49 CFR Ch. III (10–1–20 Edition) § 393.203

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, DOT Pt. 393

when the driver moved the vehicle to and trailers manufactured before Decem- the side of, or off, a highway, as defined ber 1, 1993. in 49 CFR 390.5, and halted in a location 393.17 Lamps and reflectors—combinations where the vehicle can safely remain in driveaway-towaway operation. 393.19 Hazard warning signals. stationary. 393.20 [Reserved] (d) Emergency exception. Texting 393.22 Combination of lighting devices and while driving is permissible by drivers reflectors. of a commercial motor vehicle when 393.23 Power supply for lamps. necessary to communicate with law en- 393.24 Requirements for head lamps, auxil- forcement officials or other emergency iary driving lamps and front fog lamps. services. 393.25 Requirements for lamps other than head lamps. [75 FR 59136, Sept. 27, 2010, as amended at 76 393.26 Requirements for reflex reflectors. FR 75487, Dec. 2, 2011] 393.27 [Reserved] 393.28 Wiring systems. § 392.82 Using a hand-held mobile tele- 393.29 [Reserved] phone. 393.30 Battery installation. (a)(1) No driver shall use a hand-held 393.31–393.33 [Reserved] mobile telephone while driving a CMV. Subpart C—Brakes (2) No motor carrier shall allow or require its drivers to use a hand-held mo- 393.40 Required brake systems. bile telephone while driving a CMV. 393.41 Parking brake system. (b) Definitions. For the purpose of this 393.42 Brakes required on all wheels. section only, driving means operating a 393.43 Breakaway and emergency braking. commercial motor vehicle on a high- 393.44 Front brake lines, protection. way, including while temporarily sta- 393.45 Brake tubing and hoses; hose assemblies and end fittings. tionary because of traffic, a traffic con- 393.46 [Reserved] trol device, or other momentary 393.47 Brake actuators, slack adjusters, lin- delays. Driving does not include oper- ings/pads and drums/rotors. ating a commercial motor vehicle 393.48 Brakes to be operative. when the driver has moved the vehicle 393.49 Control valves for brakes. to the side of, or off, a highway and has 393.50 Reservoirs required. halted in a location where the vehicle 393.51 Warning signals, air pressure and vac- can safely remain stationary. uum gauges. 393.52 Brake performance. (c) Emergency exception. Using a hand- 393.53 Automatic brake adjusters and brake held mobile telephone is permissible by adjustment indicators. drivers of a CMV when necessary to 393.55 Antilock brake systems. communicate with law enforcement officials or other emergency services. Subpart D—Glazing and Window Construction [76 FR 75487, Dec. 2, 2011] 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. PART 393—PARTS AND ACCES- 393.61 Truck and truck tractor window construction. SORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. OPERATION 393.63 [Reserved]

Subpart A—General Subpart E—Fuel Systems Sec. 393.65 All fuel systems. 393.1 Scope of the rules of this part. 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. 393.3 Additional equipment and accessories. 393.68 Compressed natural gas fuel con- 393.5 Definitions. tainers. 393.7 Matter incorporated by reference. 393.69 Liquefied petroleum gas systems.

Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Subpart F—Coupling Devices and Towing Electrical Wiring Methods 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of ob- 393.70 Coupling devices and towing methods, structions of lamps and reflectors. except for driveaway-towaway oper- 393.11 Lamps and reflective devices. ations. 393.13 Retroreflective sheeting and reflex 393.71 Coupling devices and towing methods, reflectors, requirements for semitrailers driveaway-towaway operations.

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Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and 393.122 What are the rules for securing Accessories paper rolls? 393.124 What are the rules for securing con- 393.75 Tires. crete pipe? 393.76 Sleeper berths. 393.126 What are the rules for securing 393.77 Heaters. intermodal containers? 393.78 Windshield wiping and washing sys- 393.128 What are the rules for securing auto- tems. mobiles, light trucks and vans? 393.79 Windshield defrosting and defogging 393.130 What are the rules for securing systems. heavy vehicles, equipment and machin- 393.80 Rear-vision mirrors. ery? 393.81 Horn. 393.132 What are the rules for securing flat- 393.82 Speedometer. tened or crushed vehicles? 393.83 Exhaust systems. 393.134 What are the rules for securing roll- 393.84 Floors. on/roll-off and hook lift containers? 393.85 [Reserved] 393.136 What are the rules for securing large 393.86 Rear impact guards and rear end pro- boulders? tection. 393.87 Warning flags on projecting loads. Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Com- 393.88 Television receivers. ponents, Wheels, Steering, and Sus- 393.89 Buses, driveshaft protection. 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. pension Systems 393.91 Buses, aisle seats prohibited. 393.201 Frames. 393.92 [Reserved] 393.203 Cab and body components. 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat 393.205 Wheels. belt assembly anchorages. 393.207 Suspension systems. 393.94 Interior noise levels in power units. 393.209 Steering wheel systems. Subpart H—Emergency Equipment AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 31136, 31151, and 31502; sec. 1041(b) of Pub. L. 102–240, 105 Stat. 1914, 393.95 Emergency equipment on all power 1993 (1991); sec. 5301 and 5524 of Pub. L. 114–94, units. 129 Stat. 1312, 1543, 1560; and 49 CFR 1.87. Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and SOURCE: 33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, unless Falling Cargo otherwise noted. EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to 393.100 Which types of commercial motor part 393 appear at 66 FR 49874, Oct. 1, 2001. vehicles are subject to the cargo securement standards of this subpart, and what general requirements apply? Subpart A—General 393.102 What are the minimum performance criteria for cargo securement devices and SOURCE: 53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, unless systems? otherwise noted. 393.104 What standards must cargo securement devices and systems meet in order § 393.1 Scope of the rules in this part. to satisfy the requirements of this subpart? (a) The rules in this part establish 393.106 What are the general requirements minimum standards for commercial for securing articles of cargo? motor vehicles as defined in § 390.5 of 393.108 How is the working load limit of a this title. Only motor vehicles (as de- tiedown, or the load restraining value of fined in § 390.5) and combinations of a friction mat, determined? 393.110 What else do I have to do to deter- motor vehicles which meet the defini- mine the minimum number of tiedowns? tion of a commercial motor vehicle are 393.112 Must a tiedown be adjustable? subject to the requirements of this 393.114 What are the requirements for front part. All requirements that refer to end structures used as part of a cargo se- motor vehicles with a GVWR below curement system? 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) are applicable only when the motor vehicle or com- SPECIFIC SECUREMENT REQUIREMENTS BY COMMODITY TYPE bination of motor vehicles meets the definition of a commercial motor vehi- 393.116 What are the rules for securing logs? cle. 393.118 What are the rules for securing dressed lumber or similar building prod- (b)(1) Every motor carrier and its em- ucts? ployees must be knowledgeable of and 393.120 What are the rules for securing comply with the requirements and metal coils? specifications of this part.

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(2) Every intermodal equipment pro- plant or storage location, as evidenced vider and its employees or agents re- by skeletal construction that accom- sponsible for the inspection, repair, and modates harvest containers, a max- maintenance of intermodal equipment imum length of 28 feet, and an arrange- interchanged to motor carriers must be ment of air control lines and reservoirs knowledgeable of and comply with the that minimizes damage in field oper- applicable requirements and specifica- ations. tions of this part. Air brake system. A system, including (c) No motor carrier may operate a an air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem, commercial motor vehicle, or cause or that uses air as a medium for transmit- permit such vehicle to be operated, un- ting pressure or force from the driver less it is equipped in accordance with control to the service brake, but does the requirements and specifications of not include a system that uses com- this part. pressed air or vacuum only to assist (d) No intermodal equipment pro- the driver in applying muscular force vider may operate intermodal equip- to hydraulic or mechanical compo- ment, or cause or permit such equip- nents. ment to be operated, unless it is Air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem. A equipped in accordance with the re- subsystem of the air brake system that quirements and specifications of this uses compressed air to transmit a force part. from the driver control to a hydraulic (e) The rules in this part do not apply brake system to actuate the service to ‘‘pipeline welding trucks’’ as defined brakes. in 49 CFR 390.38(b). Anchor point. Part of the structure, fitting or attachment on a vehicle or [70 FR 48025, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 73 article of cargo to which a tiedown is FR 76823, Dec. 17, 2008; 81 FR 47721, July 22, 2016] attached. Antilock Brake System or ABS means a § 393.3 Additional equipment and ac- portion of a service brake system that cessories. automatically controls the degree of The use of additional equipment or rotational wheel slip during braking accessories in a manner that decreases by: the safety of operation of a commercial (1) Sensing the rate of angular rota- motor vehicle in interstate commerce tion of the wheels; is prohibited. Nothing contained in this (2) Transmitting signals regarding subchapter shall be construed to pro- the rate of wheel angular rotation to hibit the use of additional equipment one or more controlling devices which and accessories, not inconsistent with interpret those signals and generate re- or prohibited by this subchapter, pro- sponsive controlling output signals; vided such equipment and accessories and do not decrease the safety of operation (3) Transmitting those controlling of the motor vehicles on which they signals to one or more modulators are used. which adjust brake actuating forces in response to those signals. [78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] Article of cargo. A unit of cargo, other than a liquid, gas, or aggregate that § 393.5 Definitions. lacks physical structure (e.g., grain, As used in this part, the following gravel, etc.) including articles grouped words and terms are construed to together so that they can be handled as mean: a single unit or unitized by wrapping, Aggregate working load limit. The sum- strapping, banding or edge protection mation of the working load limits or device(s). restraining capacity of all devices used Auxiliary driving lamp. A lighting de- to secure an article of cargo on a vehi- vice mounted to provide illumination cle. forward of the vehicle which supple- Agricultural commodity trailer. A trail- ments the upper beam of a standard er that is designed to transport bulk headlighting system. It is not intended agricultural commodities in off-road for use alone or with the lower beam of harvesting sites and to a processing a standard headlamp system.

