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CULTURE Table of Contents 1

CULTURE Table of Contents 1

CULTURE Table of Contents 1. DANCES & MUSIC ______2 7.2. Paika Rebellion ______17 1.1. Folk & Tribal Dance ______2 7.3. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj ______18 1.2. ’s First Music Museum ______2 7.4. Battle of ______18 1.3. Ghumot: Goa’s Heritage Instrument ___ 3 7.5. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms ______19 2. PAINTINGS & OTHER ART FORMS ______4 7.6. Government ______19 2.1. Paintings ______4 8. PERSONALITIES ______21 2.2. Mithila Painting ______4 8.1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji ______21 2.3. Bagru Block Printing ______4 8.2. Saint ______21 2.4. Aipan ______5 8.3. ______22 2.5. Tholu Bommalata ______5 8.4. Sri Satguru Ram Singhji ______23 3. SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE ______6 8.5. of Ramanujacharya ______23 3.1. Sun ______6 8.6. Sardar ______24 3.2. Khajuraho ______6 8.7. Sir Chhotu Ram ______24 3.3. Sanchi ______6 8.8. Tribal Freedom Fighters ______25 3.4. Badshahi Ashoorkhana ______7 9. ANCIENT HISTORY ______26 3.5. India’s National War Memorial ______7 9.1. Vakataka Dynasty ______26 3.6. Monuments of National Importance ___ 8 9.2. Couple’s Grave in Harappan Settlement 26 3.7. World Capital of Architecture ______8 10. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES/SCHEMES & 3.8. My Son Temple Complex ______9 INSTITUTIONS ______27 4. LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE ______10 10.1. Adopt A Heritage ______27 4.1. Silappadikaram ______10 10.2. Bhoj Scheme ______27 4.2. Maithili Language ______10 10.3. Prasad Scheme______28 4.3. Dakshina Bharat Prachar Sabha _ 10 10.4. Circuit ______28 5. INITIATIVES OF UNESCO ______11 10.5. Indian Council of Historical Research _ 29 5.1. Unesco Global Geopark Network Status 11 10.6. Paryatan Parv 2018 ______29 5.2. 37th UNESCO World Heritage Site ____ 11 10.7. Cultural Heritage Youth Leadership 6. FESTIVALS ______13 Programme (CHYLP) ______29 6.1. Sanskriti Kumbh ______13 11. MISCELLANEOUS ______30 6.2. Vishwa Shanti Sammelan ____ 13 11.1. Recent GI Tags ______30 6.3. Ambubachi Mela ______14 11.2. ______30 6.4. Behdiengkhlam Festival ______14 11.3. Nobel Prize 2018 ______31 11.4. International Gandhi Peace Prize ______31 6.5. Festival ______15 11.5. Indira Gandhi Peace Prize ______32 6.6. Nongkrem Dance Festival ______15 11.6. Seoul Peace Prize 2018 ______32 6.7. Hornbill Festival______15 11.7. Magsaysay Awards ______32 6.8. Pongala ______16 11.8. Kotler Presidential Award ______32 6.9. Makaravilakku Festival ______16 11.9. State Symbols of and 7. HISTORICAL EVENTS ______17 ______32 7.1. Station Incident ____ 17 11.10. Bababudan Swami ______32

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1. DANCES & MUSIC 1.1. FOLK & TRIBAL DANCE • Tamang Selo of Sikkim o It is a traditional Sikkimese Why in News? patronised by the Tamang community of the state. Some of the famous folk & tribal dances were o A traditional musical instrument of the performed during celebrations. Tamangs, called the Damphu, performed accompanies the dance. o It is performed during the Dasain or • folk dance: Dusserah festival. o It is an ancient folk dance of Tamil Nadu • Other dance performed: Satoiya Nitya of performed in praise of the rain goddess ; Fusim Dance of Jammu Kashmir; . Hudka Chhudka of . o The performers balance a water pot Related News (Karakam) on their head. Traditionally, ’s tableau was based on the 39th session of this dance is categorized into two types- the held in Belagavi (erstwhile Aatta Karakam is danced with decorated Belgaum) in 1924, which was presided over by pots on the head and symbolizes joy and . It was the only session in which happiness. It is mainly performed to Gandhiji presided. entertain the audience. The Sakthi Karakam is performed only in temples as a 1.2. INDIA’S FIRST MUSIC spiritual offering MUSEUM • Taakala Folk Dance: o It is related to the exchange of the 'takla' Why in News? vegetable among local tribal groups. • India’s first music museum will be set up in • Koli Folk Dance: Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu, which is the birth o It is performed by fisherwomen. place of Saint . • Misra Raas of • The Tyagaraja Aaradhana Music Festival is o Raas popularly known as is also held in Thiruvaiyaru which attracts one of the most popular folk dances of musical talents from all over the world. Gujarat. o Mishra raas/Gop raas is a variant of this Saint Tyagaraja genre. • Saint Tyagaraja is one of the Trinity of ✓ It is performed by both men and (other two are Muthuswami women. Dikshitar and Syama Sastri) and his ✓ It is not based on any criteria of caste compositions are outpourings of love, prayer or profession. and appeal. ✓ It has its roots in folklores and • He was the most illustrious composer among legends associated with raas of the trinity and was the keynote of his . compositions. • Monpa of Arunachal Pradesh • He firmly believed that nadopasana (the o It is a traditional dance form of the Monpa practice of music as an aid to cultivate tribe, who inhabit parts of West Kameng devotion and contemplation) can lead one to District and Tawang District in Arunachal salvation only if it was combined with bhakti. Pradesh. • He mastered selfless devotion without any o This dance is performed during the Losar desire and it was Nishkama Bhakthi. He was Festival, which marks the tribe’s New an ardent devotee of Lord and majority Year. of his kritis are in praise of Rama. • Gangte folk dance, Arunachal Pradesh • He mainly composed in Telugu. o It is performed by men and women, • He set his face against 'narastuti', praise of celebrates closeness to nature. men for profit or benefit - a philosophy and • Mamita of Tripura principle underlying Hindu thought not to o It is performed on the occasion of Mamita debase learning and knowledge. festival, which is harvest festival of Tripuri • In fact, this principle was responsible for the People. old system of 'gurukulavasa' - of disciples 2 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

learning at the feet of the master and the sitar, santoor, clarionet, mandolin, jalatarangam, master imparting knowledge but not for violin & flute violin & flute money. 1.3. GHUMOT: GOA’S HERITAGE About Tyagaraja Aaradhana Festival INSTRUMENT • It is celebrated every year at Thiruvayur as a tribute to the musical Saint Tyagaraja. Why in news? • Here hundreds of musicians come together Ghumot will soon be notified as a heritage and perform Tyagaraja’s Pancharatna Kritis in instrument of Goa. unison. About Ghumot Indian Classical Music is mainly divided into two parts • It is a membranophone type percussion instrument and is also known as Ghumat, Hindustani Music Carnatic Music Dakki or Budike. It has its roots in Vedic It developed significantly traditions where hymns during the Bhakti • It is a folk instrument of the Konkani people in Sama Veda, a sacred movement mainly the Siddis, Kudumis and Kharvis. text, were sung rather • It is part of the Mando, a musical form of the than chanted Goan Catholics that combines elements of It is raga-based It is Kriti-based both Indian and Western music. It features a number of No Turko-Persian influence • It is also part of the Zagor folk dance and Turko-Persian musical Dulpod (Goan dance song). elements. • A smaller form of ghumot is generally used as There is bandish of time There is no such Bandish the main accompaniment to the ‘Burrakatha’ There are more than It is written to be sung in a a folk, storytelling tradition of Andhra one style of singing specific way known as gharanas Pradesh. Use of tabla, sarangi, Use of veena, mridangam,

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2. PAINTINGS & OTHER ART FORMS • Central Indian And Rajasthani Schools (17th - 19th 2.1. THANJAVUR PAINTINGS Centuries): Malwa, Mewar, Bundi, Kotah, Amber- Jaipur, Marwar, Bikaner, Kishengarh Why in news? • Pahari Schools (17th to 19th Centuries): Basohli, Raman Spectroscopy is now being used to Guler, Kangra, Kulu Mandi ascertain if gold or gemstones on Thanjavur • Orissa (17th century A.D): Gita Govinda paintings are fake or not. 2.2. MITHILA PAINTING Raman Spectroscopy • Raman spectroscopy is one of the vibrational Why in news? spectroscopic techniques used to provide information on molecular vibrations and crystal Madhubani Railway Station in gets structures. makeover with Mithila Paintings • When light is irradiated on molecules, the light is scattered by them. About Mithila Painting • Most of scattered light have the same frequency • Madhubani/Mithila painting is practiced in the with incident light but some fraction of light has Mithila region of Bihar and Nepal deriving its different frequency due to interaction between name from the Madhubani town in Bihar. oscillation of light and molecular vibration. • It is often characterized by complex • The phenomenon that the light is scattered with frequency change is called Raman scattering. geometrical patterns, these paintings are known for representing ritual content for More on news particular occasions, including festivals, • Thanjavur painting is a form of miniature religious rituals, etc. painting that flourished during the late 18th • These colors are often bright and pigments and 19th centuries. However, its origin can be like lampblack and ochre are used to create traced back to early 9th century. black and brown respectively. • It is characterised by bold drawing, • It commonly includes double line border, bold techniques of shading and the use of pure use of colours, ornate floral patterns and and brilliant colours along with semi-precious exaggerated facial features and it is two- stones, pearls and glass pieces. dimensional with no shading. • The conical crown appearing in the miniature • Instead of contemporary brushes, objects like is a typical feature of the Tanjore painting. twigs, matchsticks and even fingers are used • Gold is extensively used in Thanjavur paintings to create the paintings. as the glitter makes it more attractive as well • It is done on freshly plastered walls using rice as prolongs the life of the painting. paste and vegetable colours on a base of cow • It has also been granted Geographical dung and mud. For commercial purposes, the identification tag. work is now being done on paper, cloth, canvas etc. and men have also got involved Other famous miniature paintings along with women. th th • Pala School (11 to 12 century): An example under • It has been given Geographical Indication (GI) this school is Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita tag. () • Western Indian School (12th - 16th centuries): Kalpasutra and Kalakacharya-Katha are the two 2.3. BAGRU BLOCK PRINTING very popular Jain texts repeatedly written and Why in news? illustrated with paintings. • Other Isolated Styles (1500-1550 A.D.): Examples The ‘Titanwala Museum' in Bagru (), a include- Nimat Nama (Cookery Book); Kulhadar private initiative, was inaugurated to preserve the Group including Chaurapanchasika miniature, Gita art of traditional Bagru block printing. Govinda, the and Ragamala; Laur Chanda. About Bagru Block printing • Mughal School (1560-1800 A.D.): Various painting • It is a traditional technique of printing with collections in this era include - Tuti-nama, Hamza- nama, Gulistan of Sadi, Razm-nama, Darab-nama, natural colour done by the Chippa community Ayar-i-Danish & Anwar-i-sunavli (under Jahangir) in Bagru village of Rajasthan. • Deccani Schools (1560-1800 A.D.): Ahmednagar, • Traditionally, motifs printed at Bagru are Bijapur, Golconda, Hyderabad, Tanjore large with bold lines. The motifs include wild 4 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

