Labour Law: Its Role, Trends and Potential

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Labour Law: Its Role, Trends and Potential Labour law: Its role, trends and potential Labour Education 2006/2-3 No. 143-144 Contents Editorial V The role, impact and future of labour law, by Daniel Blackburn 1 How domestic jurisdictions use universal sources of international law, by Xavier Beaudonnet 9 Workers’ rights and the rule of law: A clash of values, standards of judgement and moral choices, by James A. Gross 21 Universal labour standards and national cultures, by Jean-Michel Servais 29 Soft law and international labour law, by Isabelle Duplessis 37 International protection of collective bargaining – A diffi cult task, by Miguel Rodriguez Piñero y Bravo Ferrer 47 Labour law and social partnership under pressure – The Belgian case, by Valérie Jadoul 55 Trade unions and the law – An Australian overview, by Mordy Bromberg 63 The outlook for African labour law – Between the OHADA way and the World Bank recommendations, by Georges Minet and Corinne Vargha 71 Labour reform in Latin America, by María Luz Vega Ruiz 81 Chinese labour law in transition, by Yun Gao 91 III Editorial “ he fundamental principle of labour legislation is to guarantee the Tweaker party in the labour market protection and basic rights in order to be in a fair position when negotiating salary and working condi- tions.” That fact was recalled in 2006 by Marcello Malentacchi, General Secretary of the International Metalworkers Federation (IMF). The re- minder was addressed to the government of a member State of the International Labour Organization. In recent years, the government con- cerned has gained something of a reputation for legislating to dismantle the industrial relations system and weaken trade union rights – among other things, by promoting individual employment contracts, to the detri- ment of collective agreements negotiated between trade unions and em- ployers. This disdain for the basic principles of labour law has already come in for serious criticism from the ILO supervisory bodies. The dossier is now being examined by the Committee on Freedom of Association, and further developments are likely. It is certainly a good illustration of the ambivalent interpretations of labour law which still lurk in some minds, and of a dangerous return to times which should have been past and gone. In his contribution to this issue of Labour Education, Daniel Blackburn recalls that, historically, the fi rst labour laws (notably the much-bruited Ordinance of Labourers Act of 1349 in England) were mainly aimed at imposing discipline on workers, penalizing any protest movements, and ensuring obedience and loyalty to employers. Often, any breach of contract led to court-ordered forced labour. Not until the nineteenth century was the need fi nally understood for a specifi c body of law that would provide workers with minimum pro- tection against any abuses by employers, while recognizing that people’s working lives cannot be governed by market forces alone. In other words, human labour was no longer to be seen as a commodity. As one writer puts it, “Labour law was assigned to the realm of public protection, contrary to civil law, which assumes that the parties to a contract are equal. Through legislation or collective agreements, labour law seeks to correct the basic inequality between employer and employee.” 1 This issue of Labour Education, to which eminent lawyers have contrib- uted, does not really set out to relate the history of labour law, but rather to stimulate some refl ection on its possible role in the globalized world of today. At the same time, we report some developments which suggest that labour law has been drifting away from its basic principle of protecting the weaker party within an unequal contractual relationship. Labour law’s role, evolution and prospects worldwide, as well as the means of getting it respected (see Labour Education, No. 140-141, 2005/3-4 on labour inspection), are clearly ILO business. In particular, they are covered by the core Conventions on freedom of association and the right V to collective bargaining, which has become an essential source of labour law in many countries. Nonetheless, as Miguel Rodriguez Piñero y Bravo Ferrer emphasizes in his contribution, there are still enormous challenges to be faced concerning the right to collective bargaining and the status of the agreements reached. Beyond the basic right to collective bargaining, the ILO’s entire stand- ard-setting activity aims to point national labour law towards the goal of promoting social justice through rules that protect dignity at work. In fact this is a key mission of the ILO’s Decent Work Agenda. To trade unionists, the importance of the international labour stand- ards has long been obvious. But it is sometimes useful to recall the impact that they have on the ground, in the regions, countries and workplaces – and in the labour courts. Xavier Beaudonnet’s article does just that, by examining how the