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Bell pipe concrete. Pipe whose flanged the units serve the same function as an end is of larger diameter than its bar- over the road trailer. rel. Converter dolly. A motor vehicle con- Blocking. A structure, device or an- sisting of a chassis equipped with one other substantial article placed against or more axles, a fifth wheel and/or or around an article of cargo to prevent equivalent mechanism, and drawbar, horizontal movement of the article of the attachment of which converts a cargo. semitrailer to a full trailer. Boat trailer. A trailer designed with Crib-type log trailer means a trailer cradle-type mountings to transport a equipped with stakes, bunks, a front- boat and configured to permit launch- end structure, and a rear structure to ing of the boat from the rear of the restrain logs. The stakes prevent move- trailer. ment of the logs from side to side on Bracing. A structure, device, or an- the vehicle while the front-end and other substantial article placed against rear structures prevent movement of an article of cargo to prevent it from the logs from front to back on the vehi- tipping, that may also prevent it from cle. shifting. Curb weight. The weight of a motor vehicle with standard equipment, max- Brake. An energy conversion mecha- imum capacity of fuel, oil, and coolant; nism used to stop, or hold a vehicle and, if so equipped, air conditioning stationary. and additional weight of optional en- A device in- Brake power assist unit. gine. Curb weight does not include the stalled in a hydraulic brake system driver. that reduces the operator effort re- Dunnage. All loose materials used to quired to actuate the system, but support and protect cargo. which if inoperative does not prevent Dunnage bag. An inflatable bag in- the operator from braking the vehicle tended to fill otherwise empty space by a continued application of muscular between articles of cargo, or between force on the service brake control. articles of cargo and the wall of the ve- Brake power unit. A device installed hicle. in a brake system that provides the en- Edge protector. A device placed on the ergy required to actuate the brakes, ei- exposed edge of an article to distribute ther directly or indirectly through an tiedown forces over a larger area of auxiliary device, with the operator ac- cargo than the tiedown itself, to pro- tion consisting only of modulating the tect the tie-down and/or cargo from energy application level. damage, and to allow the tiedown to Brake tubing/hose. Metallic brake tub- slide freely when being tensioned. ing, nonmetallic brake tubing and Electric brake system. A system that brake hose are conduits or lines used in uses electric current to actuate the a brake system to transmit or contain service brake. the medium (fluid or vacuum) used to Emergency brake. A mechanism de- apply the motor vehicle’s brakes. signed to stop a motor vehicle after a Chassis. The load-supporting frame of failure of the service brake system. a commercial motor vehicle, exclusive Emergency brake system. A mechanism of any appurtenances which might be designed to stop a vehicle after a single added to accommodate cargo. failure occurs in the service brake sys- Clearance Lamps. Lamps that provide tem of a part designed to contain com- light to the front or rear, mounted on pressed air or brake fluid or vacuum the permanent structure of the vehicle, (except failure of a common valve, such that they indicate the overall manifold brake fluid housing or brake width of the vehicle. chamber housing). Container chassis trailer. A semitrailer Fifth wheel. A device mounted on a of skeleton construction limited to a truck tractor or similar towing vehicle bottom frame, one or more axles, spe- (e.g., converter dolly) which interfaces cially built and fitted with locking de- with and couples to the upper coupler vices for the transport of intermodal assembly of a semitrailer. cargo containers, so that when the Frame vehicle. A vehicle with skeletal chassis and container are assembled, structure fitted with one or more bunk

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units for transporting logs. A bunk (2) Its body consists only of a plat- unit consists of U-shaped front and form whose primary cargo-carrying rear bunks that together cradle logs. surface is not more than 1,016 mm (40 The bunks are welded, gusseted or oth- inches) above the ground in an un- erwise firmly fastened to the vehicle’s loaded condition, except that it may main beams, and are an integral part of include sides that are designed to be the vehicle. easily removable and a permanent Friction mat. A device placed between ‘‘front-end structure’’ as that term is the deck of a vehicle and article of used in § 393.106 of this title. cargo, or between articles of cargo, in- Hook-lift container. A specialized con- tended to provide greater friction than tainer, primarily used to contain and exists naturally between these sur- transport materials in the waste, recy- faces. cling, construction/demolition and Front fog lamp. A lighting device scrap industries, which is used in con- whose beam provides downward illu- junction with specialized vehicles, in mination forward of the vehicle and which the container is loaded and un- close to the ground, and is to be used loaded onto a tilt frame body by an ar- only under conditions of rain, snow, ticulating hook-arm. dust, smoke or fog. A pair of fog lamps Hydraulic brake system. A system that may be used alone, with parking, tail, uses hydraulic fluid as a medium for side, marker, clearance and identifica- transmitting force from a service tion lamps, or with a lower beam brake control to the service brake, and headlamp at the driver’s discretion in that may incorporate a brake power as- accordance with state and local use sist unit, or a brake power unit. law. Identification lamps. Lamps used to Fuel tank fitting. Any removable de- identify certain types of commercial vice affixed to an opening in the fuel motor vehicles. tank with the exception of the filler Integral securement system. A system cap. on certain roll-on/roll-off containers and hook-lift containers and their re- g. The acceleration due to gravity, lated transport vehicles in which com- 32.2 ft/sec2 (9.81 m/sec2). patible front and rear hold down de- A device that serves as a Grommet. vices are mated to provide securement support and protection to that which of the complete vehicle and its articles passes through it. of cargo. Hazard warning signal. Lamps that Lamp. A device used to produce arti- flash simultaneously to the front and ficial light. rear, on both the right and left sides of Length of a manufactured home. The a commercial motor vehicle, to indi- largest exterior length in the traveling cate to an approaching driver the pres- mode, including any projections which ence of a vehicular hazard. contain interior space. Length does not Head lamps. Lamps used to provide include bay windows, roof projections, general illumination ahead of a motor overhangs, or eaves under which there vehicle. is no interior space, nor does it include Heater. Any device or assembly of de- drawbars, couplings or hitches. vices or appliances used to heat the in- License plate lamp. A lamp used to il- terior of any motor vehicle. This in- luminate the license plate on the rear cludes a catalytic heater which must of a motor vehicle. meet the requirements of § 177.834(l)(2) Longwood. All logs that are not of this title when Class 3 (flammable shortwood, i.e., are over 4.9 m (16 feet) liquid) or Division 2.1 (flammable gas) long. Such logs are usually described as is transported. long logs or treelength. Heavy hauler trailer. A trailer which Low chassis vehicle. (1) A trailer or has one or more of the following char- semitrailer manufactured on or after acteristics, but which is not a con- January 26, 1998, having a chassis tainer chassis trailer: which extends behind the rearmost (1) Its brake lines are designed to point of the rearmost tires and which adapt to separation or extension of the has a lower rear surface that meets the vehicle frame; or guard width, height, and rear surface

