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Axiomatized Relationships Between Ontologies by Carmen Chui A Axiomatized Relationships Between Ontologies by Carmen Chui A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto c Copyright 2013 by Carmen Chui Abstract Axiomatized Relationships Between Ontologies Carmen Chui Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2013 This work focuses on the axiomatized relationships between different ontologies of varying levels of expressivity. Motivated by experiences in the decomposition of first- order logic ontologies, we partially decompose the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) into modules. By leveraging automated reasoning tools to semi-automatically verify the modules, we provide an account of the meta-theoretic relationships found between DOLCE and other existing ontologies. As well, we examine the composition process required to determine relationships between DOLCE modules and the Process Specification Language (PSL) ontology. Then, we propose an ontology based on the semantically-weak Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Ar- chitecture (CIMOSA) framework by augmenting its constructs with terminology found in PSL. Finally, we attempt to map two semantically-weak product ontologies together to analyze the applications of ontology mappings in e-commerce. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Michael Gr¨uninger for his support and guidance over the course of my undergraduate and graduate studies. It is through our various discussions and brainstorming sessions that the theme for this thesis arose. His passion and enthu- siasm to explain concepts found within the fields of ontologies and logic have guided me throughout the course of writing this thesis. As well, his suggestions and criticisms have been invaluable in this work. Thank you to the members on my thesis committee, Professor Mark Fox, Professor Li Shu and, my supervisor, Professor Michael Gr¨uninger.I would also like to thank Mark van Berkel of Hunch Manifest, Inc. for providing an opportunity to explore and analyze the applications of ontologies and their mappings in e-commerce. During my time as a member of the Semantic Technologies Lab, I have been privileged to work with a wonderful group of people. Thank you to my colleagues, Bahar Aameri, Megan Katsumi, and Torsten Hahmann, for sharing the graduate student experience with me. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their confidence in me, and the values that they have instilled in me. I am extremely grateful for the tolerance that they have demonstrated with me, and I feel so fortunate for their continued support of my academic endeavours. iii Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Ontologies & the Semantic Web.......................2 1.2 Motivations..................................4 1.3 Contributions.................................6 1.4 The Big Picture................................7 2 Background8 2.1 Usage of First Order and Common Logic Representation.........8 2.1.1 Common Logic (CL).........................9 2.1.2 The COmmon Logic Ontology REpository (COLORE)...... 10 2.1.3 Relationships Between Hierarchies.................. 12 2.1.4 Verification of Ontologies....................... 17 2.1.5 The Process Specification Language (PSL)............. 18 2.2 Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) 20 2.2.1 Assumptions and Simplifications Made to DOLCE......... 20 2.2.2 Overview of Concepts Found in DOLCE.............. 27 3 Ontology Decomposition: Verification of DOLCE 31 3.1 Modularizing DOLCE............................ 31 3.1.1 Modules from Consistency of DOLCE................ 31 3.1.2 Our Approach to Modularization.................. 33 iv 3.1.3 Usage of Bipartite Incidence Structures............... 35 3.1.4 The DOLCE Hierarchy (Hdolce) & Its Modules........... 43 3.2 DOLCE's Taxonomy (Tdolce taxonomy).................... 44 3.3 DOLCE's Time Mereology (Tdolce time mereology)............... 45 3.3.1 Axiomatization of Tdolce time mereology ................. 45 3.3.2 Reduction of Tdolce time mereology .................... 49 3.4 DOLCE's Mereology (Tdolce mereology).................... 51 3.5 A Taxonomy of Lines (Ttaxonomy)...................... 51 3.6 Theory of Being Present (Tdolce present)................... 54 3.6.1 Axiomatization of Tdolce present .................... 54 3.6.2 Reduction of Tdolce present ....................... 55 3.7 Theory of Temporary Parthood (Tdolce temporary parthood).......... 56 3.7.1 Axiomatization of Tdolce temporary parthood ............... 57 3.7.2 Reduction of Tdolce temporary parthood .................. 57 3.8 Theory of Constitution (Tdolce constitution).................. 62 3.8.1 Axiomatization of Tdolce constitution .................. 