flowers, buds, leaves and printed geometrical animated movement of arms and hands to patterns. give a three-dimensional effect. • The main colors used in Bagru are Red and Puppetry in India Black. • The earliest reference to the art of puppetry is Some other important traditional block printing found in Tamil classic ‘Silappadikaaram’ techniques in India • Gujarat: Ajrakh Print written around the 1st or 2nd century B.C. • Rajasthan: Sanganeri, Ajrakh, Dabu • The puppeteer narrates the story in prose or • : Bagh Print, Bherogarh Print lyrical form while the puppet shows provides (Batik) the visual treat. • Andhra Pradesh: Kalamkari • Stories from puranic literature, local myths Calcutta, Serampur (West ), and and legends form the subject of puppetry Farrukabad () are also important centres shows in ancient India. of block printing in India. • There are mainly four types of puppet forms in India: String puppets, shadow puppets, rod 2.4. AIPAN puppets and glove puppets. • Why in news? String Puppetry: String puppets or marionettes have jointed limbs controlled by Project Aipan was started with an aim to revive strings. Some of the famous string puppetry Aipan, an art form which hails from the Kumaon are: region of Uttarakhand, India. o Kathputli, Rajasthan More about Aipan art o Kundhei, o Gombeyatta, Karnataka • The background is prepared with red clay, o Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu. called geru, and the designs are created with • Shadow Puppetry: Shadow puppets are flat a white paste made from rice flour. figures which are pressed against a screen • Traditionally it was made on walls and floors. with strong source of light behind it to create shadows. Some of the famous shadow 2.5. THOLU BOMMALATA puppetry are: o Togalu Gombeyatta, Karnataka Why in news? o Tholu Bommalata, Andhara Pradesh Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet theatre o Ravanachayya, Odisha tradition of Andhra Pradesh, has been declining. o Tolpava Kuthu Vellalachetti, o Chamadyache Bahulya, Maharashtra More about the Tholu Bommalatam • Glove Puppetry: Glove puppets are also • It literally means "the dance of leather known as sleeve, hand or palm puppets. The puppets" (tholu – leather and bommalata – head is made of papier mache, cloth or wood, puppet dance). with two hands emerging from just below the • The puppets are large in size and have jointed neck and rest of the body is generally a waist, shoulders, elbows and knees. flowing skirt. These puppets are made to • The puppets are mostly made of skin of produce various types of movements at the antelope, spotted deer and goat. Auspicious hands of a puppeteer. Eg: Pavakoothu, Kerala. characters are made of antelope skin and deer • Rod Puppetry: Rod puppets are an extension skin. of glove-puppets, but often much larger and • They are coloured on both sides. Hence, these supported and manipulated by rods from puppets throw coloured shadows on the below. Some of the famous rod puppetry are: screen. o Putul , • Puppeteers narrate stories from the twin- o Odisha Rod Puppet epics of Ramanayana and with o Yampuri, Bihar

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3. SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE 3.1. • It was built between 950-1050 AD by the Chandela Dynasty and famous for their Why in News? nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures (only 10% of all Recently there were alleged irregularities in the sculptures). The erotic expression is given Archaeological Survey of India’s restoration of equal importance in human experience as Konark Sun Temple, which was declared a spiritual pursuit, and it is seen as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. larger cosmic whole Other sun temples in India • It is built of buff sandstone and usually have • Dakshinaarka Temple, Gaya, Bihar been made on high terraces. Almost all the • Sun temple, Martand, J&K temples have an inner shrine an assembly hall • Modhera Sun Temple, Gujarat or mandapa, and an entrance portico with • Sun Temple, , Madhya Pradesh circumambulatory passage. • Narayan Templr, Arasavalli, Andhra Pradesh • All the towers or shikharas of temple rise • Suryanaar Temple in Kumbhakonam in Tamil Nadu high, upward in a curved pyramidal fashion, • Sun Temple in Osian, Rajasthan emphasising the temple’s vertical thrust About Konark Sun Temple ending in a horizontal fluted disc called an amalak topped with a kalash or vase. • Sun Temple of Konark, built in the middle of • Some of the temples at Khajuraho are a 13th century, is a massive conception of cluster of five shrines - the main temple artistic magnificence and engineering surrounded by four others at each corner dexterity situated in Odisha. (Panchayatana) • Narasimhadeva I, the great ruler of the • The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (largest), Ganga dynasty had built this temple. Since the the Jagadamba Temple, the Chitragupta ruler used to worship the Sun, the temple was Temple, the Vishwanatha Temple, the considered as a chariot for the Sun God. Temple, the Lakshamana or Chaturbhuja • It was designed in the form of a gorgeously Temple (dedicated to ); the Varaha decorated chariot mounted on 24 wheels , Temple; the Chaunsat Temple (the only each about 10 feet in diameter, and drawn by temple made entirely of granite and 7 mighty horses. dedicated to sixty four ) are some of • It is a classic illustration of the Odisha style of the very famous and worth studying from the Architecture or Kalinga Architecture . art and architectural point of view. • Konark forms the third arm of Odisha’s • The South-East of Khajuraho is famous for Golden Triangle (other being Jain Temples. The Parsvanatha Temple is most Temple, , and the of important one whereas the is ). named because of the bell and chain • The temple was used as a navigational point ornaments at its pillars. by European sailors. They referred to it as the ‘Black ’ due to its dark colour and its 3.3. SANCHI STUPA magnetic power that drew ships into the shore and caused shipwrecks. Why in news? Recently, Union Cabinet has signed a MoU with 3.2. KHAJURAHO TEMPLES Vietnam on joint postal stamp which depicts Sanchi Stupa and Pho Minh Pagoda of Vietnam. Why in News? Sanchi Stupa Recently, the Khajuraho Dance Festival was • It is one of the oldest structures in India and organised by the the government of Madhya rd Pradesh at the Khajuraho temple. was commission by 3 century BCE by Emperor Ashoka. About Khajuraho Temples • It is believed that during the reign of Shunga • The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a Emperor Pushyamitra Shunga it was group of Hindu and Jain temples in vandalised. While under Agnimitra Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, and is one of Shunga,son of Pushyamitra, it was the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. refurbished. 6 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

• During the Satavahans Period the gateways, • Stupa is a hemispherical dome shaped structure and the balustrade were built and highly which contains relics of remains of Buddha or a decorated. The gateways commissioned were Bodhisattva, whereas have sets of covered with narrative structures. The figure multiple discs.

of Lord Buddha was carved in these structures • Unlike the typical stupa, the pagoda actually has interior space, sometimes on several levels. as canopy under the Bodhi Tree at the point • Pagodas are found in Nepal, , , Korea, of Enlightenment. Various events of life of Vietnam, , etc. Lord Buddha were carved. • As seen in the figure the main parts of the 3.4. BADSHAHI ASHOORKHANA Stupa are – Anda, Harmika, Chatri, Pradakshinapatha, Medhi, Vedika and . Why in news? • The Sanchi Stupa has four beautifully carved Telangana government and Aga Khan Trust are or the gateways which depict various working to restore the Badshahi Ashoorkhana events of Buddhas’ life and Jatakas. monument. • It has been enlisted as UNESCO world About Badshahi Ashoorkhana heritage site in 1989. • Badshahi Ashoorkhana is a Shia Muslim mourning place, near in Hyderabad, India. It was constructed in memory of martyrdom of Imam Hussain in the battle of karbala, and is used during the festival of Moharram. • It was built by in 1611, three years after building the Charminar. • Ashoorkhana is famous for its resplendent tile work that have retained their lustre and vibrant colours even after four centuries. About Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah • He was the fifth of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golkonda who ascended to the throne in 1580. • He founded the city of Hyderabad and built its architectural centerpiece, the Charminar. He also built Charkaman archways. • He is a contemporary of , Mirabai and Surdas. His poetry is bound to earth and revels in the universality of love and mystic experiences. • During his reign, Jean Baptiste Tavernier visited and wrote about walking into the complex where carpets were laid out and whoever walked in was served pulao. Battle of Karbala • It took place in 680 A.D. Ashoora or 10th day of Muharram. Brief military engagement in a place called Karbala in Iraq, in which a small party led by al-hussain , grandson of the Prophet was defeated and massacred by an army sent by the Umayyad Pho Minh Pagoda of Vietnam caliph Yazid I. • It was built originally during the Ly Dynasty • The battle is remembered by Shiite Muslims and was later expanded in 1262 during Tran (followers of al-hussain) as an annual holy day of Dynasty. public mourning. • It was a place for high-ranking mandarins and the aristocracy of the Tran Royal Court to 3.5. INDIA’S NATIONAL WAR worship and lead their religious life. MEMORIAL What is the difference between a stupa and pagoda? • In general, however, "stupa" is the term used for a Why in news? Buddhist structure in India or Southeast Asia while "pagoda" refers to temple or a sacred building in India’s national war memorial (first proposed in East Asia which can be entered, and which may be 1960) was inaugurated at the India Gate complex secular in purpose. in Delhi by the PM. 7 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW 8468022022

About the Memorial existence for not less than 100 years may be declared as of national importance. • Spread across 40 acres, it is built to honor • The protection and maintenance of soldiers who laid down their lives defending monuments, declared as of national the nation, post-independence. importance is taken up by ASI by way of • It also commemorates the sacrifices made by structural repairs, chemical preservation and Indian soldiers sent on peace-keeping environmental development around the missions of the United Nations, Humanitarian monument which is a regular and on-going Assistance Disaster Relief (HADR) and process. counter-insurgency operations. • The 6 monuments are as follows: • The Memorial has four concentric circles, a o The 125-year-old Old High Court Building in central stone obelisk (15.5m), and an eternal Nagpur, Maharashtra, flame built at a cost of 176 crore. o Two Mughal-era monuments in Agra ( • The concentric circles are designed as a U.P.): Chakravyuh (an ancient Indian war formation) ✓ Haveli of Agha Khan and are called: ✓ Hathi Khana o Amar Chakra or Circle of Immortality: o The ancient Neemrana Baori in Alwar, innermost circle, at its centre stands the Rajasthan obelisk topped by a bronze lion capital. It o The Group of Temples at Bolangir, Odisha has a hollow centre where the eternal o The Vishnu Temple, Pithoragarh, flame is situated. Uttarkhand o Veerta Chakra or Circle of Bravery: a covered gallery, with bronze murals Archeological Survey of India (ASI) depicting Battles of Gangasagar, • The ASI under the Ministry of Culture, is the Longewala, Tithwal, Rizangla, and premier organization for the archaeological Operation Meghdoot (1984), researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. Trident(1971). • Maintenance of ancient monuments and o Tyag Chakra or Circle of Sacrifice: two archaeological sites and remains of national circles within Raksha Chakra consisting of importance is the prime concern of the ASI. 16 walls made of 25,942 granite tables • Besides it regulates all archaeological activities in dedicated to soldiers who fell in China and the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Pakistan wars and operations such as that Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Act, 1958. Lanka. • It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, o Rakshak Chakra or Circle of Protection: 1972. outermost circle comprising of 600 trees • It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham symbolises soldiers who ensure the who also became its first Director-General. territorial integrity of the nation, round the clock. 3.7. WORLD CAPITAL OF • The Param Yodha Sthal has the busts of 21 ARCHITECTURE recipients of the Param , India's highest military honour, with short Why in news? descriptions of their acts of valour. The UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has named the Brazilian 3.6. MONUMENTS OF NATIONAL city of Rio de Janeiro as the World Capital of IMPORTANCE Architecture for 2020. More on news Why in news? • As the first World Capital of Architecture, Rio ASI has declared 6 monuments as monuments of de Janeiro will hold a series of events under national importance in 2018. the theme “All the worlds. Just one world”, More on news and promote the internationally agreed 2030 • Under Section 4 of the Ancient Monuments Agenda for Sustainable Development’s 11th and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, Goal: “Make cities and human settlements 1958, ancient monuments or archaeological inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” sites which are of historical, archaeological or • Rio has a mix of modern and colonial artistic interest and which have been in architecture, with world-renowned sites like