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requirements of § 571.224 in effect on Parking brake system. A mechanism the date of manufacture, or a subse- designed to prevent the movement of a quent edition. stationary motor vehicle. (2) A motor vehicle, not described by Play. Any free movement of compo- paragraph (1) of this definition, having nents. a chassis which extends behind the Pulpwood trailer. A trailer or rearmost point of the rearmost tires semitrailer that is designed exclusively and which has a lower rear surface that for harvesting logs or pulpwood and meets the guard configuration require- constructed with a skeletal frame with ments of § 393.86(b)(1). no means for attachment of a solid bed, Major tread groove is the space be- body, or container. tween two adjacent tread ribs or lugs Rail vehicle. A vehicle whose skeletal on a tire that contains a tread wear in- structure is fitted with stakes at the dicator or wear bar. (In most cases, the front and rear to contain logs loaded locations of tread wear indicators are crosswise. designated on the upper sidewall/shoul- Rear extremity. The rearmost point on der of the tire on original tread tires.) a motor vehicle that falls above a hori- Manufactured home means a struc- zontal plane located 560 mm (22 inches) ture, transportable in one or more sec- above the ground and below a hori- tions, which in the traveling mode, is zontal plane located 1,900 mm (75 eight body feet or more in width or inches) above the ground when the forty body feet or more in length, or, motor vehicle is stopped on level when erected on site, is three hundred twenty or more square feet, and which ground; unloaded; its fuel tanks are is built on a permanent chassis and de- full; the tires (and air suspension, if so signed to be used as a dwelling with or equipped) are inflated in accordance without a permanent foundation when with the manufacturer’s recommenda- connected to the required utilities, and tions; and the motor vehicle’s cargo includes the plumbing, heating, air- doors, tailgate, or other permanent conditioning, and electrical systems structures are positioned as they nor- contained therein. Calculations used to mally are when the vehicle is in mo- determine the number of square feet in tion. Nonstructural protrusions such as a structure will be based on the struc- taillamps, rubber bumpers, hinges and ture’s exterior dimensions measured at latches are excluded from the deter- the largest horizontal projections when mination of the rearmost point. erected on site. These dimensions will Reflective material. A material con- include all expandable rooms, cabinets, forming to Federal Specification L-S- and other projections containing inte- 300, ‘‘Sheeting and Tape, Reflective; rior space, but do not include bay win- Non-exposed Lens, Adhesive Backing,’’ dows. This term includes all structures (September 7, 1965) meeting the per- which meet the above requirements ex- formance standard in either Table 1 or cept the size requirements and with re- Table 1A of SAE Standard J594f, ‘‘Re- spect to which the manufacturer volun- flex Reflectors’’ (January, 1977). tarily files a certification pursuant to Reflex reflector. A device which is used 24 CFR 3282.13 and complies with the on a vehicle to give an indication to an standards set forth in 24 CFR part 3280. approaching driver by reflected lighted Metal coil means an article of cargo from the lamps on the approaching ve- comprised of elements, mixtures, com- hicle. pounds, or alloys commonly known as Saddle-mount. A device, designed and metal, metal foil, metal leaf, forged constructed as to be readily demount- metal, stamped metal, metal wire, able, used in driveaway-towaway oper- metal rod, or metal chain that are ations to perform the functions of a packaged as a roll, coil, spool, wind, or conventional fifth wheel: wrap, including plastic or rubber coat- (1) Upper-half. Upper-half of a ‘‘sad- ed electrical wire and communications dle-mount’’ means that part of the de- cable vice which is securely attached to the Multi-piece windshield. A windshield towed vehicle and maintains a fixed po- consisting of two or more windshield sition relative thereto, but does not in- glazing surface areas. clude the ‘‘king-pin;’’

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(2) Lower-half. Lower-half of a ‘‘sad- Side marker lamps. Lamps mounted on dle-mount’’ means that part of the de- the side, on the permanent structure of vice which is securely attached to the the motor vehicle as near as prac- towing vehicle and maintains a fixed ticable to the front and rear of the ve- position relative thereto but does not hicle, that provide light to the side to include the ‘‘king-pin;’’ and indicate the overall length of the (3) King-pin. King-pin means that de- motor vehicle. vice which is used to connect the Special purpose vehicle. (1) A trailer or ‘‘upper-half’’ to the ‘‘lower-half’’ in semitrailer manufactured on or after such manner as to permit relative January 26, 1998, having work-per- movement in a horizontal plane be- forming equipment that, while the tween the towed and towing vehicles. motor vehicle is in transit, resides in Service brake system. A primary brake or moves through the area that could system used for slowing and stopping a be occupied by the horizontal member vehicle. of the rear impact guard, as defined by Shoring bar. A device placed trans- the guard width, height and rear sur- versely between the walls of a vehicle face requirements of § 571.224 (para- and cargo to prevent cargo from tip- graphs S5.1.1 through S5.1.3), in effect ping or shifting. on the date of manufacture, or a subse- Shortwood. All logs typically up to 4.9 quent edition. m (16 feet) long. Such logs are often de- (2) A motor vehicle, not described by scribed as cut-up logs, cut-to-length paragraph (1) of this definition, having logs, bolts or pulpwood. Shortwood work-performing equipment that, may be loaded lengthwise or crosswise, while the motor vehicle is in transit, though that loaded crosswise is usually resides in or moves through the area no more than 2.6 m (102 inches) long. that could be occupied by the hori- A vehicle whose cargo Sided vehicle. zontal member of the rear impact compartment is enclosed on all four guard, as defined by the guard width, sides by walls of sufficient strength to height and rear surface requirements of contain articles of cargo, where the § 393.86(b)(1). walls may include latched openings for loading and unloading, and includes Split service brake system. A brake sys- vans, dump bodies, and a sided inter- tem consisting of two or more sub- modal container carried by a vehicle. systems actuated by a single control Side extremity. The outermost point designed so that a leakage-type failure on a side of the motor vehicle that is of a pressure component in a single above a horizontal plane located 560 subsystem (except structural failure of mm (22 inches) above the ground, below a housing that is common to two or a horizontal plane located 1,900 mm (75 more subsystems) shall not impair the inches) above the ground, and between operation of any other subsystem. a transverse vertical plane tangent to Steering wheel lash. The condition in the rear extremity of the vehicle and a which the steering wheel may be transverse vertical plane located 305 turned through some part of a revolu- mm (12 inches) forward of that plane tion without associated movement of when the vehicle is unloaded; its fuel the front wheels. tanks are full; and the tires (and air Stop lamps. Lamps shown to the rear suspension, if so equipped) are inflated of a motor vehicle to indicate that the in accordance with the manufacturer’s service brake system is engaged. recommendations. Non-structural pro- Surge brake. A self-contained, perma- trusions such as taillights, hinges and nently closed hydraulic brake system latches are excluded from the deter- for trailers that relies on inertial mination of the outermost point. forces, developed in response to the Side marker lamp (Intermediate). A braking action of the towing vehicle, lamp mounted on the side, on the per- applied to a hydraulic device mounted manent structure of the motor vehicle on or connected to the tongue of the that provides light to the side to indi- trailer, to slow down or stop the towed cate the approximate middle of the ve- vehicle. hicle, when the motor vehicle is 9.14 Tail lamps. Lamps used to designate meters (30 feet) or more in length. the rear of a motor vehicle.

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Tiedown. A combination of securing Void filler. Material used to fill a devices which forms an assembly that space between articles of cargo and the attaches articles of cargo to, or re- structure of the vehicle that has suffi- strains articles of cargo on, a vehicle cient strength to prevent movement of or trailer, and is attached to anchor the articles of cargo. point(s). Well. The depression formed between Tow bar. A strut or column-like de- two cylindrical articles of cargo when vice temporarily attached between the they are laid with their eyes horizontal rear of a towing vehicle and the front and parallel against each other. of the vehicle being towed. Wheels back vehicle. (1) A trailer or Tractor-pole trailer. A combination ve- semitrailer manufactured on or after hicle that carries logs lengthwise so January 26, 1998, whose rearmost axle that they form the body of the vehicle. is permanently fixed and is located The logs are supported by a bunk lo- such that the rearmost surface of the cated on the rear of the tractor, and tires (of the size recommended by the another bunk on the skeletal trailer. vehicle manufacturer for the rear axle) The tractor bunk may rotate about a is not more than 305 mm (12 inches) vertical axis, and the trailer may have forward of the transverse vertical plane a fixed, scoping, or cabled reach, or tangent to the rear extremity of the other mechanical freedom, to allow it vehicle. to turn. (2) A motor vehicle, not described by Trailer kingpin. A pin (with a flange paragraph (1) of this definition, whose on its lower end) which extends rearmost axle is permanently fixed and vertically from the front of the under- is located such that the rearmost sur- side of a semitrailer and which locks face of the tires (of the size rec- into a fifth wheel. ommended by the vehicle manufacturer for the rear axle) is not more Turn signals. Lamps used to indicate than 610 mm (24 inches) forward of the a change in direction by emitting a transverse vertical plane tangent to flashing light on the side of a motor ve- the rear extremity of the vehicle. hicle towards which a turn will be Width of a manufactured home. The made. largest exterior width in the traveling Upper coupler assembly. A structure mode, including any projections which consisting of an upper coupler plate, contain interior space. Width does not king-pin and supporting framework include bay windows, roof projections, which interfaces with and couples to a overhangs, or eaves under which there fifth wheel. is no interior space. Upper coupler plate. A plate structure Windshield. The principal forward fac- through which the king-pin neck and ing glazed surface provided for forward collar extend. The bottom surface of vision in operating a motor vehicle. the plate contacts the fifth wheel when Working load limit (WLL). The max- coupled. imum load that may be applied to a Vacuum brake system. A system that component of a cargo securement sys- uses a vacuum and atmospheric pres- tem during normal service, usually assure for transmitting a force from the signed by the manufacturer of the com- driver control to the service brake, not ponent. including a system that uses vacuum only to assist the driver in applying [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 63 muscular force to hydraulic or mechan- FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 63 FR 24465, May 4, 1998; 64 FR 47707, Sept. 1, 1999; 67 FR 61224, ical components. Sept. 27, 2002; 68 FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 70 Vehicle safety technology. Vehicle FR 48026, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, safety technology includes a fleet-re- 2006; 72 FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007; 81 FR 47731, lated incident management system, July 22, 2016; 81 FR 65574, Sept. 23, 2016] performance or behavior management system, speed management system, § 393.7 Matter incorporated by ref- lane departure warning system, for- erence. ward collision warning or mitigation (a) Incorporation by reference. Part 393 system, active cruise control system, includes references to certain matter and transponder. or materials, as listed in paragraph (b)