ILO’s international standards are used within national jurisdictions. It soon becomes clear that, day in day out, judges, lawyers, labour inspectors and trade unionists base themselves on international labour standards in order to get workers’ rights respected. Judges quite often apply the provisions of a ratifi ed Convention directly in order to resolve a case, or else they use ILO standards, whether legally binding or not, as a source of interpretation and inspiration when applying their own domestic law. That is why it is so important – and this point can never be stressed too often – that the trade union movement should encourage member States to ratify the Conventions and systematically take part in the follow-up mechanisms which the ILO has put in place to monitor governments’ ap- plication of international labour standards and bring offenders to book. In many cases, the ratifi cation of an instrument, and the international obligations which are thereby freely entered into, form a rampart against certain governments’ penchant for revising labour law downwards under neo-liberal pressure. Here, María Luz Vega Ruiz shows that the obsession with revising Latin American labour law, in a bid to introduce greater fl exibility and reduce labour costs, has not produced the more and bet- ter jobs that it was supposed to. Quite the reverse. Not only has it led to casualization for many workers, this savage desire to purge the law of so-called “rigidities” (meaning permanent contracts, protection against unjust dismissal, the minimum wage and some types of social protection) has also produced very poor economic results wherever it has held sway. This analysis could usefully be shared with those who are shaping the evolution of labour law in Africa. There, as Georges Minet and Corinne Vargha explain, the legitimate wish to harmonize labour law in order to achieve greater economic and social cohesion across the continent is running up against the dictates of the World Bank, whose main aim is to fl exibilize all the provisions governing recruitment, work times and dismissals. As Jean-Michel Servais notes, in an age of globalization, the regula- tion of industrial relations at the international level is an essential task, as the lowering of frontiers is leading to the internationalization of law. Analysing the barriers and pitfalls that will certainly crop up along the way, he concludes that the standard-setting system invented by the ILO is and remains, despite its weaknesses, the best-developed and most widely accepted response to this vital need. That view is shared by Isabelle Duplessis who, after listing and analysing the many current VI types of fl exible labour market regulation (generally known as “soft law”), advocates a revitalization of international labour standards. We must, she insists, promote the authority of the ILO supervisory mech- anisms and of the interpretations they have been placing on the standards ever since the beginning of the 1920s. In view of the various private “soft law” initiatives, such as multina- tional companies’ codes of conduct or certain unilateral corporate social responsibility initiatives, some authors denounce what they see as at- tempts to “privatize” labour law. They argue that companies are granting themselves the freedom to pick and choose between legal rules, as regards both their content and the way in which they may possibly be applied. This kind of freedom calls to mind a remark by the nineteenth-century French priest and politician Henri Lacordaire: “Between the strong and the weak, between the rich and the poor, between master and servant, it is freedom which oppresses and law which sets free.” Often the fruit of social struggle by trade unions, labour legislation has contributed to the emancipation of workers in many countries. But it is not immune from swings of the pendulum. Today it has become com- mon, as Valérie Jadoul points out, for certain jurisdictions to interpret legal provisions in such a way as to empty them of their content, thus creating case-law that runs counter to social progress. So James Gross insists that any reasonably serious discussion of workers’ rights must take account of the choices made by legislators and by those who have the responsibility of interpreting and applying the law. And those choices, as he makes quite plain, are neither neutral nor always in line with human rights and the aims of social justice. Far from it. In addition to the example of the United States, cited by Professor Gross, the Australian situation as described by Mordy Bromberg bears witness to the ferocity of the attacks launched in various places against the standards that protect workers’ rights and against the basic principles of labour law. But at the same time, the Australian case and others show the strength, importance and effectiveness of joint action by trade unionists and law- yers to oppose the threats of deregulation and ensure that workers’ rights are not sacrifi ced on the altar of labour market fl exibility.
