Transducers and Conditioning (Bf0236)
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GML 2032 Microphone Preamplifier / Parametric Equalizer
G e o r g e M a s s e n b u r g L a b s GML 2032 Microphone Preamplifier / Parametric Equalizer The Model 2032 Microphone Preamplifier / Parametric Equalizer is a single-channel, multi-input device for high-resolution studio and remote applications. Incorporating the renowned 8300 preamplifier and reference-standard 8200 equalizer, the Model 2032 inherits over thirty years of GML engineering excellence. This transparent class-A discrete design with internal supply delivers reliability, musicality, and precision. Owner's Manual Version 1.0 August, 2004 All materials herein © George Massenburg Labs, LLC. GML, LLC. Franklin, TN USA 615.790.9946 (ph) www.massenburg.com INTRODUCTION Combining the features of the GML flagship 8200 Parametric Equalizer and 8300 Transformerless Microphone Preamplifier, the Model 2032 embodies the legendary detail and accuracy for which GML is renowned. The power and functionality of these revolutionary processors is further coupled with the addition of a front panel musical instrument input, two position high-pass filter, front panel phantom and phase switching, and flexible routing options while maintaining the GML standard of performance and transparency. These advanced circuits, envisioned by George Massenburg, have benefited from over 30 years of research, limited manufacturing, critical listening analysis, widespread usage by demanding industry professionals, and continuous evaluation by the GML Engineering Department. FEATURES The GML Model 2032 Microphone Preamplifier / Parametric Equalizer derives its -
A GUIDE to USING FETS for SENSOR APPLICATIONS by Ron Quan
Three Decades of Quality Through Innovation A GUIDE TO USING FETS FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS By Ron Quan Linear Integrated Systems • 4042 Clipper Court • Fremont, CA 94538 • Tel: 510 490-9160 • Fax: 510 353-0261 • Email: [email protected] A GUIDE TO USING FETS FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS many discrete FETs have input capacitances of less than 5 pF. Also, there are few low noise FET input op amps Linear Systems that have equivalent input noise voltages density of less provides a variety of FETs (Field Effect Transistors) than 4 nV/ 퐻푧. However, there are a number of suitable for use in low noise amplifier applications for discrete FETs rated at ≤ 2 nV/ 퐻푧 in terms of equivalent photo diodes, accelerometers, transducers, and other Input noise voltage density. types of sensors. For those op amps that are rated as low noise, normally In particular, low noise JFETs exhibit low input gate the input stages use bipolar transistors that generate currents that are desirable when working with high much greater noise currents at the input terminals than impedance devices at the input or with high value FETs. These noise currents flowing into high impedances feedback resistors (e.g., ≥1MΩ). Operational amplifiers form added (random) noise voltages that are often (op amps) with bipolar transistor input stages have much greater than the equivalent input noise. much higher input noise currents than FETs. One advantage of using discrete FETs is that an op amp In general, many op amps have a combination of higher that is not rated as low noise in terms of input current noise and input capacitance when compared to some can be converted into an amplifier with low input discrete FETs. -
Transducers and Sensors
3/7/2017 TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi Closed‐loop Control System 1 3/7/2017 CHAPTER ONE Introduction Functional Elements of a Measurement System • Basic Functional Elements 1‐Transducer Element 2‐ Signal Conditioning Element 3‐ Data Presentation Element • Auxiliary Functional Elements A‐ Calibration Element B‐ External Power supply 2 3/7/2017 Functional Elements of a Measurement System Transducer and Signal Conditioning 3 3/7/2017 Transducer Element • The Transducer is defined as a device, which when actuated by one form of energy, is capable of converting it to another form of energy. The transduction may be from mechanical, electrical, or optical to any other related form. • The term transducer is used to describe any item which changes information from one form to another. Transducer Element • The Transducer element normally senses the desired input in one physical form and convert it to an output in another physical form. For example, the input variable to the transducer could be pressure, acceleration, or temperature and the output of transducer may be disp lacemen t, voltage, or resitistance change depending on the type of transducer element. 4 3/7/2017 Transducer Element • Single stage • Double stage Single Stage Transducer 5 3/7/2017 Double Stage Transducer Typical Examples of Transducer Elements 6 3/7/2017 Typical Examples of Transducer Elements Typical Examples of Transducer Elements 7 3/7/2017 Transducers classification • Based on power type classification ‐ Active transducer (Diaphragms, Bourdon Tubes, tachometers, piezoelectric, etc…) ‐ Passive transducer (Capacitive, inductive, photo, LVDT, etc…) Transducers classification • Based on the type of output signal ‐ Analogue Transducers (stain gauges, LVDT, etc…) ‐ Digital Transducers (Absolute and incremental encoders) 8 3/7/2017 Transducers classification • Based on the electrical phenomenon or parameter tha t may be chdhanged due to the whole process. -
