Comet. Orbits, Galileo Work, .Forces.On ..A , Measurements, Analemmal Epicycles, Retrograde Motions, Armillary
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DOCUMENT REZONE ED 071 089 82 015 526 . _ . TITLE Project Physics Handbook 2, Motion in the Heavens. INSTITUTION Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Project Physics. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (pHiw), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BR-5-1038 PUB DATE 68 CONTRACT OEC-5 -40 -058 NOTE .81p.; Authorized Interim Version EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Astronomy;_ Instructional Materials; *Laboratory Experiments; Laboratory.Manuals; *Physics; *Science Activities; Science Experiments; Secondary Grades; *Secondary School Science IDENTIFIERS Harvard Project Physics ABSTRACT .Nine experiments and.17 activities are presented in this handbook.. The experiments are related to the.earth's size and orbit, Piton,heighte. telescope operations, Mars and.KVXOUryorbits, stepwise approximation, and models of comet orbits. Furthernaked-eye .observations in astronomy are designed in connection, with thesun, . moon,and planet positions..The activities are concerned, with sunspots, FOucaultpendulum, three-dimensional orbits, satellite and comet. orbits, _Galileo work, .forces.on ..a , measurements, analemmaL epicycles, retrograde motions, armillary. .sphere, sidereal days, scale model of, the solar, system, andsummary Qf physics, learning in the Japanese haiku form. Self-directed _instruction, demonstrations, and construction projects.are stressed in these activities, The four chapters in the handbookare arranged to correspond to the text materials, with complete instructions in each experiment.. Same experiments and activitiesare suggested for assignment,._ and the remaining are used, at student discretion.. Besides . illustrations and. film loop notes for explanation. use,A table of .planet longitudes, a guide for planet and eclipie observations, anda set of reviewproblemsare included. Additional suggestions for activities are given, in the. appendix. ,The work of ,Harvard Project Physics has been financially supported by:. the. Carnegie. Corporation of New York, the Ford Foundation, the National ScienceFoundation, the Alfred..P.,Sloom.FOundation, the United States .Office of .Educatione.and.Oarvard.Oniversity.ACC) . US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO Project Physics Handbook DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG MATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NFCESSARILN REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF *cDU CATION POSITION OR POI ICY An Introduction to Physics Motion in the Heavens t {4; - 11- 1,- , ; ,,,-'"",- --',2t This handbook is the authorized interim version of one of the many instructional materials being developed by Harvard Project Physics, including text units, laboratory clgperiments, and teacher guides. Its development has profited from the help of many of the colleagues listed at the front of the text units. Copyright 1968, Project Physics Incorporated. Copyright is claimed until September 1, 1968. After September 1, 1968, all por- tions of this work not identified herein as the subject of previous copyright shall be in the public domain.The authorized interim version of the Harvard Project Physics course is being distributed at cost '31, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. by arrangement with Project Physics Incorporated, a non-profit educational organization. All persons mak7ng use of any part of these materials are requested to acknowl- edge the source and the financial support given to Project Physics by the agencies named below, and to include a statement that the publication of such material is not necessarily endorsed by Harvard Project Physics or any of the authors of this work. The work of Harvard Project Physics has been financially supported by the Carne- gie Corporation of New York, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Founda- tion, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States Office of Education and Harvard University. 03-073525-4 90123 69 9876543 Project Physics Handbook vot An Introduction to Physics2Motion in the Heavens Authorized Interim Version 1968-69 Distributed by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New YorkToronto Chapter 5 Where is the Earth? The Greeks' Answers Experiments 1. Naked Eye Astronomy (continued from Unit1 Student Handbook) 1 13. The Size of the Earth 7 14. The Height of Piton, a Mountainon the Moon 9 Activities Review Problems 14 Making Angular Measurements 15 Plotting an Analemma 16 Epicycles and Retrograde Motion 17 Celestial Sphere Model 19 Armillary Sphere 21 How Long is a Sidereal Day? 21 Scale Model of the Solar System 22 Chapter 6 Does the Earth Move? The Works of Copernicusand Tycho Experiments 15. The Shape of the Earth's