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of this section. The text of the mate- incorporation by reference approved rials is not included in the regulations for § 393.25(c). contained in part 393. The materials (9) Directional Flashing Optical are hereby made a part of the regula- Warning Devices for Authorized Emer- tions in part 393. The Director of the gency, Maintenance, and Service Vehi- Federal Register has approved the ma- cles, SAE J595, January 2005, incorpo- terials incorporated by reference in ac- ration by reference approved for cordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR § 393.25(e). part 51. For materials subject to (10) Optical Warning Devices for Au- change, only the specific version ap- thorized Emergency, Maintenance, and proved by the Director of the Federal Service Vehicles, SAE J845, May 1997, Register and specified in the regulation incorporation by reference approved are incorporated. Material is incor- for § 393.25(e). porated as it exists on the date of the (11) Gaseous Discharge Warning approval and a notice of any change in Lamp for Authorized Emergency, these materials will be published in the Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, FEDERAL REGISTER. SAE J1318, May 1998, incorporation by (b) Matter or materials referenced in reference approved for § 393.25(e). part 393. The matter or materials listed (12) Reflex Reflectors, SAE J594, De- in this paragraph are incorporated by cember 2003, incorporation by reference reference in the corresponding sections approved for § 393.26(c). noted. (13) Standard Specification for (1) Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, So- Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic ciety of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Control, American Society of Testing J581, July 2004, incorporation by ref- and Materials, ASTM D 4956–04, 2004, erence approved for § 393.24(b). incorporation by reference approved for § 393.26(c). (2) Front Fog Lamp, SAE J583, Au- (14) Automobile, Truck, Truck-Trac- gust 2004, incorporation by reference tor, Trailer, and Motor Coach Wiring, approved for § 393.24(b). SAE J1292, October 1981, incorporated (3) Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Ve- by reference approved for § 393.28. hicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall (15) Highway Emergency Signals, Width, SAE J586, March 2000, incorpo- Fourth Edition, Underwriters Labora- ration by reference approved for tories, Inc., UL No. 912, July 30, 1979 § 393.25(c). (with an amendment dated November 9, (4) Stop Lamps and Front- and Rear- 1981), incorporation by reference ap- Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor proved for § 393.95(j). Vehicles 2032 mm or more in Overall (16) American National Standard for Width, SAE J2261, January 2002, incor- Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing porated by reference approved for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle § 393.25 (c). Equipment Operating on Land High- (5) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) ways-Safety Standard, SAE Z26.1–1996, for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than August 1997, incorporation by reference 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAE J585, approved for § 393.62(d). March 2000, incorporation by reference (17) Specification for Sound Level approved for § 393.25(c). Meters, American National Standards (6) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) Institute, S1.4–1983, incorporation by for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or More in reference approved for § 393.94(c). Overall Width, SAE J2040, March 2002, (18) Standard Specification for Strap- incorporation by reference approved ping, Flat Steel and Seals, American for § 393.25(c). Society for Testing and Materials (7) Turn Signal Lamps for Use on (ASTM), D3953–97, February 1998, incor- Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in poration by reference approved for Overall Width, SAE J588, March 2000, § 393.104(e). incorporation by reference approved (19) Welded Steel Chain Specifica- for § 393.25(c). tions, National Association of Chain (8) Sidemarker Lamps for Use on Manufacturers, September 28, 2005, in- Road Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in corporation by reference approved for Overall Width, SAE J592, August 2000, § 393.104(e).

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(20) Recommended Standard Speci- Rope Technical Committee, P.O. Box fication for Synthetic Web Tiedowns, 849, Stevensville, Maryland 21666. Web Sling and Tiedown Association, (6) Standards of the Cordage Insti- WSTDA-T1, 1998, incorporation by ref- tute. Information and copies may be erence approved for § 393.104(e). obtained by writing to: Cordage Insti- (21) Wire Rope Users Manual, 2nd tute, 350 Lincoln Street, # 115, Edition, Wire Rope Technical Board Hingham, Massachusetts 02043. November 1985, incorporation by ref- (7) Standards of the Society of Auto- erence approved for § 393.104(e). motive Engineers (SAE). Information (22) Cordage Institute rope standards and copies may be obtained by writing approved for incorporation into to: Society of Automotive Engineers, § 393.104(e): Inc., 400 Commonwealth Drive, (i) PETRS–2, Polyester Fiber Rope, 3- Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096. Strand and 8-Strand Constructions, (8) Standards of the American Na- January 1993; tional Standards Institute (ANSI). In- formation and copies may be obtained (ii) PPRS–2, Polypropylene Fiber by writing to: American National Rope, 3-Strand and 8-Strand Construc- Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd tions, August 1992; Street, New York, New York 10036. (iii) CRS–1, Polyester/Polypropylene (9) [Reserved]. Composite Rope Specifications, Three- (10) All of the materials incorporated Strand and Eight-Strand Standard by reference are available for inspec- Construction, May 1979; tion at: (iv) NRS–1, Nylon Rope Specifica- (i) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Ad- tions, Three-Strand and Eight-Strand ministration, Office of Bus and Truck Standard Construction, May 1979; and Standards and Operations (MC–PS), (v) C–1, Double Braided Nylon Rope 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE., Washington, Specifications DBN, January 1984. DC 20590–0001; and (c) Availability. The materials incor- (ii) The National Archives and porated by reference are available as Records Administration (NARA). For follows: information on the availability of this (1) Standards of the Underwriters material at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or Laboratories, Inc. Information and cop- go to: http://www.archives.gov/fed- ies may be obtained by writing to: Un- erallregister/ derwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 codeloflfederallregulations/ Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, Illinois ibrllocations.html. 60062. [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 70 (2) Specifications of the American FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, Society for Testing and Materials. In- 2006; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007; 77 FR 46638, formation and copies may be obtained Aug. 6, 2012; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015] by writing to: American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsyl- Devices, and Electrical Wiring vania 19428–2959. (3) Specifications of the National As- § 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of sociation of Chain Manufacturers. In- obstructions of lamps and reflec- formation and copies may be obtained tors. by writing to: National Association of (a) All lamps required by this subpart Chain Manufacturers, P.O. Box 22681, shall be capable of being operated at Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania 18002–2681. all times. This paragraph shall not be (4) Specifications of the Web Sling construed to require that any auxiliary and Tiedown Association. Information or additional lamp be capable of oper- and copies may be obtained by writing ating at all times. to: Web Sling and Tiedown Association, (b) Lamps and reflective devices/ma- Inc., 5024–R Campbell Boulevard, Balti- terial required by this subpart must more, Maryland 21236–5974. not be obscured by the tailboard, or by (5) Manuals of the Wire Rope Tech- any part of the load, or its covering by nical Board. Information and copies dirt, or other added vehicle or work may be obtained by writing to: Wire equipment, or otherwise. Exception:

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The conspicuity treatments on the (i) The conspicuity material is placed front end protection devices may be ob- at the locations where reflex reflectors scured by part of the load being trans- are required by Table 1; and ported. (ii) The conspicuity material when installed on the motor vehicle meets [70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005] the visibility requirements for the reflex reflectors. § 393.11 Lamps and reflective devices. (b) Conspicuity Systems. Each trailer (a)(1) Lamps and reflex reflectors. of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more overall Table 1 specifies the requirements for width, and with a GVWR over 4,536 kg lamps, reflective devices and associ- (10,000 pounds), manufactured on or ated equipment by the type of commer- after December 1, 1993, except pole cial motor vehicle. The diagrams in trailers and trailers designed exclu- this section illustrate the position of sively for living or office use, shall be the lamps, reflective devices and asso- equipped with either retroreflective ciated equipment specified in Table 1. sheeting that meets the requirements All commercial motor vehicles manu- of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.1), reflex reflec- factured on or after December 25, 1968, tors that meet the requirements must, at a minimum, meet the applica- FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.2), or a combina- ble requirements of 49 CFR 571.108 tion of retroreflective sheeting and re- (FMVSS No. 108) in effect at the time flex reflectors that meet the require- of manufacture of the vehicle. Com- ments of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.3). The mercial motor vehicles manufactured conspicuity system shall be installed before December 25, 1968, must, at a and located as specified in FMVSS No. minimum, meet the requirements of 108 [S5.7.1.4 (for retroreflective sheet- subpart B of part 393 in effect at the ing), S5.7.2.2 (for reflex reflectors), time of manufacture. S5.7.3 (for a combination of sheeting (2) Exceptions: Pole trailers and trail- and reflectors)] and have certification er converter dollies must meet the part and markings as required by S5.7.1.5 393 requirements for lamps, reflective (for retroreflective tape) and S5.7.2.3 devices and electrical equipment in ef- (for reflex reflectors). fect at the time of manufacture. Trail- (c) Prohibition on the use of amber stop ers which are equipped with con- lamps and tail lamps. No commercial spicuity material which meets the re- motor vehicle may be equipped with an quirements of § 393.11(b) are not re- amber stop lamp, a tail lamp, or other quired to be equipped with the reflex lamp which is optically combined with reflectors listed in Table 1 if— an amber stop lamp or tail lamp.

TABLE 1 OF § 393.11—REQUIRED LAMPS AND REFLECTORS ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES

Height above the road surface in millimeters (mm) Vehicles Item on the ve- (with English units in pa- for which hicle Quantity Color Location Position renthesis) measured from the de- the center of the lamp at vices are curb weight required

Headlamps ...... 2 ...... White .... Front ...... On the front at the same Not less than 559 mm (22 A, B, C height, with an equal inches) nor more than number at each side of 1,372 mm (54 inches). the vertical center line as far apart as practicable. Turn signal 2 ...... Amber .. At or near the One on each side of the Not less than 381 mm (15 A, B, C (front). See front. vertical centerline at the inches) nor more than footnotes #2 same height and as far 2,108 mm (83 inches). and 12. apart as practicable.

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TABLE 1 OF § 393.11—REQUIRED LAMPS AND REFLECTORS ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES— Continued

Identification 3 ...... Amber .. Front ...... As close as practicable to All three on the same level B, C lamps (front). the top of the vehicle, at as close as practicable See footnote the same height, and as to the top of the motor #1. close as practicable to vehicle. the vertical centerline of the vehicle (or the vertical centerline of the cab where different from the centerline of the vehicle) with lamp centers spaced not less than 152 mm (6 inches) or more than 305 mm (12 inches) apart. Alter- natively, the front lamps may be located as close as practicable to the top of the cab. Tail lamps. See 2 ...... Red ...... Rear ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level A, B, C, D, footnotes #5 the vertical centerline at between 381 mm (15 E, F, G, and 11. the same height and as inches) and 1,829 mm H far apart as practicable. (72 inches). Stop lamps. 2 ...... Red ...... Rear ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level A, B, C, D, See foot- the vertical centerline at between 381 mm (15 E, F, G notes #5 and the same height and as inches) and 1,829 mm 13. far apart as practicable. (72 inches). Clearance 2 ...... Amber .. One on each One on each side of the Both on the same level as B, C, D, G, lamps. See side of the vertical centerline to in- high as practicable. H footnotes #8, front of the dicate overall width. 9, 10, 15 & vehicle. 17. 2 ...... Red ...... One on each One on each side of the Both on the same level as B, D, G, H side of the vertical centerline to in- high as practicable. rear of the dicate overall width. vehicle. Reflex reflector, 2 ...... Amber .. One on each At or near the midpoint Between 381 mm A, B, D, F, intermediate side. between the front and (15inches) and 1,524 G (side). rear side marker lamps, (60 inches). if the length of the vehicle is more than 9,144 mm (30 feet). Reflex reflector 2 ...... Red ...... Rear ...... One on each side of the Both on the same level, A, B, C, D, (rear). See vertical centerline, as far between 381 mm (15 E, F, G footnotes #5, apart as practicable and inches) and 1,524 mm 6, and 8. at the same height. (60 inches). Reflex reflector 2 ...... Red ...... One on each As far to the rear as prac- Both on the same level, A, B, D, F, (rear side).. side (rear). ticable. between 381 mm (15 G inches) and 1,524 mm (60 inches). Reflex reflector 2 ...... Amber .. One on each As far to the front as prac- Between 381 mm (15 A, B, C, D, (front side). side (front). ticable. inches) and 1,524 mm F, G See footnote (60 inches). #16. License plate 1 ...... White .... At rear license No requirements ...... A, B, C, D, lamp (rear). plate to illu- F, G See footnote minate the #11. plate from the top or sides. Side marker 2 ...... Amber .. One on each As far to the front as prac- Not less than 381 mm (15 A, B, C, D, lamp (front). side. ticable. inches). F See footnote #16.

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TABLE 1 OF § 393.11—REQUIRED LAMPS AND REFLECTORS ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES— Continued

Side marker 2 ...... Amber .. One on each At or near the midpoint Not less tan 381 mm (15 A, B, D, F, lamp inter- side. between the front and inches). G mediate. rear side marker lamps, if the length of the vehicle is more than 9,144 mm (30 feet). Side marker 2 ...... Red ...... One on each As far to the rear as prac- Not less than 381 mm (15 A, B, D, F, lamp (rear). side. ticable. inches), and on the rear G See foot- of trailers not more than notes #4 and 1,524 mm (60 inches). 8. Turn signal 2 ...... Amber Rear ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level, A, B, C, D, (rear). See or red. the vertical centerline as between 381 mm (15 E, F, G footnotes #5 far apart as practicable. inches) and 2,108 mm and 12. (83 inches). Identification 3 ...... Red ...... Rear ...... One as close as prac- All three on the same level B, D, G lamp (rear). ticable to the vertical as close as practicable See foot- centerline. One on each to the top of the vehicle. notes #3, 7, side with lamp centers and 15. spaced not less than 152 mm (6 inches) or more than 305 mm (12 inches) apart. Vehicular haz- 2 ...... Amber .. Front ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level, A, B, C ard warning the vertical centerline, between 381 mm (15 signal flasher as far apart as prac- inches) and 2,108 mm lamps. See ticable. (83 inches). footnotes #5 and 12. 2 ...... Amber Rear ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level, A, B, C, D, or red. the vertical centerline, between 381 mm (15 E, F, G as far apart as prac- inches) and 2,108 mm ticable. (83 inches). Backup lamp. 1 or 2 ... White .... Rear ...... Rear ...... No requirement ...... A, B, C See footnote #14. Parking lamp ... 2 ...... Amber Front ...... One lamp on each side of Both on the same level, A or the vertical centerline, between 381 mm (15 white. as far apart as prac- inches) and 2,108 mm ticable. (83 inches).