Transducers in Audio ● Transducer: Any Mechanism That Transforms One Form of Energy Into Another Form of Energy
Transducers in Audio ● Transducer: Any mechanism that transforms one form of energy into another form of energy. ○ Physical energy into mechanical energy ○ Physical energy into electrical energy ○ Mechanical energy into electrical energy ○ Vice versa Audio is primarily concerned with turning physical acoustic energy into electrical energy and back again. What are our two most basic audio transducers? scienceaid.net https://socratic.org/questions/what-part-of-the-ear-contains-the-sensory-receptors-for-hearing From Acoustic to Electric Energy First...a short trip into basic electrical theory... Michael Faraday http://www.rigb.org/our-history/michael-faraday Electro-magnetism Faraday’s Law of Induction: Basically, any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be induced in a wire. Conversely, any change in the voltage on a coil of wire will cause the magnetic field to change. This is called electromagnetism, and the field created is called an electro-magnetic field. Capacitance When two conductors are given an opposite charge, an electric or more specifically a capacitive field is generated around them. When the relationship between the two conductors (for example the distance between them) changes it causes measurable effects on the charges. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/imgele/cap.png Capacitance When two conductors are given an opposite charge, a electric or more specifically a capacitive field is generated around them. When the relationship between the two conductors, for example the distance between them, changes is causes measurable effects on the charges. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/imgele/cap.png ● Alternating Current (AC) vs Direct Current (DC) ○ AC charge changes from positive to negative across the zero axis. -
Productcatalog
PRODUCTCATALOG We supply sound, not equipment. www.toaelectronics.com Life SafetyLife Intercom Life Safety 06 VM-3000 Series Integrated Voice Evacuation System 07 VM-3000 Series Integrated Voice Evacuation System Optional Accessories 10 SX-2000 Series Audio Management System 10 SX-2000 Series Audio Management System Optional Accessories 14 SX-2000 Series Audio Management System Modules 16 Mass Notification and Fire/Voice System Speaker Certifications Intercom 20 N-SP80 SIP Intercom Series 28 N-8000 Series Exchanges and Interface Units 22 N-8000 Series SIP Gateway 30 N-8000 Series 2-Core Shielded Cable Type 23 N-8000 Series IP Master Stations 32 N-8000 Series 4-Wire Cable Type 24 N-8000 Series IP Door Stations 33 N-8000 Series Optional Accessories 25 N-8000 Series 2-Wire Master Stations 34 N-8000 Series Station Selection Chart 27 N-8000 Series 2-Wire Type Stations 35 N-8000 Series System Overview Network Network Network Audio 38 Audio NX-300 System 40 NX-100 System 42 Digital Message Repeaters 44 Program Timer 44 Synthesized AM/FM Tuner Amplifiers SpeakersAmplifiers & DSP Mixers 46 A-5000 Series Digital Mixer Amplifiers 56 9000 Series Modular Digital Matrix Mixer Remote Control 74 A-2240 Mixer Power Amplifier 47 MA-725F Digital Matrix Mixer Amplifier Modules 75 BG-200 Series PA Amplifiers 48 BG-2240D Class D Mixer/Amplifier 58 9000 Series Modular Digital Matrix Mixer Speaker Selectors 76 BA-200 Series PA Amplifiers 49 Digital Power Amplifiers 60 900 Series Amplifiers 77 CA Series Mobile Mixer Amplifiers 50 Digital Micro Amplifiers 63 900 -
Twin-Servo™ Microphone Preamplifier
RADIAL 500 SERIES smart sheet TWIN-SERVO™ MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER Order No. R700 0111 10 The Jensen Twin-Servo™ utilizes Deane Jensen’s iconic 990 op-amp design to deliver the most exceptional mic preamp built in the 500 series format. The circuitry boasts two 100% discrete 990 op-amps cascaded in tandem to deliver 60dB of gain, with incredibly low noise and phase distortion, and an ultra-wide 0.2Hz-150kHz frequency response. Jensen input and output transformers provide massive amounts of headroom, with clean and transparent operation suitable for the most critical recording applications. A 21-detent gain control makes for easy session recalls, with a 10-segment LED meter for accurate signal management. 48V phantom power, a 180° polarity reverse, high-pass fi lter and -15dB pad are also provided, all with individual LED indicators to verify settings at a glance. When it comes to high performance mic preamps, nothing beats the Jensen Twin-Servo. OMNIPORT - When used with a Radial Workhorse power rack the omniport is assigned as a unbalanced 220K ohm instrument input. FEATURES 10 SEGMENT METER - Custom designed circuit for greater VU meter accuracy. • Ultra-low noise preamp with over 60dB of gain • Built in high-pass fi lter and 180° polarity reverse DUAL-GANG POT - Simultaneously controls the dual 990 op- amp topology for optimal gain at all levels. • Dual Jensen transformers for maximum head- room 180° - Inverts pins 2 and 3 at the output to help phase align microphones when two channels are in stereo use. APPLICATIONS HPF - Gentle high-pass fi lter may be inserted into the signal • Perfect for recording any source path to reduce excessive low frequency content and control • Transparent and detailed operation resonance. -