Recommended publications
  • Law Review Law Review
    HARVARDHARVARD LAW REVIEWREVIEW VOL.VOL. XXXIVXXXIV MAY,MAY, 19211921 NO.NO.7 7 THETHE UNIFORMUNIFORM ACTACT ONON DECLARATORYDECLARATORY R-D]1JDGMENTS GMENTS T HE National Conference ofof Commissioners on Uniform State T Laws at itsits session inin St. Louis in August, 192o,1920, approved thethe first draft of a Uniform Act on DeclaratoryDeclaratory Judgments. At thethe next session of the Conference in 1921 the Act will probably receive final approval and be recommended to legislatures for enactment. The importance of the recommendationsrecommendations of this august body in promoting the enactment of legislation in our states war­war- rants some comment upon the draft they have approved. Although a few instances of statutory authorization for the rendering of declaratory judgments may be found in our state legis­legis- lation prior to 1918, such as the California Act of 1850,1185o,l the Rhode Island Act of 1876,2 the New Jersey Act of 1915,3i915,' the Connecticut 11 CALIFORNIACAL moNIA PRACTICEPRAcrIcE Acr,AcT, § 527: "An"An actionaction may be broughtbrought byby one person against another, forfor thethe purpose of determiningdetermining an adverseadverse claimclaim whiellwhich the latterlatter makes against the former, forfor money or property, upon anan allegedalleged obligation." See KingKing v. Hall,SHall, 5 Cal.Cal. 8383 (1855).(1855). Cf. thethe actionaction of jactitation, stillstill usedused inin many coun­coun- triestries adopting thethe civilcivil law,law, 2828 YALEYALE L. J. I,I, 20. r9o9, ch. 289, 22 RHODER oDE ISLAND,ISLAND, AcrsAcrs && REsOLVES,RESOLVES, 1?76,I876, ell.ch. 563, § 17,17, GEN. LAWSLAWS 1909, ell. 289, §§ 19:ig: "No"No suitsuit inin equityequity shallshall bebe defeateddefeated on thethe groundground thatthat aa mere declaratory decree isis sought;sought; andand thethe courtcourt may makemake bindingbinding declarationsdeclarations ofof rightright inin equity,equity, withoutwithout grantinggranting consequentialconsequential relief."relief." InIn Hanley v.v.
    [Show full text]
  • Contracts Similar to Locatio-Conductio of Work and Services in Graeco-Roman Egypt*
    Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 2015; 8 (4), s. 357–373 doi:10.4467/20844131KS.15.021.4881 www.ejournals.eu/Krakowskie-Studia-z-Historii-Panstwa-i-Prawa RAFAŁ MAREK Jagiellonian University in Kraków Contracts Similar to Locatio-Conductio of Work and Services in Graeco-Roman Egypt* Abstract In the papyri various leases and rents were designated by the collective term misthosis, which includes so-called locatio conductio rei, as well as l.c. operarum and l.c. operis. In Egyptian legal practice leases had an informal character. Free persons were leased out by their relatives. The papyri contain a variety of agreements which can be considered to be more closely equivalent to locatio conductio operarum. They are conducted by free people, who let out their services. We also know of employment agreements shaped in a manner similar to those relevant to manual labor in which people of relatively high social standing were engaged as professionals. Use of a written form was benefi cial to an employee, as it prompted him to give greater consideration to contractual provisions. Although there was no jurispru- dence in the Greek system, the complex economy of Graeco-Roman Egypt functioned adequately, and the experience of notaries allowed parties to satisfy their interests. Key words: history of labour law, law of contracts, ancient economy, Hellenistic law and society, law and papyri. Słowa klucze: historia prawa zatrudnienia, prawo umów, gospodarka starożytna, prawo i społeczeństwo hellenistyczne, prawo i papirusy. I. General remarks The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the practical functioning of various employ- ment contracts as they were used in Graeco-Roman Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Uniform Restrictive Employment Agreement Act]