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the statue of Christ the Redeemer and between the 4th and the 14th century AD by contemporary constructions like the Museum the Champa kings of Vietnam. of Tomorrow. • It has been recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage site. About World Capital of Architecture initiative • Here many temples were built to the Hindu • It is a joint initiative of UNESCO and the divinities such as Krishna and Vishnu, but most International Union of Architects (UIA) importantly to . (the most important of launched in 2018. which is Bhadreshvara.) • World Capital of Architecture is intended to • The temples have a variety of architectural become "an international forum for debates designs symbolizing the greatness and purity about pressing global challenges from the of Mount Meru, the mythical sacred mountain perspectives of culture, cultural heritage, home of Hindu gods at the center of the urban planning and architecture". universe. • UNESCO also hosts the UIA’s World Congress, • They are constructed in fired brick with stone an event that takes place every three years. pillars and decorated with sandstone bas- About International Union of Architects (UIA) reliefs depicting scenes from Hindu • It is a non-governmental organisation recognized mythology by UNESCO as the only architectural union • The Archaeological Survey of India is operating at an international level. undertaking the restoration of three temple • It was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1948 to groups at My Son. unite the architects of the world through a federation of their national organizations. Other conservation efforts by ASI across Asia • The Angkor Wat in Cambodia: o It is the largest religious structure ever built. 3.8. MY SON TEMPLE COMPLEX o It was built for the Hindu god Vishnu by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the period 1113– Why in News? 50. on his recent visit to Vietnam • Ananda Temple in Myanmar: It is a Buddhist went to the My Son temple complex in Kwangnan temple. province. • Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan: It was destroyed About My Son Temple in 2001 by the Taliban. • The Ta Prohm Temple in Cambodia • It is a cluster of abandoned and partially • The Vat Phou Temple in Laos ruined Hindu temples in Vietnam, constructed

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4. LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE 4.1. SILAPPADIKARAM • The oldest form of Mithilakshar is found in the Sahodara stone inscriptions of 950 AD. Why in News? • Vidyapati Thakur, was the first writer to use A rare dance panel of Nayak period and an Maithili as a literary language, his poetic works and songs are full of devotion to the inscribed pillar of Chola period have been found God Shiva. on an abandoned brick mound at Pathalapettai • near Kiliyur in Tiruchi. In the 14th century, Jyotishwar Thakur enriched the literature in a holistic way. More about the news • His work Dhurt Samagam is very popular in • The dance panel is depicted on a stone slab Maithili. showing four pairs of well-dressed male and • In the 20th century, Baba Nagarjun, female dancers are seen engaged in a Ramanand Renu contributed in the field of ritualistic dance in the panel. prose writing. • Silappadikaram has references to such • In 1910 the first Maithili organization, the ritualistic performances by rural folks. Maithili Mahasabha came into being for the • A round pillar found at the spot has an development of Maithili and Maithils. inscribed base. The base has a Tamil • The language has been accorded a inscription of Chola paleography with a few constitutional status in the 8th Schedule of Grantha letters used in between. the constitution in 2004, through the 92nd About Silappadikaram amendment. • It was composed during Sangam Period (3rd The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution includes 22 century BC to 4th century AD). major languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, • Silappadikaram (the story of the anklet) Gujarathi, Hindi, Kananda, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, written by Ilango-Adigal (Tamil poet and Jaina Punjabi, , Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, , Monk) is one of the five Great Epics of Tamil , Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali and Oriya. Nadu, followed by Manimegalai, Civaka Cintamani, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi. 4.3. DAKSHINA BHARAT HINDI • The epic revolves around , who having PRACHAR SABHA lost her husband to a miscarriage of justice at the court of the Pandyan Dynasty, wreaks her Why in News? revenge on his kingdom. The President of India inaugurated the centenary • All three of the Tamil kingdoms of the ancient celebrations of the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar era – the Chola, the Pandya and the Chera – Sabha. are mentioned in the tale. • It is considered to be one of the greatest About Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha poetic works detailing the . It • It was established in the year 1918 by also emphasizes the importance of various Mahatma Gandhi with the sole aim of religions, town plans and city types, and the propagating Hindi in southern states. mingling of Greeks and Arabs with the Tamil • Hindi Prachar was a movement that emerged peoples. as part of Freedom Movement and the leaders who led the nation to "FREE INDIA" 4.2. MAITHILI LANGUAGE felt the necessity of making a single Indian Language the National Language, and Why in news? through that language unify the people and The Ministry of Human Resource Development thereby intensify National Integration. has decided to implement the recommendations • In 1964, the institution was recognised by the of a committee for the promotion and protection Indian Government as one of the Institutes of of Maithili language and its scripts. National Importance. About Maithili Related news • Mithilakshar or Tirhuta is the script of the • Abu Dhabi has recently included Hindi as the third language Maithili. official language used in courts alongside Arabic • It is mainly spoken in India (Bihar, and English. Other than UAE, Fiji also has Hindi as etc.) and Nepal. official language. 10 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

5. INITIATIVES OF UNESCO 5.1. UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK o It was declared a national geo-heritage site in 1975. NETWORK STATUS About Geological Survey of India Why in news? • It is an attached office to the Ministry of Mines. • It was set up in 1851 primarily to find coal deposits Recently Geological Survey of India (GSI) chose for the Railways. heritage locations in Maharashtra and Karnataka • Its main function is creation and updation of for UNESCO Global Geopark Network site status. national geoscientific information and mineral resource assessment. What is UNESCO Global Geopark Network Status? • Its headquarter is in . • UNESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified • It has declared 32 Geological Heritage geographical areas where sites and Sites/National Geological Monuments for landscapes of international geological conservation, protection and maintenance. • significance are managed with a holistic GSI or the respective State governments take necessary measures to protect these sites concept of protection, education and sustainable development. 5.2. 37TH UNESCO WORLD • It aims to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society, HERITAGE SITE such as using our earth’s resources Why in news? sustainably, mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing natural disasters-related India’s nomination of the architectures of risks. "Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai” • The Global Geoparks Network (GGN), is a has been included in UNESCO's World Heritage legally constituted not-for-profit organisation. list. Its membership is obligatory for UNESCO More about news Global Geoparks. • At present, there are 140 UNESCO Global • India accepted the renaming of the ensemble Geoparks in 38 countries. as Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles • An aspiring Global Geopark must have a of Mumbai as recommended by the World dedicated website, a corporate identity, Heritage Committee. comprehensive management plan, protection • This is the third site from Mumbai after the plans, finance, and partnerships for it to be Elephanta Caves and Chhatrapati accepted. Terminus railway station. • As of now there is no geo-heritage site from • Across India, there are now 37 world heritage India is included under UNESCO Geo park sites. With five sites, Maharashtra has the Network. maximum number of sites in India. • India stands second largest in number after About the sites chosen: China in ASPAC (Asia and Pacific) region. It is • Lonar Lake, Maharashtra: overall sixth in the world. o It is the world's oldest meteoric crater World Heritage Committee formed around 50,000 years ago and the • It is the executive body responsible for the only one formed in basalt rock. implementation of the World Heritage Convention. o It is a salt water lake. • The Convention is an international agreement o It became a national geo-heritage site in adopted in 1972 by the Member States of the UNESCO. 1979. • The primary mission of the Convention is to • St. Mary’s Island and Malpe Beach, identify and protect the world's natural and Karnataka: cultural heritage considered to be of Outstanding o It is a hexagonal mosaic of basaltic rocks Universal Value in an island off Udupi. • Strategic Objectives Of the convention is based on o It is estimated to be an 88-million-year- the "Five Cs": Credibility, Conservation, Capacity- old formation that goes back to a time building, Communication, Communities when Greater India broke away from • The Convention serves as a catalyst to raising Madagascar. awareness for heritage preservation. • The World Heritage Fund, setup under convention, 11 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW 8468022022

provides financial assistance to States Parties in World Heritage Sites in India identifying, preserving and promoting World Heritage sites. Man-made Sites UNESCO Agra Fort Ajanta Caves • It is a specialized agency of the United Nations Buddhist Monuments at Champaner- Pavagadh (UN) based in Paris. Sanchi Archaeological Park • Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and Chhtrapati Shivaji Churches and Convents of security by promoting international collaboration Terminus (formerly Goa through educational, scientific, and cultural Victoria Terminus) reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along Elephanta Caves with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the Fatehpur Sikri Great Living Chola United Nations Charter. Temples • The United States and left UNESCO on 31 Group of Monuments at Group of Monuments at December 2018. Mahabalipuram About the sites Group of Monuments at Hill Forts of Rajasthan • This collection of Victorian and Art Deco Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi Khajuraho Group of landmarks is the largest such conglomeration Monuments and first of the combination of these two Mahabodhi Temple, Mountain Railways of genres of architecture in the world to be Bodh Gaya India included in world heritage list. Qutub Minar, Delhi Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s • The Ensemble consists of 94 buildings step-well), Patap, Gujarat primarily of 19th century Victorian Gothic Rock Shelters of revival and early 20th century Art Deco style Bhimbhetka of architecture with the Oval Maidan in the Sun Temple, Konark Taj Mahal centre. The Jantar Mantar, Archaeological Site of • Some characteristics of Victorian art are: Use Jaipur Nalanda of pointed arches, Heavy stone and brick (Nalanda University), work, Use of polychromes (contrasting Bihar colors) and Bold forms like towers, massive Architectural Work of Le Historic City of hip and gabled roofs. Corbusier (Capitol Ahmedabad • Art Deco, also called style modern was Complex, Chandigarh) movement in the decorative arts and Natural Sites architecture. The Art Deco edifices, with their Great Himalayan Kaziranga National Park cinemas and residential buildings, blend National Park Indian design with Art Deco imagery, creating Keoladeo National Park Manas Wildlife Sanctuary a unique style that has been described as Nanda Devi and Valley Sundarbans National Park Indo-Deco. of Flowers National Parks Western Ghats Mixed Site: Khangchendzonga National Park