LEGEND: TYPES OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES SHOWN IN THE LAST COLUMN OF TABLE 1. A. Buses and trucks less than 2,032 mm (80 inches) in overall width. B. Buses and trucks 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more in overall width. C. Truck tractors. D. Semitrailers and full trailers 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more in overall width except converter dollies. E. Converter dolly. F. Semitrailers and full trailers less than 2,032 mm (80 inches) in overall width. G. Pole trailers. H. Projecting loads. NOTE: Lamps and reflectors may be combined as permitted by § 393.22 and S5.4 of 49 CFR 571.108, Equipment combinations. Footnote—1 Identification lamps may be mounted on the vertical centerline of the cab where different from the centerline of the vehicle, except where the cab is not more than 42 inches wide at the front roofline, then a single lamp at the center of the cab shall be deemed to comply with the requirements for identification lamps. No part of the identification lamps or their mountings may extend below the top of the vehicle windshield. Footnote—2 Unless the turn signals on the front are so constructed (double-faced) and located as to be visible to passing drivers, two turn signals are required on the rear of the truck tractor, one at each side as far apart as practicable. Footnote—3 The identification lamps need not be visible or lighted if obscured by a vehicle in the same combination. Footnote—4 Any semitrailer or full trailer manufactured on or after March 1, 1979, shall be equipped with rear side-marker lamps at a height of not less than 381 mm (15 inches), and on the rear of trailers not more than 1,524 mm (60 inches) above the road surface, as measured from the center of the lamp on the vehicle at curb weight. Footnote—5 Each converter dolly, when towed singly by another vehicle and not as part of a full trailer, shall be equipped with one stop lamp, one tail lamp, and two reflectors (one on each side of the vertical centerline, as far apart as practicable) on the rear. Each converter dolly shall be equipped with rear turn signals and vehicular hazard warning signal flasher lamps when towed singly by another vehicle and not as part of a full trailer, if the converter dolly obscures the turn signals at the rear of the towing vehicle. Footnote—6 Pole trailers shall be equipped with two reflex reflectors on the rear, one on each side of the vertical centerline as far apart as practicable, to indicate the extreme width of the trailer.

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Footnote—7 Pole trailers, when towed by motor vehicles with rear identification lamps meeting the requirements of § 393.11 and mounted at a height greater than the load being transported on the pole trailer, are not required to have rear identification lamps. Footnote—8 Pole trailers shall have on the rearmost support for the load: (1) two front clearance lamps, one on each side of the vehicle, both on the same level and as high as practicable to indicate the overall width of the pole trailer; (2) two rear clearance lamps, one on each side of the vehicle, both on the same level and as high as practicable to indicate the overall width of the pole trailer; (3) two rear side marker lamps, one on each side of the vehicle, both on the same level, not less than 375 mm (15 inches) above the road surface; (4) two rear reflex reflectors, one on each side, both on the same level, not less than 375 mm (15 inches) above the road surface to indicate maximum width of the pole trailer; and (5) one red reflector on each side of the rearmost support for the load. Lamps and reflectors may be combined as allowed in § 393.22. Footnote—9 Any motor vehicle transporting a load which extends more than 102 mm (4 inches) beyond the overall width of the motor vehicle shall be equipped with the following lamps in addition to other required lamps when operated during the hours when headlamps are required to be used. (1) The foremost edge of that portion of the load which projects beyond the side of the vehicle shall be marked (at its outermost extremity) with an amber lamp visible from the front and side. (2) The rearmost edge of that portion of the load which projects beyond the side of the vehicle shall be marked (at its outermost extremity) with a red lamp visible from the rear and side. (3) If the projecting load does not measure more than 914 mm (3 feet) from front to rear, it shall be marked with an amber lamp visible from the front, both sides, and rear, except that if the projection is located at or near the rear it shall be marked by a red lamp visible from front, side, and rear. Footnote—10 Projections beyond rear of motor vehicles. Motor vehicles transporting loads which extend more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) beyond the rear of the motor vehicle, or which have tailboards or tailgates extending more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) beyond the body, shall have these projections marked as follows when the vehicle is operated during the hours when headlamps are required to be used: (1) On each side of the projecting load, one red side marker lamp, visible from the side, located so as to indicate maximum overhang. (2) On the rear of the projecting load, two red lamps, visible from the rear, one at each side; and two red reflectors visible from the rear, one at each side, located so as to indicate maximum width. Footnote—11 To be illuminated when headlamps are illuminated. No rear license plate lamp is required on vehicles that do not display a rear license plate. Footnote—12 Every bus, truck, and truck tractor shall be equipped with a signaling system that, in addition to signaling turning movements, shall have a switch or combination of switches that will cause the two front turn signals and the two rear signals to flash simultaneously as a vehicular traffic signal warning, required by § 392.22(a). The system shall be capable of flashing simultaneously with the ignition of the vehicle on or off. Footnote—13 To be actuated upon application of service brakes. Footnote—14 Backup lamp required to operate when bus, truck, or truck tractor is in reverse. Footnote—15 (1) For the purposes of § 393.11, the term ‘‘overall width’’ refers to the nominal design dimension of the widest part of the vehicle, exclusive of the signal lamps, marker lamps, outside rearview mirrors, flexible fender extensions, and mud flaps. (2) Clearance lamps may be mounted at a location other than on the front and rear if necessary to indicate the overall width of a vehicle, or for protection from damage during normal operation of the vehicle. (3) On a trailer, the front clearance lamps may be mounted at a height below the extreme height if mounting at the extreme height results in the lamps failing to mark the overall width of the trailer. (4) On a truck tractor, clearance lamps mounted on the cab may be located to indicate the width of the cab, rather than the width of the vehicle. (5) When the rear identification lamps are mounted at the extreme height of a vehicle, rear clearance lamps are not required to be located as close as practicable to the top of the vehicle. Footnote—16 A trailer subject to this part that is less than 1829 mm (6 feet) in overall length, including the trailer tongue, need not be equipped with front side marker lamps and front side reflex reflectors. Footnote—17 A boat trailer subject to this part whose overall width is 2032 mm (80 inches) or more need not be equipped with both front and rear clearance lamps provided an amber (front) and red (rear) clearance lamp is located at or near the midpoint on each side so as to indicate its extreme width.

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[70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 32014, June 11, 2007; 72 FR 33562, June 18, 2007; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 81 FR 47731, July 22, 2016; 81 FR 60634, Sept. 2, 2016]

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§ 393.13 Retroreflective sheeting and as part of a red and white pattern. reflex reflectors, requirements for Retroreflective sheeting shall have a semitrailers and trailers manufac- width of at least 50 mm (2 inches). tured before December 1, 1993. (c) Locations for retroreflective sheet- (a) Applicability. All trailers and ing—(1) Sides. Retroreflective sheeting semitrailers manufactured prior to De- shall be applied to each side of the cember 1, 1993, which have an overall trailer or semitrailer. Each strip of width of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more retroreflective sheeting shall be posi- and a gross vehicle weight rating of tioned as horizontally as practicable, 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) or more, except beginning and ending as close to the trailers that are manufactured exclu- front and rear as practicable. The strip sively for use as offices or dwellings, need not be continuous but the sum of pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this the length of all of the segments shall subchapter), and trailers transported in be at least half of the length of the a driveaway-towaway operation, must trailer and the spaces between the seg- be equipped with retroreflective sheet- ments of the strip shall be distributed ing or an array of reflex reflectors that as evenly as practicable. The center- meet the requirements of this section. line for each strip of retroreflective Motor carriers operating trailers, other sheeting shall be between 375 mm (15 than container chassis (as defined in inches) and 1,525 mm (60 inches) above § 393.5), have until June 1, 2001, to com- the road surface when measured with ply with the requirements of this sec- the trailer empty or unladen, or as tion. Motor carriers operating con- close as practicable to this area. If nec- tainer chassis have until December 1, essary to clear rivet heads or other 2001, to comply with the requirements similar obstructions, 50 mm (2 inches) of this section. wide retroreflective sheeting may be (b) Retroreflective sheeting and reflex separated into two 25 mm (1 inch) wide reflectors. Motor carriers are encour- strips of the same length and color, aged to retrofit their trailers with a separated by a space of not more than conspicuity system that meets all of 25 mm (1 inch). the requirements applicable to trailers (2) Lower rear area. The rear of each manufactured on or after December 1, trailer and semitrailer must be 1993, including the use of equipped with retroreflective sheeting. retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- Each strip of retroreflective sheeting flectors in a red and white pattern (see shall be positioned as horizontally as Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard practicable, extending across the full No. 108 (49 CFR 571.108), S5.7, Con- width of the trailer, beginning and end- spicuity systems). Motor carriers which ing as close to the extreme edges as do not retrofit their trailers to meet practicable. The centerline for each of the requirements of FMVSS No. 108, for the strips of retroreflective sheeting example by using an alternative color shall be between 375 mm (15 inches) and pattern, must comply with the remain- 1,525 mm (60 inches) above the road sur- der of this paragraph and with para- face when measured with the trailer graph (c) or (d) of this section. empty or unladen, or as close as prac- Retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- ticable to this area. flectors in colors or color combinations (3) Upper rear area. Two pairs of white other than red and white may be used strips of retroreflective sheeting, each on the sides or lower rear area of the pair consisting of strips 300 mm (12 semitrailer or trailer until June 1, 2009. inches) long, must be positioned hori- The alternate color or color combina- zontally and vertically on the right tion must be uniform along the sides and left upper corners of the rear of the and lower rear area of the trailer. The body of each trailer and semitrailer, as retroreflective sheeting or reflex re- close as practicable to the top of the flectors on the upper rear area of the trailer and as far apart as practicable. trailer must be white and conform to If the perimeter of the body, as viewed the requirements of FMVSS No. 108 from the rear, is not square or rectan- (S5.7). Red retroreflective sheeting or gular, the strips may be applied along reflex reflectors shall not be used along the perimeter, as close as practicable the sides of the trailer unless it is used to the uppermost and outermost areas