    D R A F T FOR DISCUSSION ONLYAPPROVAL Uniform Covenants Not to Compete Act [Tentative new name: Uniform Restrictive Employment Agreement Act] Uniform Law Commission June 8MEETING IN ITS ONE-HUNDRED-AND-THIRTIETH YEAR MADISON, WISCONSIN JULY 9 – 15, 2021 Informal Session Copyright © 2021 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws This draft, including the proposed statutory language and any comments or reporter’s notes, has not been reviewed or approved by the Uniform Law Commission or the drafting committee. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the Uniform Law Commission, its commissioners, the drafting committee, or the committee’s members or reporter. June 2 July 8, 2021 Uniform Covenants Not to CompeteRestrictive Employment Agreement Act The committee appointed by and representing the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in preparing this act consists of the following individuals: Richard T. Cassidy Vermont, Co-Chair H. Clayton Walker South Carolina, Vice-Chair Vincent P. Cardi West Virginia Paul W. Chaiken Maine Anne E. Hartnett Delaware Joanne B. Huelsman Wisconsin Peter F. Langrock Vermont Gene N. Lebrun South Dakota David C. McBride Delaware Mark H. Ramsey Oklahoma Kenneth M. Rosen Alabama Keith A. Rowley Nevada Justin L. Vigdor New York Steven L. Willborn Nebraska Joan Zeldon District of Columbia William W. Barrett Indiana, Division Chair Carl H. Lisman Vermont, President Other Participants Stewart J. Schwab New York, Reporter Stephen Y. Chow Massachusetts, American Bar Association Advisor Joanne M. Pepperl Nebraska, Style Liaison Tim Schnabel Illinois, Executive Director Copies of this act may be obtained from: Uniform Law Commission 111 N.
    [Show full text]
  • SOURCES of PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Introduction
    SOURCES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW introduction Marta Statkiewicz Department of International and European Law Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics University of Wrocław sources of law sources of sources of international international law obligations art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: • international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; • international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; • the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; • subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto. art. 38 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice The Court shall apply: 1. International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States; 2. International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; 3. The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; 4. Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources of International Law: an Introduction
    Sources of International Law: An Introduction by Professor Christopher Greenwood 1. Introduction Where does international law come from and how is it made ? These are more difficult questions than one might expect and require considerable care. In particular, it is dangerous to try to transfer ideas from national legal systems to the very different context of international law. There is no “Code of International Law”. International law has no Parliament and nothing that can really be described as legislation. While there is an International Court of Justice and a range of specialised international courts and tribunals, their jurisdiction is critically dependent upon the consent of States and they lack what can properly be described as a compulsory jurisdiction of the kind possessed by national courts. The result is that international law is made largely on a decentralised basis by the actions of the 192 States which make up the international community. The Statute of the ICJ, Art. 38 identifies five sources:- (a) Treaties between States; (b) Customary international law derived from the practice of States; (c) General principles of law recognized by civilised nations; and, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law: (d) Judicial decisions and the writings of “the most highly qualified publicists”. This list is no longer thought to be complete but it provides a useful starting point. 2. Customary International Law It is convenient to start with customary law as this is both the oldest source and the one which generates rules binding on all States. Customary law is not a written source.