Orbit 23 16. Using Lenses, Making a Telescope, Using the Telescope 26 Activities Observing Sunspots 30 Planetary Positions Relative to the Sun 30 Foucault Pendulum: The Earth Rotates 30 Chapter 7 A New Universe AppearsThe Work of Kepler and Galileo Experiments 17. The Orbit of Mars 31 18. The Inclination of Mars' Orbit 36 19. The Orbit of Mercury 39 Activities Three-Dimensional Model of Two Orbits 41 Demonstrating Satellite Orbits 41 Galileo 42 Chapter 8 The Unity of Earth and SkyThe Work of Newton Experiments 20. Stepwise Approximation to an Orbit 43 21. Model of a Comet Orbit 48 Activities Forces on a Pendulum 54 Haiku 54 Other Comet Orbits 55 Film Loop Notes Film Strip Retrograde Motion of Mars 56 10a. Retrograde Motion of Mercury and Mars, Shown by Animation 56 10. Retrograde Motion Geocentric Model 57 11. Retrograde MotionHeliocentric Model 59 12. Jupiter Satellite Orbit 61 13. Program Orbit I 64 14. Program Orbit II 65 15. Central Forces (Computer Program) . 66 16. Kepler Laws for Two Planets (Computer Program) 67 17. Perturbation 68 Appendix Additicnal Suggestions for Activities 71 4 This Student handbook is different from laboratory manuals you may have worked with before. There are far more things described in this handbook than any one student can possibly do. Only a few of the experiments and activities will be assigned. You are encouraged to pick and choose from the rest any of the activities that appear interesting and valuable for you. A number of activities may occur to you that are not described in the handbook and that you would prefer to do instead. You should feel free to pursue these in consultation with your teacher. There is a section corresoonding to each chapter of the text. Each section is composed of two major subsections Experiments and Activities. The Experiments section contains com- plete instructions for the experiments your class will be doing in the school laboratory. The Activities section con- .4 tains suggestions for demonstrations, con- struction projects and other activities you can do by yourself. (The division between Experiments and Activities is not hard and fast; what is done in the school laboratory and what is done by the student on his own may vary from school to school.) The Film Loop Notes give instructions for the use of the film loops which have been prepared for this course. Experiments Chapter 5 Where is the EarttTThe Greeks' Answers EXPERIMENT 1Naked-Eye Astronomy (continued from 1. What was the sun's greatest altitude Unit 1 Student Handbook) during t :e day? 2. At the very beginning of this course, What was the latitude of the observer? it was suggested that you might want to 3. At what time (EDT) was the sun high- begin making some basic astronomical ob- est? servations in order to become familiar 4. When during the day was the sun's with the various objects in the heavens direction (azimuth) changing fastest? and with the wPys in which these objects move. Now the time has come to analyze 5. When during the day was the sun's your data more carefully and to continue altitude changing fastest? your observations. From observations 6. Remember that daylight time is an much like your own, scientists in the hour ahead of standard time. On Septem- past have developed a remarkable sequence ber 23 the apparent sun, the one you see, of theories. The more aware you are of gets to the meridian 8 minutes before the motions in the sky, the more easily the mean sun. Can you determine the lon- you can follow the development of these gitude of the observer? Near what city theories. was he? If you have been careful and thorough b) A Year of Sun Observations in your data-taking, (and if the weather has been mostly favorable), you have One student made the following monthly observations of the sun through a full your own data for analysis. If, however, year. you do not have your own data, similar (He had remarkably good weather!) results are provided in the following Sun's sections. Interval to Noon Sunset Sunset Dates AltitudeAzimuthAfter Noon h m* a) One Day of Sun Observations Jan 1 20° 238' 425 Feb 1 26 245 4 50 One student made the following obser- Mar 1 35 259 5 27 Apr 1 47 6 15 vations of the sun's position during 276 May 1 58 291 6 55 September 23. Jun 1 65 300 7 30 Jul 1 66 303 7 40 Aug 1 61 295 7 13 Sep 1 52 282 6 35 Oct 1 40 267 5 50 Eastern Daylight Sun's Sun's Nov 1 31 250 5 00 Time Altitude Azimuth Dec 1 21 239 4 30 7:00 A.M. *h = hour, m = minutes. 8:00 08° 097° 9:00 19 107 In terms of the dates make three plots 10:00 29 119 11:00 38 133 (different colors or marks on the same 12:00 45 150 sheet of graph Paper) of the sun's noon 1:00 P.M. 49 172 2:00 48 197 altitude, direction at sunset and time 3:00 42 217 of sunset after noon. 4:00 35 232 5:00 25 246 1. What was the sun's noon altitude at 6:00 14 257 7:00 03 267 the equinoxes (March 21 and September 23)? If you plot altitude vs.