62 3.8.2 Reduction of Tdolce constitution ..................... 63 3.9 Summary of DOLCE Modules........................ 68 4 Ontology Composition: Interpretations Between DOLCE & COLORE 69 4.1 Relationship with PSL and COLORE Theories............... 70 4.2 Temporal Theories in COLORE....................... 72 4.2.1 The Timepoints Hierarchy (Htimepoints)............... 73 4.2.2 The Periods Hierarchy (Hperiods)................... 73 4.2.3 The Combined Time Hierarchy (Hcombined time)........... 74 4.2.4 Composing Tinterval with endpoints ................... 77 4.3 Extending Tpsl core ............................... 78 4.3.1 Theory of PSL-Core Root (Tpsl core root)............... 78 v 4.3.2 Theory of Mandatory Participation (Tmandatory).......... 79 4.4 The Interval PSL Hierarchy (Hinterval psl).................. 80 4.4.1 Theory of PSL-Core with Intervals (Tinterval psl core)........ 80 4.4.2 Theory of Mandatory Intervals (Tinterval mandatory)......... 82 4.5 Interpretations Between DOLCE and Theories in COLORE....... 82 4.5.1 Interpretations Between Tinterval psl core and Tdolce present ..... 84 ∗ 4.5.2 Interpretations Between Tinterval mandatory and Tdolce participation ... 87 4.6 Insights.................................... 88 5 Semantic Augmentation: The CIMOSA Process Ontology 89 5.1 Background & Motivation.......................... 89 5.2 The Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture... 92 5.3 Methodology................................. 102 5.3.1 Identification of Competency Questions............... 103 5.3.2 Utilizing CIMOSA's Grammar.................... 103 5.3.3 Identifying Keywords to Piece Together Behavioural Rules.... 104 5.3.4 Axiomatizing the Behavioural Rule Set Through Identification of Similar PSL Constructs....................... 105 5.4 The Proposed CIMOSA Process Ontology................. 106 5.4.1 Lexicon................................ 106 5.4.2 Behavioural Rules for Well-Structured Processes.......... 107 5.4.3 Behavioural Rules for Semi-Structured Processes.......... 117 5.5 Discussion................................... 118 5.5.1 Limitations of the Ontology..................... 119 5.5.2 Inability to Test and Verify Axioms for its Intended Semantics.. 119 5.5.3 The Need for Ontology Design Best Practices........... 120 5.6 Challenges & Difficulties Encountered.................... 120 5.7 Insights.................................... 123 vi 6 Ontology Mapping: ServicedAtHome 124 6.1 Background & Motivation.......................... 125 6.1.1 Hunch Manifest, Inc.......................... 125 6.1.2 Semantic Integration of Product and Service Data......... 126 6.2 Infrastructure of Mapping Services & Ontologies.............. 127 6.3 Methodology................................. 128 6.3.1 Acquiring Sample Vendor Product Details............. 130 6.3.2 Developing the Vendor API Ontologies............... 131 6.3.3 Identifying the Concepts to be Mapped............... 135 6.3.4 Preliminary Mappings Between Vendors.............. 135 6.3.5 Preliminary Mappings Between HSO and GoodRelations..... 138 6.3.6 Transforming XML Product Data into RDF............ 142 6.3.7 Mapping the Vendor Product Data................. 145 6.4 Product Mappings in RDF and OWL.................... 146 6.4.1 Mappings Between HSO and Amazon................ 146 6.4.2 Mappings Between HSO and Sears................. 147 6.4.3 Mappings Between Amazon and Sears............... 147 6.4.4 Mappings Between HSO and GoodRelations............ 148 6.5 Testing the Mappings via SPARQL Queries................ 149 6.5.1 Cheapest Products.......................... 150 6.5.2 Cheapest Products Based on Keyword............... 150 6.5.3 Average Price of Products Based on Keyword........... 151 6.5.4 Average Price of Products for Both Vendors............ 152 6.5.5 Combination of Product Data with DBPedia Data......... 153 6.5.6 Average Price of Products for Both Vendors Based on Keyword. 155 6.5.7 All Known Product Attributes for a Combined Product Model.. 156 6.6 Discussion................................... 157 vii 6.6.1 Limitations of the Vendor Ontologies................ 157 6.6.2 Usage of RDF/XML to Test the Mappings............. 157 6.6.3 The Need for Adoption of Semantic Technologies in e-Commerce. 158 6.6.4 No One General Methodology for Ontology Mapping....... 159 6.6.5 Existing Product Ontologies are Insufficient............ 159 6.7 Insights.................................... 160 7 Conclusion 162 7.1 Open Issues.................................. 164 7.2 Future Work.................................. 165 Bibliography 168 Glossary 176 A Additional Background Information 185 A.1 The PSL Ontology.............................. 185 A.1.1 Axioms of Tpsl core
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