    [Show full text]
  • Uniform Trust Code Final Act with Comments
    UNIFORM TRUST CODE (Last Revised or Amended in 2010) Drafted by the NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS and by it APPROVED AND RECOMMENDED FOR ENACTMENT IN ALL THE STATES at its ANNUAL CONFERENCE MEETING IN ITS ONE-HUNDRED-AND-NINTH YEAR ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA JULY 28 – AUGUST 4, 2000 WITH PREFATORY NOTE AND COMMENTS Copyright © 2000, 2010 By NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS April 10, 2020 1 ABOUT NCCUSL The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL), now in its 114th year, provides states with non-partisan, well-conceived and well-drafted legislation that brings clarity and stability to critical areas of state statutory law. Conference members must be lawyers, qualified to practice law. They are practicing lawyers, judges, legislators and legislative staff and law professors, who have been appointed by state governments as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands to research, draft and promote enactment of uniform state laws in areas of state law where uniformity is desirable and practical. $ NCCUSL strengthens the federal system by providing rules and procedures that are consistent from state to state but that also reflect the diverse experience of the states. $ NCCUSL statutes are representative of state experience, because the organization is made up of representatives from each state, appointed by state government. $ NCCUSL keeps state law up-to-date by addressing important and timely legal issues. $ NCCUSL’s efforts reduce the need for individuals and businesses to deal with different laws as they move and do business in different states.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Welfare Rights Under the Charter
    THE PROTECTION OF WELFARE RIGHTS UNDER THE CHARTER Martha Jackman* We are not so traditionally accustomed, however, to say that without an unemployment insurance law, or without an old age pensions law, or laws providing for free universal education, there is no liberty.... The object of these laws is to free men and women from known and certain risks which exist in our industrialised society, and which if not insured against can destroy so much liberty among so many individuals as to make Bills of Rights to them a hollow mockery. - Frank R. Scott' INTRODUCTION While the ambiguity and uncertainty surrounding many of the pro- visions of the CanadianCharter ofRights and Freedoms2 might be subject to criticism, I prefer the view that Canadians are now in the enviable position of deciding not only what their Constitution should say, but what it does say. This is particularly true with respect to section 7 of the Charter, which provides: 7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. The scope and meaning of section 7 has generated considerable debate. Some commentators have suggested that section 7 only provides for procedural protection against state deprivations of life, liberty or physical security. Others have suggested that section 7 extends to a much wider range of interests, including those conducive to human dignity, and to the ability to carry on activities essential to a person's conception of how * Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa.
    [Show full text]
  • Jurisprudence and Judicial Treatment of the Comments to the Uniform Commercial Code Sean Michael Hannaway
    Cornell Law Review Volume 75 Article 6 Issue 4 May 1990 Jurisprudence and Judicial Treatment of the Comments to the Uniform Commercial Code Sean Michael Hannaway Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Sean Michael Hannaway, Jurisprudence and Judicial Treatment of the Comments to the Uniform Commercial Code , 75 Cornell L. Rev. 961 (1990) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol75/iss4/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE THE JURISPRUDENCE AND JUDICIAL TREATMENT OF THE COMMENTS TO THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE Although the Uniform Commercial Code' (the "UCC" or the "Code") has been one of the most influential statutes of recent time, 2 and has generated extensive discussion, its "Official Comments" have received almost no scholarly consideration.3 Nearly forty years of experience has shown that courts defer, and, this discussion will argue, ought to defer to the guidance the Comments offer as to the proper application of Code provisions. The Comments occupy an unusual position as aids to statutory interpretation. They cannot ac- curately be described as legislative history in the traditional sense, as there is little evidence that the state legislatures gave any exten- sive consideration to them when adopting the Code.4 The Com- ments are not a treatise either, for the drafters clearly intended them to fulfill a more important role.5 Part I of this Note proposes that we can only fully understand the proper role of the Comments, and therefore their authoritative value, in light of the jurisprudence of the Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Law and Customary Law
    Natural Law and Customary Law Alexander Orakhelashvili* I. Introduction The principal focus of this contribution is the process whereby the threshold of law-making is crossed through the formation of customary law. This problem has multiple dimensions. Given that the doctrinal discourse on this subject occasion- ally appeals to categories not subsumable within the consensual positivism, it is necessary to examine the normative and conceptual setting in which such catego- ries can be perceived, and this above all covers natural law. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of natural law theories, but to focus on natural law in clarifying where the dividing line between positivist and extra-positivist (in- cluding naturalist) argument lies, in a way responsive to the need of the above- mentioned mainline argument of this contribution. The clarification of the natural- ist/positivist dichotomy at the start precedes the delimitation of the field of con- sensual customary rules from that of inherent rules of general international law. At the same time, this analysis will focus only on such theoretical or practical aspects of natural and customary law which directly relate to and consider the structural characteristics of international law as the inter-State legal system. The relevance of natural and customary law in general jurisprudence and legal theory is besides the point of the present analysis. The problem of customary law has received widespread doctrinal attention. The aim of this contribution is not to provide yet another comprehensive discussion of the elements of customary law but to address the issues that have not so far re- ceived the adequate attention, are left open or are subject of disagreement, and this attempt making a further doctrinal step.