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6. FESTIVALS 6.1. SANSKRITI KUMBH • At Prayagraj, held at every 6 years and Maha Kumbh at every 12 years. Why in News? Earlier they were known as Ardh Kumbh and Kumbh. But this year the government has The Ministry of Culture is organizing Sanskriti announced the Ardh Kumbh will be known as Kumbh, a 29 days cultural extravaganza at Kumbh Kumbh and Kumbh as Maha Kumbh. Mela area, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. UNESCO’s Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage The ICH list for India includes • It is a list which is prepared to promote the • Koodiyattam: Sanskrit Theatre, Kerala intangible heritage and contribute to a • Mudiyettu: a ritual theatre of Kerala greater awareness of their importance and • The Tradition of Vedic Chanting was formed after Convention for • : the Traditional Performance of the Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage • Ramman: religious festival and ritual theatre of the came into effect. Garhwal Himalayas • Intergovernmental Committee for • : folk songs and dances of Rajasthan safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural • : 3 distinct styles from the regions of Heritage meets and evaluates the Seraikella (Jharkhand), Purulia (Bengal) and nominations proposed by member states Mayurbhanj (Odisha). Of these, the first two use after which the List is published every year. masks. • UNESCO brings out two separate lists: • Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: recitation of sacred o Representative List of the Intangible Buddhist texts in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh Cultural Heritage of Humanity (ICH)– It is region, Jammu and Kashmir • Sankirtana: ritual singing, drumming and dancing made up of those intangible heritage of Manipur elements which bring out the diversity of • Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil culture. making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, o List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Punjab need of Urgent Safeguarding – It is made • up of the intangible heritage elements • Nawrouz which require urgent measures. It also • Kumbh Mela (latest addition in 2017) helps to mobilize international About Kumbh cooperation. • Kumbh Mela is one of the oldest and largest Related information • Scheme titled ‘Safeguarding the Intangible congregation in the world which is attended Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions by millions of people irrespective of all caste, of India’ is being implemented by the Ministry of creed, sex and region. Culture • The significance of Kumbh Mela has been • It has objective of reinvigorating and revitalizing enhanced at the Global level as the UNESCO various institutions, groups, individuals, identified has inscribed Kumbh Mela on the list of non-MoC institutions, non-government Intangible Cultural heritage for humanity in organisations, researchers and scholars so that 2017. they may engage in activities/ projects for • The Kumbha Mela is held four times over the strengthening, protecting, preserving and promoting the rich intangible cultural heritage of course of 12 years, in rotation between four India. Hindu pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers: • The scheme is being implemented through o Haridwar (banks of Ganga), Sangeet Natak Akademi, an autonomous o Prayagraj/Allahabad (Confluence of organisation under the Ministry of Culture Ganga, Yamuna and ), o Nashik (banks of Godavari) 6.2. VISHWA SHANTI AHIMSA o Ujjain (banks of Shipra). SAMMELAN • Kumbh Mela can be traced back in history through the writings of 7th century Chinese Why in news? traveller Hiuen Tsang who came to India during the rule of Harshavardhan. The festival Vishwa Shanti Ahimsa Sammelan (VSAS) 2018 took was also popularised among people by the place in Mangi-Tungi in Satana Taluka of Nashik eighth century saint Shankaracharya. District, Maharashtra. 13 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW 8468022022

• It is believed to be the site where Hindu Sati’s womb and genitals fell after she burned to death. • Devi, the reigning deity, is also worshipped as the Goddess of fertility. • It is also considered as one of the prime seats of Tantric cult. Related News • ‘Dwijing Festival’, an annual river festival was celebrated on the bank of Aie River in Chirang District, Assam. 6.4. BEHDIENGKHLAM FESTIVAL

Why in news? About Mangi Tungi Hills Behdiengkhlam festival was recently celebrated at • These are the two hills of Sahyadri range. Jowai, Jaintia Hills District in Meghalaya. • The hills have about 10 cave temples Details belonging to . • It is a traditional festival clebrated after • These two peaks have special significance in sowing is done seeking a good harvest and to Jainism because around 990 million Digambar drive away plague and diseases. ("beh dien" Jains achieved salvation on these two hills. means to drive away with sticks and “khlam" Therefore, the area is called ‘ Kshtera’ means plague or pestilence.) (gateway to the state of enlightenment). • The festival is observed by 'Pnars' who believe • Mangi Tungi is also the site of the 108-feet tall in the traditional faith of "Niamtre". statue of Jain Tirthankar Bhagwan • During the festival young men symbolically Rishabhdev. This is the tallest monolithic Jain drive away evil spirits by beating the roof of statue in the world, erected in 2016. every house with bamboo poles. • Before that 57-feet tall Gommateswar statue • Women do not participate in the dancing, and of (Son of Lord Rishabhdev) at have an important function of offering Sravan Belagola was the tallest single-rock sacrificial food to the spirits of the Jain statue in the world. forefathers. About Lord Rishabhdev • The main feature of the festival is the making • He is the first Jain (spiritual teacher). of the "Dein Khlam", "Symlend" and He is also called Adi Nath. "Khnong", which are rounded, polished and • He introduced the philosophy of Non-Violence. tall trunks of trees. • His symbol or emblem is Bull. • The people also display their artistic skills by • He is considered as the founder of Ikshvaku dynasty to which Lord Rama belonged. erecting ‘rots’ (tall bamboo structures Tirthankara (ford-maker): Also called Jina (victor), is a decorated with colour paper and tinsel). great human being who attains liberation by destroying • As part of the celebration, a game similar to all his and becomes a role model for every living football called dat la wakor is also held with being. A Tirthankara not only attains salvation himself each team trying to score a goal with a but also helps all those who are sincerely trying to wooden ball. seek nirvana by preaching and guiding them. The Jaintia tribe • They are also known as Syntengs and Pnars. 6.3. AMBUBACHI MELA • They reside in the east part of Meghalaya and they are of an Austrio-Asiatic origin. Why in News? • They are a matrilineal society as the children take Ambubachi Mela, a four day annual fair was held the identity or family title solely from the mother. • recently at in , Assam Amongst the Jaintias, it is the youngest daughter who inherits property and has the obligation to to mark the annual menstruation of Goddess. take care and look after the family. About Kamakhya Temple • The tribe is famous for artistic weaving, wood- carving and cane and bamboo work. • Situated on the Nilachal Hills in Guwahati, • Jaintia men wear Jymphong and dhoti while the Assam, it is one of the 52 peeths or women wrap several pieces of clothes so as to give Seat of Shakti followers. a cylindrical shape. During functions they wear 14 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

crowns of silver and gold with peak attached at the o Khasi tribe follows the matrilineal system back of it. of society and they practice shifting • Apart from Behdiengkhlam festival, the Laho cultivation. Dance festivals also an important festivals of the • The celebration begins with the sacrifice of a Jaintias. goat. In fact, the the word Nongkrem means 6.5. BATHUKAMMA FESTIVAL “goat killing ceremony”. • A special dance is performed by the men Why in News? called ‘Ka Shad Mastieh’ in which they hold sword in their right hand and a whisks in left • For the first time ever the New South Wales hand. Parliament in Sydney, Australia celebrated the ethnic festival of Bathukamma. 6.7. HORNBILL FESTIVAL • Pochampally Handloom Weavers also got a chance to promote their sarees in this Why in news? celebration. The Hornbill festival was recently celebrated in About Bathukamma Nagaland. • Bathukamma that means ‘Mother Goddess About the festival come Alive’ is a colourful floral festival of • The Hornbill Festival is one of the largest Telangana celebrated towards the end of celebrations of the indigenous warrior tribes monsoon. of Nagaland. The aim of the festival is to • Bathukamma is a beautiful flower stack of revive and protect the rich culture of different unique seasonal flowers most of Nagaland and display its extravaganza and them with medicinal value, arranged in seven traditions. concentric layers in the shape of temple • The festival is named after Hornbill, one of the . most venerated bird species in the state • The final day of Bathukamma, known as whose importance is reflected in a number of Pedha or Saddula Bathukamma falls two days tribal cultural expressions, songs and dances. before Dussehra. • It starts on 1st December which happens to be About Pochampalli Sarees Nagaland Formation Day and lasts 10 days. • The art originated in 18th Century in Tribes in Nagaland Associated Dances/ festivals Pochampally town of Telangana and is locally Angami Nagas Melo Phita Dance called as Chit-ku. The town is popularly known Ao tribe Moatsu festival as the silk city of India. Chakhesang tribe Sekrenyi festival Chang tribe Chang Lo Dance • These sarees are culturally popular for the Dimasa tribe Bushu Jiba festival styling and designs (geometrical) imprinted Khiamniungan tribe Miu and Tsokum festival on this fabric. Konyak tribe Traditional Head hunters • The Poochampalli Ikat Sarees also have GI tag Kuki tribe Kuki Dance in their name. Lotha tribe Rukhyo Sharu Dance Phom tribe Monyu Aasho Dance 6.6. NONGKREM DANCE Pochury tribe Yenshe festival FESTIVAL Rengma tribe Ngada festival Sangtam tribe Amongmong festival Why in news? Sumi tribe Angushu Kighilhe Dance Recently, Nongkrem dance festival was Yimchunger tribe Metemneo festival Zeliang tribe Zeliang Dance celebrated at Smit village in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. Hornbill in India About the Nongkrem Dance Festival Nine different species of Hornbill are found in India in: • Western Ghats: Indian Grey Hornbill, the Malabar • It is an annual dance festival celebrated for Grey Hornbill, Malabar Pied Hornbill, Great Hornbill the harvest thanksgiving and for peace and (state bird of Kerela) prosperity for all the community people. • Narcondam Island: Narcondam Hornbill • It is one of the most important festival of (Endangered) Khasi tribe – Hima Khyrim during which men, • Others in North-East & Himalayan foothills: White- women and children dance to the tunes of throated Brown Hornbill, Rufous-necked Hornbill drums and pipes. (Vulnerable), Wreathed Hornbill, Oriental Pied Hornbill

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6.8. ATTUKAL PONGALA About Temple • It is located at Sabarimala inside the Periyar Why in news? Tiger Reserve in , Recently, annual 10-day Attukal Pongala festival Kerala, India. was held at Attukal Temple in • The temple is dedicated to the Hindu celibate (Kerala). deity Ayyappan also known as Sastha, who according to belief is the son of Shiva More on news and Mohini, the feminine incarnation of • Pongala (meaning- 'to boil over’) is the ritual Vishnu. in which women prepare sweet payasam (a • The traditions of Sabarimala are a confluence pudding made from rice, , and of , , , and other plantains) and offer it to the Goddess. Sramaṇa traditions. • The Goddess is fondly referred to as • The Supreme Court in September ordered the ‘Attukalamma’. Sabarimala temple administration to throw it • Attukal temple is also popularly known as open to women of all age declaring women's Sabarimala - where only women are unconstitutional a Kerala law that banned allowed to take part in the rituals. entry of menstruating women in the shrine. • It was listed in the Guinness World Records in Other religious places where women entry is 2009 for being the largest religious gathering restricted of women on a single day. • Lord Temple, Pushkar • Patbausi , Assam 6.9. MAKARAVILAKKU FESTIVAL • Nizamuddin Dargah, Delhi • Hazratbal Mosque, Srinagar Why in News? • Sree , Thiruvananthapuram Sabarimala celebrated Makaravilakku festival • Kamakhaya Temple, Guwahati, Assam (two months long annual festival of the temple) • Shani Shignapur Temple, Maharastra on the occasion of Makara .