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of the rear of the body on the left and be applied along the perimeter, as close right sides. as practicable to the uppermost and (d) Locations for reflex reflectors—(1) outermost areas of the rear of the body Sides. Reflex reflectors shall be applied on the left and right sides. The center to each side of the trailer or of each reflector shall not be more than semitrailer. Each array of reflex reflec- 100 mm (4 inches) from the center of tors shall be positioned as horizontally each adjacent reflector in the segment as practicable, beginning and ending as of the array. close to the front and rear as prac- [64 FR 15605, Mar. 31, 1999, as amended at 66 ticable. The array need not be contin- FR 30339, June 6, 2001] uous but the sum of the length of all of the array segments shall be at least § 393.17 Lamps and reflectors—com- half of the length of the trailer and the binations in driveaway-towaway spaces between the segments of the operation. strip shall be distributed as evenly as A combination of motor vehicles en- practicable. The centerline for each gaged in driveaway-towaway operation array of reflex reflectors shall be be- must be equipped with operative lamps tween 375 mm (15 inches) and 1,525 mm and reflectors conforming to the rules (60 inches) above the road surface when in this section. measured with the trailer empty or un- (a) The towing vehicle must be laden, or as close as practicable to this equipped as follows: area. The center of each reflector shall (1) On the front, there must be at not be more than 100 mm (4 inches) least two headlamps, an equal number from the center of each adjacent reflec- at each side, two turn signals, one at tor in the segment of the array. If re- each side, and two clearance lamps, one flex reflectors are arranged in an alter- at each side. nating color pattern, the length of re- (2) On each side, there must be at flectors of the first color shall be as least one side-marker lamp, located close as practicable to the length of the near the front of the vehicle. reflectors of the second color. (3) On the rear, there must be at least (2) Lower rear area. The rear of each two tail lamps, one at each side, and trailer and semitrailer must be two stop lamps, one at each side. equipped with reflex reflectors. Each (b) Except as provided in paragraph array of reflex reflectors shall be posi- (c) of this section, the rearmost towed tioned as horizontally as practicable, vehicle of the combination (including extending across the full width of the the towed vehicles of a tow-bar com- trailer, beginning and ending as close bination, the towed vehicle of a single to the extreme edges as practicable. saddle-mount combination, and the The centerline for each array of reflex rearmost towed vehicle of a double or reflectors shall be between 375 mm (15 triple saddle-mount combination) or, inches) and 1,525 mm (60 inches) above in the case of a vehicle full-mounted on the road surface when measured with a saddle-mount vehicle, either the full- the trailer empty or unladen, or as mounted vehicle or the rearmost sad- close as practicable to this area. The dle-mounted vehicle must be equipped center of each reflector shall not be as follows: more than 100 mm (4 inches) from the (1) On each side, there must be at center of each adjacent reflector in the least one side-marker lamp, located segment of the array. near the rear of the vehicle. (3) Upper rear area. Two pairs of white (2) On the rear, there must be at least reflex reflector arrays, each pair at two tail lamps, two stop lamps, two least 300 mm (12 inches) long, must be turn signals, two clearance lamps, and positioned horizontally and vertically two reflectors, one of each type at each on the right and left upper corners of side. In addition, if any vehicle in the the rear of the body of each trailer and combination is 80 inches or more in semitrailer, as close as practicable to overall width, there must be three the top of the trailer and as far apart identification lamps on the rear. as practicable. If the perimeter of the (c) If the towed vehicle in a combina- body, as viewed from the rear, is not tion is a mobile structure trailer, it square or rectangular, the arrays may must be equipped in accordance with

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the following lighting devices. For the the same height, and as far apart as purposes of this part, mobile structure practicable; and trailer means a trailer that has a roof (iv) Two turn signal lamps, one on and walls, is at least 10 feet wide, and each side of the vertical centerline, at can be used off road for dwelling or the same height, and as far apart as commercial purposes. practicable. (1) When the vehicle is operated in (2) At all other times, the vehicle accordance with the terms of a special must be equipped as specified in para- permit prohibiting operation during graph (b) of this section. the times when lighted lamps are re- (d) An intermediate towed vehicle in quired, it must have on the rear— a combination consisting of more than (i) Two stop lamps, one on each side two vehicles (including the first saddle- of the vertical centerline, at the same mounted vehicle of a double saddle- height, and as far apart as practicable; mount combination and the first and (ii) Two tail lamps, one on each side second saddle-mount vehicles of a tri- of the vertical centerline, at the same ple saddle-mount combination) must height, and as far apart as practicable; have one side-marker lamp on each (iii) Two red reflex reflectors, one on side, located near the rear of the vehi- each side of the vertical centerline, at cle.

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(49 U.S.C. 304, 1655; 49 CFR 1.48(b) and 301.60) [40 FR 36126, Aug. 19, 1975, as amended at 47 FR 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 70 FR 48044, Aug. 15, 2005; 77 FR 59828, Oct. 1, 2012; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015]

§ 393.19 Hazard warning signals. tion, two or more lighting devices and reflectors (whether or not required by The hazard warning signal operating the rules in this part) may be combined unit on each commercial motor vehicle optically if— shall operate independently of the ignition or equivalent switch, and when ac- (1) Each required lighting device and tivated, cause all turn signals required reflector conforms to the applicable by § 393.11 to flash simultaneously. rules in this part; and (2) Neither the mounting nor the use [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] of a nonrequired lighting device or reflector impairs the effectiveness of a § 393.20 [Reserved] required lighting device or reflector or § 393.22 Combination of lighting de- causes that device or reflector to be in- vices and reflectors. consistent with the applicable rules in this part. (a) Permitted combinations. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this sec-

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(b) Prohibited combinations. (1) A turn and the mounting shall prevent the signal lamp must not be combined opti- aim of the lighting device from being cally with either a head lamp or other disturbed while the vehicle is operating lighting device or combination of light- on public roads. ing devices that produces a greater in- (d) Aiming. Headlamps, auxiliary tensity of light than the turn signal driving lamps and front fog lamps shall lamp. be aimed to meet the aiming specifica- (2) A turn signal lamp must not be tions in FMVSS No. 108 (49 CFR combined optically with a stop lamp 571.108), SAE J581, and SAE J583, re- unless the stop lamp function is always spectively. deactivated when the turn signal func- [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] tion is activated. (3) A clearance lamp must not be § 393.25 Requirements for lamps other combined optically with a tail lamp or than head lamps. identification lamp. (a) Mounting. All lamps shall be se- [39 FR 26908, July 24, 1974] curely mounted on a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary lamps must be se- § 393.23 Power supply for lamps. curely mounted to the load and are not All required lamps must be powered required to be mounted to a permanent by the electrical system of the motor part of the vehicle. vehicle with the exception of battery (b) Visibility. Each lamp shall be located so that it meets the visibility re- powered lamps used on projecting quirements specified by FMVSS No. 108 loads. in effect at the time of manufacture of [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] the vehicle. Vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 108 at the time § 393.24 Requirements for head lamps, of manufacture shall have each lamp auxiliary driving lamps and front located so that it meets the visibility fog lamps. requirements specified in the SAE (a) Headlamps. Every bus, truck and standards listed in paragraph (c) of this truck tractor shall be equipped with section. If motor vehicle equipment headlamps as required by § 393.11(a). (e.g., mirrors, snow plows, wrecker The headlamps shall provide an upper booms, backhoes, and winches) pre- and lower beam distribution of light, vents compliance with this paragraph selectable at the driver’s will and be by any required lamp, an auxiliary steady-burning. The headlamps shall be lamp or device meeting the require- marked in accordance with FMVSS No. ments of this paragraph shall be pro- 108. Auxiliary driving lamps and/or vided. This shall not be construed to front fog lamps may not be used to sat- apply to lamps on one unit which are isfy the requirements of this para- obscured by another unit of a combina- graph. tion of vehicles. (b) Auxiliary driving lamps and front (c) Specifications. All required lamps fog lamps. Commercial motor vehicles (except marker lamps on projecting may be equipped with auxiliary driving loads, lamps which are temporarily at- lamps and/or front fog lamps for use in tached to vehicles transported in conjunction with, but not in lieu of the driveaway-towaway operations, and required headlamps. Auxiliary driving lamps on converter dollies and pole lamps shall meet SAE Standard J581 trailers) on vehicles manufactured on Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, July or after December 25, 1968, shall, at a 2004, and front fog lamps shall meet minimum, meet the applicable require- SAE Standard J583 Front Fog Lamp, ments of FMVSS No. 108 in effect on August 2004. (See § 393.7 for information the date of manufacture of the vehicle. on the incorporation by reference and Marker lamps on projecting loads, all availability of these documents.) lamps which are temporarily attached (c) Mounting. Headlamps shall be to vehicles transported in driveaway- mounted and aimable in accordance towaway operations, and all lamps on with FMVSS No. 108. Auxiliary driving converter dollies and pole trailers must lamps and front fog lamps shall be meet the following applicable SAE mounted so that the beams are aimable standards: J586—Stop Lamps for Use on