    [Show full text]
  • SS.7.C.3.10 Benchmark Clarification 2: Students Will Recognize Constitutional, Statutory, Case, and Common Law As Sources of Law
    SS.7.C.3.10 Identify sources and types (civil, criminal, constitutional, military) of law. ______________________________________________________________________________________ SS.7.C.3.10 Benchmark Clarification 2: Students will recognize constitutional, statutory, case, and common law as sources of law. Laws come from different sources, and they are made at the local, state, and federal levels of government. Based on Article Six of the U.S. Constitution, the Supremacy Clause, the higher levels of government decide how much law making power the lower levels of government have. For example, the national government decides how much power the states have, and states decide how much power local governments have. The laws made at the lower levels may not conflict with the state or national laws. Constitutional law focuses on interpreting the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest authority on interpreting the U.S. Constitution. Statutory laws are passed by Congress or a state legislature. An example of this is the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Regulations are the rules a government agency makes to enforce a law. The heads of the agency decide how the laws will be carried out. Case law means all of the decisions that judges have made in previous court cases. Legal precedents ensure that court decisions agree with each other. Common law is based on customs and prior legal decisions and is used in civil cases. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land. States cannot create laws that conflict with it. case law - law established based on the outcome of former court cases common law - law based on customs and prior legal decisions; used in civil cases constitutional law - law that focuses on interpreting the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the History of Labor Law in the Interwar Period
    The Heavy Burden of the State: Revisiting the History of Labor Law in the Interwar Period ChristopherL. Tomlins* Labor law history has been one of American legal history's suc- cess stories. Appearing at the beginning of the 1980s from more or less nothing, not only has the historical study of labor law since then demonstrated levels of scholarly output and quality that fully entitles its practitioners to assume the coveted mantle of a subfield, it has also proved hospitable to scholars from a variety of disciplinary back- grounds: historians, legal scholars, political scientists, and sociologists have all left their marks.1 More importantly, labor law history, con- sidered as a field of scholarly practice, has actually managed to have a noticeable impact on research trends evidenced in its two most cognate components, history and law. As to the first, mainstream labor histo- rians are actually engaging with, and in, legal history.2 As to law, it seems quite defensible to claim that labor law history has come closer than any other genre of legal-historical scholarship to achieving con- sistently the goal of an historically-informed critical analysis of legal * Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University, 1981; Senior Research Fellow, American Bar Foundation. Many thanks to Daniel Ernst for his valuable comments on an earlier draft of this Article. 1. The wave of interest in modern labor law history, of which this symposium is an exam- ple, is most conveniently dated from the appearance of Karl E. Klare's germinal article, Judicial Deradicalizationof the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modem Legal Consciousness, 1937-1941, 62 MINN.
    [Show full text]
  • The Abc Ofco Law
    Pe riodical 2/ 19i{4 THE ABC OFCO LAW EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION E In the same collection Education of migrant workers' children in the European Community (o ut of print) The European Community and nuclear safety (out of print) The protection of workers in multinational compa nies (out of print) The European Community's external trade (out of print) Teacher training in the European Community (out of prirzt) The elimination of non-tariff barriers to intra-Community trade (out of print) The European Community's competition policy (out of print) The European Community and the developing countries (o ut of print) Worker participation in Europe (out of print) The consumer in the European Community (out of print) 25 years of European Community External Relations The second enlargement of the European Community The Community and its regions (third edition) Cultural action in the European Community The European Community's resea rch policy The European Community and vocational training The European Community's transport policy The economic and monetary union (second edition) The European Community's financial system (third edition) The European Community's legal system The economy of the European Community Freedom of movement for persons in the European Community An education policy for Europe (second edition) The European Community's industrial strategy The agricultural policy of the European Community (third edition) The European Community and the energy problem (third edition) Wine in the European Community T he Court of Justice of the European
    [Show full text]