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7. HISTORICAL EVENTS 7.1. PIETERMARITZBURG • : He built it in 1910 to support the families of jailed passive resisters. STATION INCIDENT • March into Transvaal: It was illegal for Indians to cross the border between Transvaal and Why in news? Natal without a permit. Gandhiji led a march India and jointly issued Postage from Natal Colony into Transvaal to Stamps on the theme “125th Year of Mahatma purposefully defy the Immigrants Regulation Gandhi’s Pietermaritzburg Station Incident”. Act of 1913 and was arrested. o Reports in India relating the arrest of The Pietermaritzburg Station Incident Gandhi and police brutality caused uproar. • In May 1893 Mahatma Gandhi was thrown off Gandhi was released in 1914. The British the train at Pietermaritzburg after he had government was forced to concede to the refused to leave first-class carriage of the main Indian demands. train. • Gandhi made the momentous decision to stay 7.2. PAIKA REBELLION on in South Africa and fight the racial discrimination against Indians there. Out of Why in News? that struggle emerged his unique version of There have been demands to declare the Paika , . Rebellion (also known as Khurda upsrising) of Mahatma Gandhi’s experiments in South Africa 1817 as the first war of Independence. • Indian immigration issue: When Mahatma About Paika Rebellion Gandhi arrived in 1893, the issue was rampant. • Paiks were the traditional landed militia of Indians, who had initially arrived in the Natal Odisha who used to perform policing region as indentured labour stayed back for functions. economic reasons. But, their increased • Paiks owned rent-free land that had been population was resented by the white given to them for their military service to colonists. Kingdom of Khurda. o Mahatma Gandhi setup the Natal Indian • However problem started when British Congress, which became a driving force forcefully usurped their land rendering them behind the satyagraha campaigns landless. between 1906 and 1913. Despite the • They were also subjected to repressive land efforts, a law was passed in 1896 revenue policies and humiliation by the disqualifying voters who were not of British. European origin. • Over the years, various other factors that • Second Anglo-Boer (South African War), added to these grievances were: 1899: He advised the Indian community to o the introduction of sicca rupee (silver support the British cause, on the ground that currency) in the region, since they claimed their rights as British o the insistence on payment of revenue in subjects, it was their duty to defend the the new currency, Empire when it was threatened. o an unprecedented rise in the prices of • Transvaal British Indian Association (BIA), food-stuff and salt, 1903: The organization formed by Mahatma o the auction of local estates in Calcutta, Gandhi aimed to prevent proposed evictions which brought in absentee landlords from of Indians in the Transvaal under British Bengal to Odisha. leadership. • It was led by Jagabandhu Bidyadhar • Asiatic Registration Law (the Black Act): It Mahapatra Bhramarabar Rai or Buxi required all Indians - young and old, men and Jagabandhu, the military chief of the King of women - to get fingerprinted and to keep Khurda. registration documents on them at all • The uprising was set off on 29 March 1817 as times. Gandhiji officially used Satyagraha for the Paiks attacked the police station and the first time in 1907 when he organised other government establishments at Banpur. opposition to the act.

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Soon the uprising spread to various parts of o Ram Mohan Roy had also established Odisha. the 'Calcutta Unitarian Committee’ • Both zamindars and ryots joined the Paiks. alongwith Dwarkanath Tagore and William • A ‘no-rent campaign’ was also started. Adam as its precursor organisation. Its • The priests of the Jagannath Temple also membership was both Indian and extended the Paiks their full support. European. • The British imposed Martial Law and the by • Doctrine: Believe in existence of one God, May 1817 the uprising was mostly contained. o No revelation, prophet or holy book is Buxi Jagabandhu surrendered in May, 1825. infallible or to be considered as authority. • Following the uprising, British henceforth o Human being is created from Singularity adopted a policy of ‘leniency, indulgence and • Social and Religious reform: abolition of caste forbearance’ towards the people of Khurda. system, child marriage and practice of Sati, o The price of salt was reduced and opposed idolatry, condemned polygamy, and necessary reforms were made in the dowry system. police and the justice systems. • Brahmos were the first to defy the o Revenue officials found to be corrupt taboo about crossing the seas to the west. were dismissed from service and former • In 1843, Devendranath Tagore joined the land-holders were restored to their lands. Brahmo Sabha and renewed its zeal. He o The son of the king of Khurda was started the famous Bengali monthly allowed to move to Puri and take charge Tattvabodhini Patrika with Akshoykumar of the affairs of the Jagannath Temple Datta as its editor. with a grant of rupees twenty-four • Keshabchandra Sen was the first non- thousand. to be appointed as the of the Samaj by Debendranath Tagore. 7.3. SADHARAN BRAHMO SAMAJ • In 1866, ideological differences between liberal younger Brahmos and conservative Why in News? older Brahmos led to creation of the 'Brahmo Recently, governing bodies of eight colleges of Samaj of India’ under Keshab chandra. Hence Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (SBS), has been forward, the original Brahmo Samaj became dissolved by the West Bengal government. known as the 'Adi Brahmo Samaj’ (Rabindranath Tagore assumed its leadership More on News in 1911). The government stated that SBS is not a o Keshab chandra also established the “separate minority religion”, the related colleges 'Indian Reform Association’ in 1870 and administered by it should be treated as “non- started the ‘Sulabh Samachar’. minority Government-aided Colleges. 7.4. BATTLE OF HAIFA About Sadharna Bhramo Samaj (SBS) • It was formed in 1878 by Anandmohan Bose Why in news? (first president), Dwarkanath Ganguly and The Embassy of India held a ceremony in Haifa to other after a split in Brahmo Samaj of India. mark the Centenary of the Battle of Haifa when on o The reason of split was marriage of 23 Sep 1918, Indian soldiers from the , Keshab Chandra Sen’s 13 year old and Hyderabad Lancers liberated the city daughter with Maharaja of Cooch-Bihar of Haifa. which was in violation of Brahmo Marriage Act, 1872. Indian participation in o Keshab and his followers inaugurated • In World War I the (alongside Nava Vidhan, as New Dispensation Britain) fought against the on Church, with Keshab as prophet of a the Western Front, in East Africa, universal religion. Mesopotamia, Egypt and Gallipoli. About Brahmo Samaj • The Indian Army was the largest volunteer force in the world • Founded in 1829 as Brahmo Sabha by Raja • The nationalist response to British Ram Mohan Roy. Later it become Brahmo participation in the War was three-fold – Samaj. o the Moderates supported the empire in the War as a matter of duty; 18 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

o the extremists, including Tilak supported • MCR reforms along with the Montagu the war efforts in the mistaken belief that Declaration (1917) are claimed of the title of Britain would repay India’s loyalty with the Magna Carta of modern India. gratitude in the form of self-government. • The main provisions were the following: Both Mahatama Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak tried to raise money and o Relaxed central control over the men for the British through war tours. provinces by separating the central and o the revolutionaries decided to utilize the provincial subjects. opportunity to wage a war and liberate o Introduction of diarchy (Reserved the country. subjects with Governor & Transferred • However the expectation of nationalists subjects with Ministers) for the executive leaders were dashed by the extension of at the level of provincial government. Rowlatt act at the end of the conflict. o • Following this period, Mahatama Gandhi Bicameralism (Lower House & Upper launched his first India-wide campaign of civil House) and direct legislation was disobedience against British authority in introduced for first time in the country. It February 1919. granted franchise to a limited number of • India’s contribution to the British and people on the basis of property, tax or resistance that followed became one of the education. reasons for passing the Montague-Chelmsford o The Governor General was given powers Reforms • India Gate in commemorates the to summon, prorogue, dissolve the 70,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives Chambers, and to promulgate Ordinances. fighting for the British Army during the World o The number of Indians in Viceroy's War I. Executive Council would be three out of Haifa eight members. • It is third largest city in Israel. o It extended the principle of communal • It is home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Bahá'í representation by providing separate pilgrims (one of the religious group in Israel). electorate for Sikh, Indian Christian, Anglo • The Indian cavalry brigades fighting under the Indians and Europeans. leadership of British General Edmund Allenby o It provided for establishment for public helped liberate Haifa from the clutches of the Turkish-German forces inn 1918. service commission. Hence a central public service commission was set up in 7.5. MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD 1926. REFORMS o It separated for the first time provincial budget from the central budget and Why in news? authorized the provincial legislature to July 2018 marked the 100th year of the publication enact the budget. of the ‘Report on Indian constitutional reforms’, o It provided for the appointment of a commonly known as the Montagu-Chelmsford statutory commission (Simon Commission Report (MCR). in 1927 was outcome of this) to inquire About Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms(MCR into and report on its working after ten Reforms) years of its coming into force. • The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial 7.6. AZAD HIND GOVERNMENT government in British India in 1919 to introduce self-governing institutions Why in news? gradually to India. Government recently celebrated the 75th • It became the basis for the Government of Anniversary of formation of Azad Hind India Act, 1935, and, ultimately, the Government. Constitution.

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Azad Hind Government Later it was reconsolidated as an army by . • Subhas Chandra Bose on October 21, 1943, • The INA was also at the forefront of women's established the provisional Azad Hind equality, and the formation of a women's government in . He was the leader regiment, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment was of Azad Hind Government and also the Head formed as an all-volunteer women's unit to of State of this Provisional Indian fight the as well as provide medical Government-in-exile. services to the INA. • It was a part of the freedom movement, INA Trials originating in 1940s outside India with a • A joint court-martial of hundreds of captured INA purpose of allying with Axis powers to free soldiers, led by Colonel Prem Sehgal, Colonel India from British rule. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, Major General Shah Nawaz • The existence of the Azad Hind Government Khan, was held during 1945- 46 at the Red Fort. gave a greater legitimacy to the • Leaders of independence movement Jawaharlal independence struggle against the British. Nehru, Sir , Kailashnath Katju, , , along with Muslim league (INA) defended the comrades of Bose despite difference • The idea of INA was first conceived in Malaya of ideology. • by , an Indian officer of the The famous INA trial sparked off massive unrest across the country, including the strike by the British Indian Army. ratings (sailors) and officers of the Royal Indian • The Indian National Army was founded by Navy and Air Force -- from the ports of Mumbai and prisoners of wars of British Indian Army Karachi to Madras, Vishakhapatnam and Calcutta in captured by the Japanese in Singapore, February 1946. The airmen too struck work at Malaysia and other countries of Southeast various places including Karachi and Kalaikunda Asia during the World War II. (now in West Bengal). • On 1 September 1942, the first division of INA • Historians termed this unrest as "the last nail in was formed. the coffin" of the . • The main task of gathering them and forming the INA was carried out by Rashbehari Bose.

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8. PERSONALITIES 8.1. GURU NANAK DEV JI expected to contribute to the general funds of the community of followers. Why in News? • Before his death in 1539, Guru Nanak appointed one of his followers Lehna (later has decided to known as Guru Angad) as his successor. Guru commemorate 550th Birth Anniversary of Shri Angad compiled the compositions of Guru Guru Nanak Dev Ji at national as well as Nanak, to which he added his own in a new international level by building Kartarpur Corridor. script known as Gurmukhi. Kartarpur Corridor Related News Recently, a proposal was made for a sixth Sikh takht at • About the Project: The proposed project will Nankana Sahib in Pakistan. connect the Dera Baba Nanak Sahib Gurdwara About Sikh Takhts in India's state of Punjab to the Gurdwara • Panj Takht: Panj Takht are 5 important Gurudwaras Darbar Sahib Kartarpur shrine in Narowal of which have a significant respect and district of Pakistan's Punjab province which is take Religious, Social and Political decisions as reportedly to be completed before the 550th required by Sikh community. Takht is a Persian word that means imperial throne. anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev. It runs across • Location: the Ravi River. o Akal Takht (Amritsar), set up in 1606 by Guru o The Kartarpur Corridor, seeks to visa-free Hargobind, is the Supreme of Panj takht. access from India to the shrine inside o Four Other Takhts: Takht Keshgarh Sahib Pakistan. (Anandpur Sahib); Takht Damdama Sahib • About Gurdwara: It was ordered by Maharaja (Talwandi Sabo, Bhatinda); Takht Patna Sahib of Patiala between 1921-1929 and is believed (Bihar) and Takht Hazur Sahib (Nanded, to be place where Nanak ji spent about last 18 Maharashtra). years of his life. o These 4 are linked to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru. It was at Keshgarh Sahib that Guru About Guru Nanak Dev ji Gobind Singh raised Khalsa, the initiated Sikh warriors, in 1699. • He was the founder of Sikhism (the first of the • Control: The three takhts in Punjab are directly ten Sikh Gurus) and a Bhakti saint. controlled by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak • He was born in 1469 in Nanakana Sahib, Committee (SGPC) which appoints the jathedars Punjab, Pakistan and died in Kartarpur, (who leads Takht) for these while the two takhts Pakistan. outside Punjab have their own trusts and boards. • Guru Nanak and Sikhism were influenced by Related Information the nirguni (formless God) tradition of Bhakti Guru Granth Sahib movement in . • It is the holy book of the Sikhs. It contains hym of six of the ten Sikh Gurus apart from several holy • He emphasized the importance of the worship men coming from the Hindu and the Muslim of one God. tradition like Kabir, Ravidas, , , • He insisted that caste, creed or gender was Bhagat Bhikan and Sheikh Farid. irrelevant for attaining liberation. • It was compiled by Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th Sikh • His idea of liberation was not that of a state of Guru) in 1604. inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active life Related News with a strong sense of social commitment. • Pakistan issued visas to Indian pilgrims to visit • He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan Katas Raj, Pakistan, which is considered one of the for the essence of his teaching, which actually holiest places for the Hindu community in Pakistan and is located in the Potohar Plateau region of meant right worship, welfare of others and Pakistan's Punjab province. purity of conduct. • His teachings are now remembered as nam- 8.2. SAINT KABIR japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief Why in news? and worship, honest living, and helping others. Recently PM offered tributes at Sant Kabir Samadhi, on the 500th death anniversary of Saint • He insisted that his followers must be Kabir. householders and should adopt productive and useful occupations. They were also 21 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW 8468022022