An Improved Microphone Preamplifier Integrated Circuit
AN IMPROVED MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FRED FLORU THAT Corporation, Milford, MA, USA The influence of the semiconductor process on the performance of a microphone preamplifier integrated circuit is described. Examples of active devices available in conventional junction isolated and newer complementary bipolar technologies are shown. The availability of such devices influences the electrical design and its complexity. The traditional microphone preamplifier topology is discussed. A new preamplifier gain structure, that extends the dynamic range by lowering the noise floor, is considered and its benefits are demonstrated. 0 INTRODUCTION 1 FABRICATION PROCESS The dynamic range required by audio professional The most common semiconductor processes for applications keeps getting larger and larger In order to professional audio ICs are Junction Isolated (JI) bipolar, keep up with the demand, the integrated circuits Dielectric Isolated (DI) bipolar and Complementary dedicated to such applications are manufactured in new Metal Oxide Silicon (CMOS). There are no high and improved semiconductor processes. The dynamic quality preamplifiers made in CMOS process. CMOS range definition is the ratio between the maximum is primarily used for ADCs, DACs and rail-to-rail signal level that can be handled by the device and the operational amplifiers intended for low voltage noise floor. The maximum signal level that can be applications. The technology of choice for microphone processed is for most designs a function of the preamplifiers has been JI bipolar. The microphone maximum power supply voltag~ allowed by the device. preamplifier described in this paper is developed in a Microphone preamplifiers, line receivers, line drivers, new complementary-bipolar DI process. -
Ultrasonic Transducers WEDGES, CABLES, TEST BLOCKS
PANAMETRICS Ultrasonic Transducers WEDGES, CABLES, TEST BLOCKS • Contact • Dual Element • Angle Beam • Shear Wave • Delay Line • Protected Face • Immersion • TOFD • High FrequencyHigh Frequency • Atlas European Standard Atlas European Standard 920-041E-EN The Company Olympus Corporation is an international company operating in industrial, medical and consumer markets, specializing in optics, electronics and precision engineering. Olympus instruments contribute to the quality of products and add to the safety of infrastructure and facilities. Olympus is a world-leading manufacturer of innovative nondestructive testing and measurement instruments that are used in industrial and research applications ranging from aerospace, power generation, petrochemical, civil infrastructure and automotive to consumer products. Leading edge testing technologies include ultrasound, ultrasound phased array, eddy current, eddy current array, microscopy, optical metrology, and X-ray fluorescence. Its products include flaw detectors, thickness gages, industrial NDT systems and scanners, videoscopes, borescopes, high-speed video cameras, microscopes, portable x-ray analyzers, probes, and various accessories. Olympus NDT is based in Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, and has sales and service centers in all principal industrial locations worldwide. Visit www.olympus-ims.com for applications and sales assistance. Panametrics Ultrasonic Transducers Panametrics ultrasonic transducers are available in more than 5000 variations in frequency, element diameter, and connector styles. With more than forty years of transducer experience, Olympus NDT has developed a wide range of custom transducers for special applications in flaw detection, Visit www.olympus-ims.com to receive your free weld inspection, thickness gaging, and materials analysis. Ultrasonic Transducer poster. Table of Contents Transducer Selection . 2 Immersion Transducers .........................20 Part Number Configurations ......................4 Standard................................ -
Manley Voxbox Owner’S Manual
