",50 in the island, slightly higher than in Fukuoka (30 ",40, Morimoto 1954a) and Wakayama (20 ",40), but less than in P. biglumis in Sapporo and Oketo (50 "'70). C) Vacant cells at periphery of nest: In early period of solitary stage, only cells locating at central part are used for rearing immatures. Peripheral cells are left vacant or, if used, only for storing nectar drops (Fig. 3A). The vacant cells ranged 4 ",25 (mean 15 with 23 nests), or the ratios to total cells (VelTe), 0.177 -0.595 (cf. Tab. 1, mean 0.393), showing that nearly a half of total cells were left 1) Mter the appearance of larvae, cell increase nearly stops in most nests of P. biglumis, while not completely, continuing slowly in P. chinensis (Fig. 5A). 444 s. Yamane vacant at least in nests observed.!) 2.1.2. Observations on September 9 and 10: A) Number of total cells constructed ranged 23 ",99 (mean 58.6 for 11 nests, excluding a reconstructed one 01 7036).