About Saint Kabir • He was a major force in the revival of in India, and contributed to the • He was born in the year 1440 and died in the concept of nationalism in . year 1518. • He was a disciple of , from • Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, whom he learned of the Divine and spiritual indeed vehement, rejection of the major part of oneself as well as the importance of religious traditions and he vouched for kindness and service to mankind. Nirguna form of Bhakti. • Some of great literary works of Swami • His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of Vivekananda are , Yoga, external worship of both Brahmanical, , , My Master, Lectures Hinduism and , the pre-eminence of the from Colombo to . priestly classes and the caste system. • It is considered that he got all his spiritual Philosophy on Nationalism training from his Guru named, Ramananda, in • Swami Vivekananda’s nationalism is deeply his early childhood. rooted in Indian spirituality and morality. He • Kabir Panth is the huge religious community linked India’s regeneration to her age-old which identifies the Kabir as the originator of tradition of spiritual goal. the Sant Mat sects. • Unlike western nationalism which is secular in • Kabir Das is the first Indian saint who has nature, Swami Vivekananda’s nationalism was coordinated the Hinduism and Islam by giving based on religion. a universal path which could be followed by • He galvanized the National Spirit by exposing both Hindus and Muslims. the British policy of profiteering in complete • According to him every life has relationship disregard to the Indian interests and taught with two spiritual principles, Jivatma and people to get rid first of self-inflicted Paramatma. His view about the that, bondages and resultant miseries. it is the process of uniting these two divine • Like Vivekananda, Aurbindo Ghosh and principles. Mahatma Gandhi also worked for India’s • Some of the great writings of the Kabir Das unification through awakening the force of are Bijak, Kabir Granthawali, Anurag Sagar, religion and spirituality. Sakhi Granth etc. Nirguna bhakti and Saguna bhakti Philosophy on Religion • The nirguna bhaktas were devotees of a formless • Swami Vivekananda was a great proponent of God even while calling him variously as Rama, Govinda, Hari or Raghunatha. The most Vedantic philosophy and he spread Advaita conspicuous among them were Kabir and Nanak. to the west via the Ramakrishna • The saguna bhaktas were devotees of god with Mission. attributes or in human form. Vishnu in its o is a non-dualistic school incarnations as Rama, or Krishna, are most popular of Hinduism with its roots in the that were worshipped by Saguna Bhakti and which recognizes one saints. reality and one God. • Thus, Saguna bhakti movement of North India was o Shankaracharya is the founder of advaita essentially vaishnavite in character as compared to Vedanta. Southern Bhakti movement which had both o According to Shankara, the atman Vashnav as well as Shaiv streams. experiences a false sense of plurality and 8.3. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA individuality when under the influence of the delusive power of . A soul Why in news? becomes liberated from the cycle of rebirth by realizing that its very th This year marks the 125 anniversary of Swami experience of samsara is an illusion. Vivekananda’s address at Parliament of the • He presented karma, bhakti, jnana and raja World's Religions in 1893 held in Chicago. yoga as equal means to attain moksha, to About Swami Vivekananda present Vedanta as a liberal and universal religion, in contrast to the exclusivism of • His teachings and philosophy stressed on other religions. different aspects of religion, youth, • He told that though the paths are different for education, faith, character building as well as different religions but the goal is same. social issues pertaining to India.

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• He attached great importance to the unity of alcohol and drugs, and encouraging women all religions and their fusion into one universal to step out of seclusion. religion. • After the British took the Punjab, the • Swami Vivekananda said in his speech ‘not movement transformed from a religious only tolerate other religions, but positively purification campaign to a political one. embrace them, as truth is the basis of all • During the Mutiny of 1857, Satguru Ram religions.’ Singhji formally inaugurated the Namdhari • He promoted the idea of the equality of all movement, with a set of rituals modelled human beings. after Guru Gobind Singh’s founding of the Khalsa. Philosophy on Education • He strongly opposed to the British rule and • Swami Vivekananda laid the greatest started an intense non-cooperation emphasis on education for the regeneration movement against them. Led by him, the of our motherland and a nation is advanced in people boycotted English education, mill proportion as education is spread among the made cloths and other imported goods. The masses. Kuka followers actively propagated the civil • He advocated a man-making character- disobedience. building education. • All followers of satguru are distinguished by • He said that education must make the the white dress, straight and pressed turban students self-reliant and help them face the and a woolen rosary. challenges of life. • They were required to wear the five symbols of Sikhism, with only exception of the Kirpan • The Mission, founded by Vivekananda in 1897 is a (sword). However, they were required to humanitarian organization which carries out keep a Lathi (a bamboo stave) with them. medical, relief and educational programs. • Two main purposes of mission are to spread the 8.5. STATUE OF teachings of Vedanta as embodied in the life of the Hindu saint Ramakrishna (1836–86) and to improve RAMANUJACHARYA the social conditions of people. • The ideals propagated by the mission include work Why in news? as worship, the inherent divinity of every soul and A 216-foot tall statue of Vaishnavite saint Sri

the harmony of religions. Ramanujacharya is set to be unveiled in 8.4. SRI SATGURU RAM SINGHJI Hyderabad soon. About the statue Why in News? • It will become the world’s second tallest Recently Ministry of Culture inaugurated an statue in a seated position and will be called International Seminar to commemorate the 200th as , after the statue of the Birth Anniversary of Sikh philosopher, Sri Satguru of (302 feet). Ram Singhji, also known as Ram Singh Kuka. • It is made of panchaloha (an alloy of gold, About Sri Satguru Ram Singhji silver, copper, brass and tin/lead) and its base depicts 36 and 27-feet-high lotus • He was born in 1816 in Ludhiana and was a petals. social reformer, and a freedom fighter. • He fought against the caste system among About Ramanujacharya Sikhs and encouraged inter-caste marriages. • Ramanujacharya, or Ilaiya Perumal was a • He preached against killing the girl child in bhakti saint and also spread the message of infancy, stood firmly against the Sati Pratha equality. and advocated widow remarriage. • His philosophy became known as Namdhari/ Kuka Movement vishishtadwaita or qualified monism. • He provided an intellectual basis for the • The movement was founded in 1840 by practice of bhakti in three major Bhagat Jawaharmal in Western Punjab. commentaries: the Vedartha-Samgraha, • Its basic tenets were abolition of caste and the Shri-Bhashya and the Bhagavadgita- similar discriminations among Sikhs, Bhashya. discouraging the eating of meat and taking of

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• He tried to establish a careful balance About Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel between orthodox Brahmanism and popular • He was a political and social leader of India bhakti which was open to all. who played a major role in the country's • Though he did not support the idea of the struggle for independence and subsequently "lower" castes having access to the Vedas, he guided its integration into a united, advocated bhakti as a mode of worship independent nation. He was called the "Iron accessible to all including the Sudras and even Man of India". the outcastes. • He already had a successful practice as a • While propagating bhakti, he did not observe lawyer when he was first inspired by the work caste distinctions and evep tried to eradicate and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. untouchability. • Patel subsequently organised the peasants of According to Vishishtadwaita (qualified monism)- Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in a • 's philosophy was called vishistadvaita,or 'qualified monism'. non-violent movement • Ramanuja's God () is a personal God with against oppressive policies imposed by the omniscient qualities. British Raj; in this role, he became one of the • He has created the world, but he has created the most influential leaders in Gujarat. world out of His own self. Thus the world bears to • He is also remembered as the "Patron Saint" the relation of part to whole, or the of India's civil servants for establishing relation of a ‘qualified effect’ to the base (hence modern all-India services. qualified monism) full of grace and love for his • He played a very significant role in mobilizing creation. It was one with God, but yet separate. people for the Dandi march. • According to him, the best means of salvation was • devotion, and the best yoga was bhakti-yoga,such He was elected President of the Indian intense devotion to Vishnu that the worshipper National Congress in 1931 (Karachi Session). realized that he was but a fragment of God, and • He took charge of the task to forge a united wholly dependent on him. Another means of India from the 565 semi-autonomous princely salvation was prapatti,the abandonment of self, states and British-era colonial provinces. putting one's soul completely in the hands of God, Kheda Satyagraha (1918) – First Non Cooperation trusting in his will, and waiting confidently for his • It was Satyagraha movement organized by grace. Mohandas Gandhi in Kheda district of Gujarat. • It was the third Satyagraha movement after 8.6. SARDAR VALLABHBHAI and Ahmedabad mill strike. PATEL • Gandhi organised this movement to support peasants of the Kheda district. Why in News? • People of Kheda were unable to pay the high taxes levied by the British due to crop failure and a Recently Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s statue, plague epidemic. known as the , was inaugurated in (1928) the Narmada district of Gujarat. • The Bardoli Satyagraha movement was started in January 1928 after the land revenue in Bardoli About the Statute of Unity taluka was increased by 30 per cent. • It is the world’s tallest statue at about 597 • In February 1928, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was called to lead the movement. feet (182 meters) surpassing the height of • It was Bardoli satyagraha where Vallabhbhai patel , China. got title"Sardar" by women. • It is conceptualised as Sardar Patel walking on the towards the Sardar 8.7. SIR CHHOTU RAM Sarovar dam. It offers a spectacular view of this reservoir, and the Satpura and Vindhya Why in news? mountain ranges. Recently, Prime Minister unveiled a statue of Sir • It is plated with bronze and core of the statue Chhotu Ram (1881-1945) in Rohtak district. is made up of cement concrete, reinforced steel and structural steel. Political activities of Sir Chhotu Ram • Near the statue, there is a ‘Wall of Unity’ • He founded the Jat Sabha, followed by the which has been created with the earth launch of the Jat Gazette in 1915. samples collected from various states across • He joined the Congress in 1916. In 1920, he the country. launched Zamindaran Party, which later became the Unionist Party in 1923 in alliance 24 8468022022 DELHI | JAIPUR | PUNE | HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | LUCKNOW