MANLEY VOXBOX OWNER’S MANUAL TUBES RULE MANLEY LABORATORIES, INC. 13880 MAGNOLIA AVE. CHINO, CA 91710 USA TEL: +1 (909) 627-4256 FAX: +1 (909) 628-2482 www.manley.com REV. MVBXXAxxxx rev4/2015/zf CONTENTS SECTION PAGE INTRODUCTION 3 QUICK START 4 MAINS CONNECTIONS 5 FRONT PANEL MIC PRE 6 COMPRESSOR 7 EQ & DE-ESSER 8 REAR PANEL 9 GENERAL DISCUSSION OVERVIEW AND BLOCK DIAGRAM 12 MIC PREAMP & COMPRESSOR 13 EQ & DE-ESSER 15 ADDENDUM 18 TECHNICAL DETAILS TUBE, TRIMMER LOCATIONS 19 CALIBRATION 20 TROUBLESHOOTING 21 SPECIFICATIONS 23 CURVES 24 APPENDIX 1 - TEMPLATE FOR STORING SETTINGS 26 INTRODUCTION THANK YOU!... for choosing the Manley VOXBOX. This unit is the result of our customers asking us to make a vocal oriented combination from some favorite Manley designs. We combined the Manley Mic Preampli- fier, Electro-Optical Limiter, and Mid Pultec and then went further. Uniquely, we put a compressor before a minimalist mic preamplifier. This can substantially reduce distortion while having no more sonic imprint on the signal than the mic pre by itself because the compressor is just a passive light dependent clamping resistor. For those who want the shortest path to tape, but use compressors, this has to be the ideal solution. We added attack and release controls to the compressor with some “very special” settings such as one that simulates a LA-2A, another “tuned” for drums and a setting that works like a great engineer “riding” a fader. Then we extended the PULTEC MEQ down to 20 Hz and up to 20 kHz so its not just a mid EQ anymore. -
Basic Physics of Ultrasonographic Imaging
BASIC PHYSICS OF ULTlVlSONOGRAPHIC IMAGING Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology Essential Health Technologies Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Geneva BASIC PHYSICS OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IMAGING Editor Harald Ostensen Author Nimrod M. Tole, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medical Physics Department of Diagnostic Radiology University of Nairobi WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Tole, Nimrod M. Basic physics of ultrasonic imaging / by Nimrod M. Tole. 1. Ultrasonography I. Title. ISBN 92 41592990 (NLM classification: WN 208) © World Health Organization 2005 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution - should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Chapter 1 Introduction to Measurement Systems
4/3/2019 Advanced Measurement Systems and Sensors Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi Chapter one Introduction to Measurement Systems 1 4/3/2019 Outlines • Control and measurement systems • Transducer/sensor definition and classifications • Signal conditioning definition and classifications • Units of measurements • Types of errors • Transducer/sensor transfer function • Transducer characteristics • Statistical analysis Closed-loop Control System 2 4/3/2019 Measurement System Transducer and Signal Conditioning 3 4/3/2019 Transducer Element • The Transducer is defined as a device, which when actuated by one form of energy, is capable of converting it to another form of energy. The transduction may be from mechanical, electrical, or optical to any other related form. • The term transducer is used to describe any item which changes information from one form to another. Transducer and Sensor • Transducers are elements that respond to changes in the physical condition of a system and deliver output signals related to the measured, but of a different form and nature. • Sensor is the initial stage in any transducer. • The property of transducer element is affected by the variation of the external physical variable according to unique relationship. 4 4/3/2019 Transducers classification • Based on power type classification - Active transducer (Diaphragms, Bourdon Tubes, tachometers, piezoelectric, etc…) - Passive transducer (Capacitive, inductive, photo, LVDT, etc…) Transducers classification • Based on the type of output signal - Analogue Transducers (stain -
Maximizing Efficiency in Active Loudspeaker Systems
Maximizing Efficiency in Active Loudspeaker Systems Wolfgang Klippel, KLIPPEL GmbH, Dresden, Germany Increasing the efficiency of the electro-acoustical conversion is the key to modern audio devices generating the required sound output with minimum size, weight, cost and energy. There is unused potential for increasing the efficiency of the electro-dynamical transducer by using a nonlinear motor topology, a soft suspension and cultivating the modal resonances in the mechanical and acoustical system. However, transducers optimized for maximum efficiency are more prone to nonlinear and unstable behavior. Nonlinear adaptive control can compensate for the undesired signal distortion, protect the transducer against overload, stabilize the voice coil position and cope with time varying properties of the suspension. The paper discusses the design of modern active systems that combine the new opportunities provided by software algorithms with the optimization of the hardware components in the transducer and power amplifier. reducing power consumption in portable 1 Introduction applications with limited battery capacity. The user of loudspeakers, headphone and other For this discussion, the paper provides new audio devices expects that the audio signal can be definitions of the efficiency to consider the influence reproduced at sufficient amplitude and quality but of the spectral properties of the complex audio prefers products which are smaller, lighter, less cost signals (e.g. music). The paper explains the intensive and provide a longer stand-alone operation difference between efficiency and voltage in personal applications. sensitivity, which is a second important Creating such an audio product requires a characteristic of the transducer required to match the combination of hardware and software components transducer with the power amplifier.