with Fazl-e-Hussain and Sir Sikandar Hayat India came and tried to replace it with Khan. typical Zamindari-tenancy system. • His party won the general elections of 1936 ✓ These new landlords caused and formed a coalition government along indebtedness and beth-begari (forced with the Congress and Sikh Akali Dal. He labour) among the tribal. became the Revenue Minister. o He declared an end to Victorian rule and the establishment of Munda Rule. Reforms initiated by Sir Chhotu Ram o He organised the people to stop paying • He conceived the Bhakra Dam project way debts/interest to moneylenders and taxes back in 1923. He, along with the King of to the British. Bilaspur, signed the Bhakra Dam project. o He formed two military units - one for • He was considered as an agrarian reformer. military training and armed struggle, the Under him, various legislations were passed other for propaganda. He declared such as Punjab Land Revenue (Amendment) December 24, 1899, as the day for the Act, 1929, Punjab Agricultural Produce launching of the armed struggle. Markets Act was passed in 1939 (Mandi Act), o Finally, on February 3, 1900 Birsa was Punjab Relief of Indebtedness Act, 1943. caught. • For his work, the peasantry rewarded him o As a result of Munda Ulgulan the with the titles of Deen-bandhu and Rahbar-e- government enacted Chotanagpur Azam. Also, the British honoured him with a Tenancy Act 1908, recognized Khuntkatti knighthood in 1937. rights and banned Beth Begari (forced labour) 8.8. TRIBAL FREEDOM FIGHTERS • Veer Narayan Singh o The Revolt 1857 was spearheaded in Why in News? Chhattisgarh by Veer Narayan Singh who The Centre will set up six museums dedicated to was a benevolent jamindar of Sonakhan. tribal freedom fighters in Gujarat, Jharkhand, • Alluri Rama Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh o He led The Rampa Rebellion of 1922, a and Kerala. tribal uprising in Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency, British India during Details on Tribal Freedom Fighters which a band of tribal leaders and other • Birsa Munda: led the "Ulgulan" (revolt) or the sympathisers fought against the British Munda rebellion against the British in Chota Raj, which had passed the 1882 Madras Nagpur area. Forest Act. o In 1894 Birsa declared himself a god, and ✓ The act put restrictions on the free began to awaken the masses and arouse movement of tribal peoples in the them against the landlord-British forest prevented them from engaging combine. in their traditional podu agricultural ✓ Munda tribals practiced Khuntkatti system, which involved shifting system (joint holding by tribal cultivation. lineages). • Thalakkal Chandu ✓ But rich farmers, merchants, o He was an archer and commander-in-chief moneylenders, dikus (outsiders who of the Kurichya soldiers of the Pazhassi made the tribal people dependent Raja who fought British forces in the upon them), thekedars from Northern Wayanad jungles, Kerala during first decade of the 19th century.

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9. ANCIENT HISTORY 9.1. VAKATAKA DYNASTY • Sometimes, there were differences in the way the burial pit was made – in some instances, Why in news? the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. This could indicate at social A team of archaeologists have confirmed that the differentiation. Vakataka dynasty ruled from its capital • Some graves contain pottery and ornaments, Nandivardhan, or the present day Nagardhan in perhaps indicating a belief that these could be Nagpur district. used in the afterlife. Jewellery has been found About Vakataka Dynasty in burials of both men and women. • The Vakataka Empire originated from the • In some instances the dead were buried with Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE. copper mirrors. But on the whole, it appears • They were the successors of the Satavahanas that the Harappans did not believe in burying in the Deccan and contemporaneous with the precious things with the dead. Guptas in northern India. Major Discoveries at Happaran Sites • The Vakataka dynasty was a Brahmin dynasty. • Harappa – 2 rows of six granaries with big Little is known about Vindhyashakti, the platform, stone symbol of lingam and , mother founder of the family. goddess figure, wheat and barley in wooden • Territorial expansion began in the reign of his mortar, dice, copper scale and mirror, sculptor of son Pravarasena I. dog chasing a deer in bronze metal, nude dancing • The Gupta emperor Chandragupta II married girl of stone and red sand stone male torso his daughter intro Vakataka royal family. • Mohenjodaro – Great bath, great granary, post • The Vakatakas are noted for having been cremation burial, sculpture of bearded priest, Bronze dancing girl. patrons of the arts, architecture and • Dholavira – giant water reservoir, stadium, dams literature. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and and embankments, inscription comprising 10 large chaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO World sized signs like an advertisement board. Heritage Site) were built under the patronage • Lothal – Dockyard, double burial, rice husk, fire of Vakataka emperor, Harishena. altars, painted jar, modern day chess, terracotta figure of horse and ship, instrument of measuring 9.2. COUPLE’S GRAVE IN 45, 90 and 180 degree angles HARAPPAN SETTLEMENT • Ropar – Dog buried with human oval pit burials • Balathal and Kalibangan – Bangle factory, toy Why in News? carts, bones of camels, decorated brickes, citadel, lower town In a first, archaeologists have discovered a • Surkotada – first actual remains of the horse 'couple's grave' in a cemetery from Rakhigarhi, bones Haryana (the biggest Harappan site). • Banawali – toy plough, barley grains, only city with Burial practices in Indus Valley Civilisation radial streets, oval shaped settlement • Alamgirpur – Impression of a cloth on a trough • At burials in Harappan sites the dead were generally laid in pits.

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10. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES/SCHEMES & INSTITUTIONS • It is the premier organization for the 10.1. ADOPT A HERITAGE archaeological research, scientific analysis, excavation of archaeological sites, etc. Why in news? • Under the provisions of the Ancient Monuments Recently Ministry of Culture informed Parliament and Archeological Sites Remains Act of 1958, the that ten monuments have been adopted under ASI administers more than 3650 ancient ‘Adopt a Heritage’ (Apni dharohar Apni pehchan) monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance. project. 10 monuments adopted Adopt A Heritage: Apni Dharohar Apni Pehchan Red Fort Delhi • It is a joint initiative of Ministry of Tourism, Fort Andhra Pradesh Ministry of Culture, ASI and State/UT Jantar Mantar Delhi Governments. Hampi (Hazara Rama Temple) Karnataka Leh Palace, Leh Jammu & Kashmir • It aims to involve public sector companies, Ajanta Caves Maharashtra private sector companies and corporate Qutub Minar Delhi • citizens/individuals to take up the Surajkund Haryana responsibility for making heritage and Mt. Stok Kangri Trek, Lakakh Jammu & Kashmir tourism more sustainable Area surrounding Gangotri Uttarakhand through development, operation and Temple and Trail to Gaumukh maintenance of world-class tourist infrastructure and amenities at the Indian 10.2. SEVA BHOJ SCHEME heritage sites. Why in news? • Company utilises its CSR to develop and upkeep the monument. Recently, Ministry of Culture launched a new • The program outlines concrete scheme “Seva Bhoj Yojna”. responsibilities for the private companies, More about the scheme such as creating new infrastructure, new • It is a central sector scheme to reduce amenities and new levels of cleanliness, financial burden of Charitable Religious maintaining the existing operations, making Institutions. the monument more popular, and taking • It envisages reimbursing the Central better care of tourists. Government share of Central Goods and • The firm will, among others, have a Services Tax (CGST) and Integrated Goods responsibility to better advertise the site but and Service Tax (IGST) of such Charitable will also be able to advertise itself through Religious Institutions who provide the site. Food/Prasad/Langar/Bhandara free of cost • The companies are selected through Vision without any discrimination to Bidding (i.e. company with best vision for the Public/Devotees. heritage site gets the opportunity), and are • It is applicable to all Charitable Religious called Monument Mitras. Institutions such as Temples, Gurudwara, • The legal status of the monument does not Mosque, Church, Dharmik Ashram, Dargah, change after adoption. The Project envisages Matth, Monasteries etc. which follows limited ‘access’ to non-core areas and ‘no following norms: handing over of monuments’ are involved. o which have been in existence for • The company does not collect any money preceding five years before applying for from the public unless allowed by the financial assistance/grant. o which have been distributing free food, government, and profits, if any, are used to langar and prasad to public for at least maintain and upgrade tourism facilities. past three years on the day of application. Archeological Survey of India (ASI) o which serve free food to at least 5000 • Founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, it is an attached office of the Ministry of Culture. people in a month.

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o which should not be blacklisted under Swadesh Darshan (Central Sector Scheme) provisions of FCRA or any other Act/Rules • Ministry of Tourism (MoT) launched the Scheme of the Central/State Government. for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in the country in 2014-15. 10.3. PRASAD SCHEME • This scheme aims to synergise with other Government of India schemes like Swachh Bharat Why in news? Abhiyan, Skill India, Make in India etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major engine Recently Gangotri, Yamunotri, Amarkantak, for job creation, driving force for economic Parsanath have been included in the list of sites growth, building synergy with various sectors to under PRASAD scheme bringing the number of enable tourism to realise its potential. sites under the scheme to 41 in 25 states. • Under the Swadesh Darshan scheme, fifteen thematic circuits have been identified, for About the sites development namely: North-East India Circuit, • Gangotri and Yamunotri, Uttrarakhand: Buddhist Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Coastal Circuit, Krishna Circuit, Desert Circuit, Tribal Circuit, Eco Gangotri is a Hindu pilgrim town on the Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Rural Circuit, Spiritual banks of the river Bhagirathi and origin of Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Heritage Circuit, Sufi River Ganges while Yamunotri is the source Circuit and Tirthankar Circuit. of river Yamuna. More on news • Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh: It is a unique natural heritage area and is the • Government commemorated the centenary meeting point of the Vindhya and the Satpura of Champaran Satyagraha during April 2017 to Ranges, with the Maikal Hills being the April 2018. Development of Gandhi circuit is fulcrum. It is a Hindu pilgrim site where part of this celebration. the Narmada River, the and Johila • The project is sanctioned under “Rural Circuit River emerge. theme of Swadesh Darshan Scheme” with • , Jharkhand: It is the highest central financial assistance. mountain peak in the state, the Shikharji • It is one of the projects identified for temple, an important Jain pilgrimage site, is development under the Special Package for located here. Bihar announced in 2015. Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Significance of the Places Augmentation Drive (PRASAD) scheme • Chandrahia: It is a village in Bihar’s East Champaran district, holding a special position • It aims at integrated development of in the Champaran movement because (1916) pilgrimage destinations in planned, prioritised Gandhiji was stopped at this village when he and sustainable manner to provide complete was on his way to the hamlet of Jasaulipatti to religious tourism experience. It focuses on the listen to problems faced by farmers who were development and beautification of the being forced to cultivate indigo instead of identified pilgrimage destinations. Its food crops. objectives include: • Bhitiharwa: This was one of the centre for o Harness pilgrimage tourism for its direct social work selected by Gandhiji, when he was and multiplier effect upon employment in Champaran in 1917. There is a Gandhi generation and economic development. Ashram where Mahatma Gandhi had stayed o Enhance tourist attractiveness while during the Indian Freedom struggle. ensuring sustainable development of • Turkaulia: It was a burning centre of Indigo world class infrastructure at religious agitation. It has been widely referred to as destinations. “Turkaulia Concern” in context of Champaran o Promotion of local culture, art, Satyagraha to refer to the plight of indigo handicrafts, cuisine, etc. cultivators. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) 10.4. GANDHI CIRCUIT • It was Gandhi Ji’s first satyagraha in India as well as India's First Civil Disobedience Movement. Why in news? • In Champaran the farmers were forced to grow Project for “Development of Gandhi Circuit: indigo on 3/20 of their land, by European planters. Bhitiharwa-Chandrahia-Turkaulia” has been This was called tinkathia system. sanctioned in Bihar. • Gandhi Ji went to Champaran on the invitation by Shukla.

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• Gandhiji forced the government to appoint inquiry About Paryatan Parv committee that awarded 25% refund. The planters • had to leave the place within a decade thereafter. Paryatan Parv is being organized with the objective of drawing focus on the benefits of 10.5. INDIAN COUNCIL OF tourism, showcasing the cultural diversity of the country and reinforcing the principle of HISTORICAL RESEARCH “Tourism for All”. • Components of Paryatan Parv Why in news? o Dekho Apna Desh: It will encourage Recently, government reconstituted Indian Indians to visit their own country. It will Council of Historical Research (ICHR), an include stories of India through Travelers’ autonomous organization under Ministry of Eyes to promote tourism. Human Resources Development (MHRD). o Tourism for All: It will promote tourism About ICHR events at sites across all States in country. These will mainly be People’s events with • Its objective is to promote and give direction large scale public participation. to historical research and to encourage and o Tourism & Governance: It will have foster objective and scientific writing of interactive sessions and workshops on history. varied themes like Skill Development in • It also provides fellowships and financial Tourism Sector, Innovation in Tourism etc assistance to the young teachers in colleges, • India Tourism Mart 2018(IMT-2018): The universities and also assists to promote Tourism Ministry in partnership with the scientific research, both in India and abroad. Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism • The composition of council is: and Hospitality (FAITH) will organize the first o An eminent historian nominated by the ever ITM 2018 during Paryatan Parv. FAITH is Government of India (Chairman); the apex organization of all the important o Eighteen historians nominated by the trade and hospitality associations of the Government of India; country. o A representative of the University Grant Commission; 10.7. CULTURAL HERITAGE o Director General of Archaeology o YOUTH LEADERSHIP Director of National Archives; o Four persons nominated by the PROGRAMME (CHYLP) Government of India with one • It aims to promote, understand and develop representative each of the Ministry of fondness for India’s rich cultural heritage Education, the Department of Culture and amongst the youth with a view to develop the Ministry of Finance, and Member appropriate leadership qualities amongst Secretary. youth. 10.6. PARYATAN PARV 2018 • It focusses on the less privileged children residing in backward areas by interacting with Why in news? them in vernacular languages for their better understanding. The Union Ministry of Tourism recently organized • Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, the second edition of “Paryatan Parv”- a nation- an autonomous organization under the wide celebration of Tourism. Ministry of Culture, is the implementation agency for this programme.

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11. MISCELLANEOUS 11.1. RECENT GI TAGS 11.2. BHARAT RATNA Recently GI tags were given to following items. Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji (posthumously) and Bhupen Hazarika Details (posthumously) were awarded Bharat Ratna. • : Tamil Nadu Padma Awards • Sirsi Supari: Karnataka (It is the first in the • These are among the highest civilian Awards of the arecanut sector to get a GI Tag) country. • Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee & • The Awards are given in three categories: Padma Bababudangiris Arabica Coffee: Karnataka Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished • Coorg Arabica Coffee: Karnataka service), (distinguished service of • Wayanad Robusta Coffee: Kerala higher order) and (distinguished • Marayoor jiggery: Kerala service). • Government servants including those working with • Araku Valley Arabica Coffee: Andhra Pradesh PSUs, except doctors and scientists, are not & Odisha eligible for these Awards. • Kandhamal Turmeric: Odisha • The awards are announced on the occasion of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Republic Day every year. Protection) Act, 1999 • All nominations received for Padma Awards are • As a member of the World Trade Organization placed before the Padma Awards Committee (WTO), India enacted the Act to comply with the (headed by the Cabinet Secretary) which is Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of constituted by the Prime Minister every year. Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). • GI is covered as element of intellectual property About the winners rights (IPRs) under Paris Convention for Protection • Pranab Mukherjee: He is an Indian politician of Industrial Property. who served as the 13th President of India • The Act is administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, who is also from 2012 until 2017. the Registrar of Geographical Indications. • Nanaji Deshmukh: He was a politician and a How are GI protected? social activist from India. He worked in the • Sui Generis Systems (i.e. special regimes of fields of education, health, and rural self- protection) reliance. • Using Collective or Certification; and o He established Chitarkoot Gramodya • Methods focusing on business practices, including Vishwavidyalaya in Chitrakoot, India's first administrative product approval schemes. rural university and was its first What is GI tag? Chancellor. • It is an indication that is definite to a specific o He established India's first Saraswati geographical territory. It is used for agricultural, natural and manufactured goods having special Sishu Mandir at Gorakhpur in 1950. quality and established reputation. o He actively participated in Bhoodan • For a product to get the tag, it needs to be Movement started by and produced or processed or prepared in that region. also joined Jai Prakash Narayan when he • The registration of a GI is valid for 10 years after gave the call for" Total Revolution". which it needs to be renewed. • Bhupen Hazarika: He was an Indian singer, • GIs support local production and are an important poet, musician and film-maker from Assam. economic tool for the uplift of rural and tribal He was popularly known as the 'Bard of communities. Brahmaputra'. • GI is a collective right. Producers can use the o He was also the recipient of Sangeet collective GI mark to commercially exploit the Natak Akademi Award (1987), as well as products. the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke Award • Geographical Indicators in India are governed by “The Geographical Indications of Goods (1992). (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999”. o India’s longest bridge (Dhola-Sadia bridge), which runs over the Lohit river in Assam has been named the after him.

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About Bharat Ratna o He is an outspoken critic of the abuse of women during war who has described • ‘Bharat Ratna’ is the highest civilian award of rape as “a weapon of mass destruction.” the country and was instituted in the year His work has also been of an acclaimed 1954. 2015 film titled: “The Man Who Mends • It is awarded in recognition of exceptional Women. service/performance of the highest order in • Nadia Murad any field of human endeavour. Any person o A human rights campaigner, she is one of without distinction of race, occupation, an estimated 3,000 Yazidi girls and position or sex is eligible for these awards. women who were victims of rape and • The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are other abuses by the IS army. She is made by the Prime Minister himself to the currently working to bring the IS before President. No formal recommendations for the International Criminal Court. this are necessary. o In 2016, she was named the UN’s first • The number of annual awards is restricted to Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of a maximum of three in a particular year. It is Survivors of Human Trafficking. She also not mandatory for the government to founded and dedicated herself to an announce the award each year. initiative called ‘Our Peoples’ Fight’. • On conferment of the award, the recipient o Her courageous book, The Last Girl, receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the speaks about her peaceful childhood in President and a Peepal-leaf–shaped rural Iraq, the Islamic State-led genocide, medallion. the destruction of her community, and • The Award does not carry any monetary her escape to . grant. • In terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, 11.4. INTERNATIONAL GANDHI PEACE the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix PRIZE to the recipient's name. • They are placed at 7A in the Table of • Recently the government announced the Precedence. winners of Gandhi Peace Prize for four years • There are two Non-Indian Bharat Ratna beginning 2015 to 2018 which was last given winners Khan Abdul Ghaffar (Pakistan) and in 2014. (former president of South List of Awardees Africa). Table of Precedence • 2018: Yohei Sasakawa, who is Goodwill 1. President Ambassador of the World Health 2. Vice-President 3. Prime Minister Organisation for Leprosy Elimination. 4. Governors of States within their respective States • 2017: Ekal Abhiyan Trust for contributing in 5. Former Presidents education for rural and tribal children in 5A. Deputy Prime Minister remote areas, rural empowerment, gender, 6. Chief Justice of India Speaker of Lok Sabha and social equality. 7. Cabinet Ministers of the Union. Chief Ministers of • 2016: jointly given to Akshaya Patra States within their respective States Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission Former Prime Ministers Leaders foundation for contributions towards mid- of Opposition in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha day meals to children and Sulabh 7A. Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration International for improving the condition of sanitation and emancipation of manual 11.3. 2018 scavengers. • Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Denis • 2015: , , for Mukwege and Nadia Murad for their efforts their contribution to rural development, to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon education, development of natural resources. of war and armed conflict. About the Gandhi peace prize award • Denis Mukwege • This annual award was instituted in 1995 on 125th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. o Known as “Doctor Miracle”, he is a • It is given to individuals and institutions for their Congolese doctor, who along with his contribution to social, economic and political staff, have treated thousands of patients transformation through non-violence and other who have fallen victim to sexual assaults. Gandhian methods.

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• Jury includes as Chairman, creatively for economic progress, thus setting Chief Justice of India, Leader of Opposition in Lok an example for minority peoples in the world. Sabha, and two other eminent persons. Magsaysay awards • Posthumous award cannot be given except in the • It is popularly known as Asia’s Nobel Prize. case when death occurred subsequent to a • Established in 1957, the Ramon Magsaysay Award proposal submission to the jury is Asia’s highest honor. • Only achievements within 10 years immediately • It celebrates the memory and leadership example preceding the nomination are considered for the of the third Philippine president, Ramon award. Magsaysay after whom the award is named. 11.5. INDIRA GANDHI PEACE PRIZE 11.8. KOTLER PRESIDENTIAL AWARD

• Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has • Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the been awarded with for first-ever Philip Kotler Presidential award Peace, Disarmament and Development for the recently. year 2018. • Philip Kotler, the Father of Modern • This prize is given annually to organizations Marketing is a professor of marketing at and individuals in recognition of creative Northwestern University, Kellogg School of efforts towards promoting peace, Management. The award aims to honour development internationally using scientific mastery in the field of marketing and discoveries for the greater good of humanity. management. It focuses on the triple bottom- • Some notable recipients of the prize are: Dr. line of ‘people, profit and planet’. It will be Manmohan Singh (2017), UN High Commission offered annually to the leader of a nation. for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015), Indian Space Research Organization (2014), Angela Merkel 11.9. STATE SYMBOLS OF ANDHRA (2013), UN and its secretary-general Kofi PRADESH AND TELANGANA Annan (2003) and MS Swaminathan (1999). • Recently, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 11.6. SEOUL PEACE PRIZE 2018 announced its state animal, tree, flower and bird. • Recently, Prime Minister Narender Modi has • Andhra Pradesh Government Order notified been conferred with Seoul Peace Prize 2018. o Black Buck also known as Krishna Jinka - • About Seoul Peace Prize - They were State animal established in 1990 to commemorate the o Rose Ringed Parakeet also known as success of the 24th Olympic Games held in Rama Chiluka - State Bird Seoul and are awarded biennially to o Neem (Vepa Chettu) - State Tree individuals for their contributions to the o Jasmine (Malle Puvvu) - State Flower harmony of mankind, reconciliation between • Telangana Government has retained Palapitta nations and to world peace. (Blue Jay) as the state bird and announced 11.7. MAGSAYSAY AWARDS Jinka (deer) as state animal, Jammi Chettu as state tree and Tangedu Puvvu as the state • Two Indian nationals, Bharat Vatwani and flower. Sonam Wangchuk were given the Ramon Related News Magsaysay award. • Recently the Queen variety of pineapple is • Bharat Vatwani has dedicated his life for declared as Tripura's state fruit. rescuing mentally ill people from the streets • It had received Geographical Indication (GI) tag in of India who number around 400,000 2015. according to estimates and providing them 11.10. BABABUDAN SWAMI with shelter and treatment through his Shraddha Rehabilitaion Foundation. The Karnataka government has opposed the • Sonam Wangchuk has been recognised for demand to declare the Sri Guru Dattatreya “his uniquely systematic, collaborative and Bababudan Swami Dargah near Chikkamagaluru community driven reform of learning systems as an exclusively Hindu place of worship. in remote northern India, thus improving the

life opportunities of Ladakhi youth, and his constructive engagement of all sectors in local society to harness science and culture

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More about news Hayath (Abdul Azeez Macci); for the 17th- century Sufi Baba Budan, said to have brought • Baba Budangiri shrine - shrine named after the coffee to India; and for Dattatreya, an saint Sufi saint Baba Budan, who is revered by incarnation of Shiva (or of Brahma, Shiva and both Muslims and Hindus. Vishnu). • Its origin appears to be a syncretization of reverence for an 11th-century Sufi, Dada

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