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Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in used or when the stop lamp is optically Overall Width, March 2000; J2261 Stop combined with the turn signal and the Lamps and Front- and Rear-Turn Sig- turn signal is in use. nal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width, Jan- [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] uary 2002; J585—Tail Lamps (Rear Posi- § 393.26 Requirements for reflectors. tion Lamps) for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, (a) Mounting. Reflex reflectors shall March 2000; J588—Turn Signal Lamps be mounted at the locations required for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than by § 393.11. In the case of motor vehicles 2032 mm in Overall Width, March 2000; so constructed that requirement for a J2040—Tail Lamps (Rear Position 381 mm (15-inch) minimum height Lamps) for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or above the road surface is not practical, More in Overall Width, March 2002; the reflectors shall be mounted as close J592—Sidemarker Lamps for Use on as practicable to the required mount- Road Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in ing height range. All permanent reflex Overall Width, August 2000. (See § 393.7 reflectors shall be securely mounted on for information on the incorporation a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary by reference and availability of these reflectors on projecting loads must be documents.) securely mounted to the load and are (d) (Reserved) not required to be permanently mount- (e) Lamps to be steady-burning. All ex- ed to a part of the vehicle. Temporary terior lamps (both required lamps and reflex reflectors on vehicles trans- any additional lamps) shall be steady- ported in driveaway-towaway oper- burning with the exception of turn sig- ations must be firmly attached. nal lamps; hazard warning signal (b) Specifications. All required reflex lamps; school bus warning lamps; reflectors (except reflex reflectors on amber warning lamps or flashing warn- projecting loads, vehicles transported ing lamps on tow trucks and commer- in a driveaway-towaway operation, cial motor vehicles transporting over- converter dollies and pole trailers) on sized loads; and warning lamps on vehicles manufactured on or after De- emergency and service vehicles author- cember 25, 1968, shall meet the applica- ized by State or local authorities. ble requirements of FMVSS No. 108 in Lamps combined into the same shell or effect on the date of manufacture of housing with a turn signal are not re- the vehicle. Reflex reflectors on pro- quired to be steady burning while the jecting loads, vehicles transported in a turn signal is in use. Amber warning driveaway-towaway operation, and all lamps must meet SAE J845—Optical reflex reflectors on converter dollies Warning Devices for Authorized Emer- and pole trailers must conform to SAE gency, Maintenance and Service Vehi- J594—Reflex Reflectors, December 2003. cles, May 1997. Amber flashing warning (c) Substitute material for side reflex re- lamps must meet SAE J595—Direc- flectors. Reflective material conforming tional Flashing Optical Warning De- to ASTM D 4956–04, Standard Specifica- vices for Authorized Emergency, Main- tion for Retroreflective Sheeting for tenance and Service Vehicles, January Traffic Control, may be used in lieu of 2005. Amber gaseous discharge warning reflex reflectors if the material as used lamps must meet SAE J1318 Gaseous on the vehicle, meets the performance Discharge Warning Lamp for Author- standards in either Table I of SAE J594 ized Emergency, Maintenance, and or Table IA of SAE J594—Reflex Reflec- Service Vehicles, May 1998. (See tors, December 2003. (See § 393.7(b) for § 393.7(b) for information on the incor- information on the incorporation by poration by reference and availability reference and availability of these doc- of these documents.) uments.) (f) Stop lamp operation. The stop (d) Use of additional retroreflective sur- lamps on each vehicle shall be acti- faces. Additional retroreflective sur- vated upon application of the service faces may be used in conjunction with, brakes. The stop lamps are not re- but not in lieu of the reflex reflectors quired to be activated when the emer- required in subpart B of part 393, and gency feature of the trailer brakes is the substitute material for side reflex

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reflectors allowed by paragraph (c) of starting motor passes through a metal this section, provided: compartment, the cable shall be pro- (1) Designs do not resemble traffic tected against grounding by an acid control signs, lights, or devices, except and waterproof insulating bushing. that straight edge striping resembling Wherever a battery and a fuel tank are a barricade pattern may be used. both placed under the driver’s seat, (2) Designs do not tend to distort the they shall be partitioned from each length and/or width of the motor vehi- other, and each compartment shall be cle. provided with an independent cover, (3) Such surfaces shall be at least 3 ventilation, and drainage. inches from any required lamp or reflector unless of the same color as such §§ 393.31–393.33 [Reserved] lamp or reflector. (4) No red color shall be used on the Subpart C—Brakes front of any motor vehicle, except for display of markings or placards re- § 393.40 Required brake systems. quired by § 177.823 of this title. (a) Each commercial motor vehicle (5) Retroreflective license plates re- must have brakes adequate to stop and quired by State or local authorities hold the vehicle or combination of may be used. motor vehicles. Each commercial [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 motor vehicle must meet the applica- FR 3167, Feb. 19, 1970; 53 FR 49397, Dec. 7, ble service, parking, and emergency 1988; 70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] brake system requirements provided in this section. § 393.27 [Reserved] (b) Service brakes—(1) Hydraulic brake systems. Motor vehicles equipped with § 393.28 Wiring systems. hydraulic brake systems and manufac- Electrical wiring shall be installed tured on or after September 2, 1983, and maintained to conform to SAE must, at a minimum, have a service J1292—Automobile, Truck, Truck-Trac- brake system that meets the require- tor, Trailer, and Motor Coach Wiring, ments of FMVSS No. 105 in effect on October 1981, except the jumper cable the date of manufacture. Motor vehi- plug and receptacle need not conform cles which were not subject to FMVSS to SAE J560. The reference to SAE No. 105 on the date of manufacture J1292 shall not be construed to require must have a service brake system that circuit protection on trailers. (See meets the applicable requirements of § 393.7(b) for information on the incor- §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 poration by reference and availability of this subpart. of this document.) (2) Air brake systems. Buses, trucks [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] and truck-tractors equipped with air brake systems and manufactured on or § 393.29 [Reserved] after March 1, 1975, and trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975, § 393.30 Battery installation. must, at a minimum, have a service Every storage battery on every vehi- brake system that meets the require- cle, unless located in the engine com- ments of FMVSS No. 121 in effect on partment, shall be covered by a fixed the date of manufacture. Motor vehi- part of the motor vehicle or protected cles which were not subject to FMVSS by a removable cover or enclosure. Re- No. 121 on the date of manufacture movable covers or enclosures shall be must have a service brake system that substantial and shall be securely meets the applicable requirements of latched or fastened. The storage bat- §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 tery compartment and adjacent metal of this subpart. parts which might corrode by reason of (3) Vacuum brake systems. Motor vehi- battery leakage shall be painted or cles equipped with vacuum brake sys- coated with an acid-resisting paint or tems must have a service brake system coating and shall have openings to pro- that meets the applicable requirements vide ample battery ventilation and of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and drainage. Wherever the cable to the 393.52 of this subpart.

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(4) Electric brake systems. Motor vehi- be located so that the driver can oper- cles equipped with electric brake sys- ate it from the normal seating position tems must have a service brake system while restrained by any seat belts with that meets the applicable requirements which the vehicle is equipped. The of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49 and 393.52 of emergency brake control may be com- this subpart. bined with either the service brake (5) Surge brake systems. Motor vehicles control or the parking brake control. equipped with surge brake systems However, all three controls may not be must have a service brake system that combined. meets the applicable requirements of (f) Interconnected systems. (1) If the §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, and 393.52 of this brake systems required by § 393.40(a) subpart. are interconnected in any way, they (c) Parking brakes. Each commercial must be designed, constructed, and motor vehicle must be equipped with a maintained so that in the event of a parking brake system that meets the failure of any part of the operating applicable requirements of § 393.41. mechanism of one or more of the sys- (d) Emergency brakes—partial failure of tems (except the service brake actu- service brakes—(1) Hydraulic brake sys- ation pedal or valve), the motor vehicle tems. Motor vehicles manufactured on will have operative brakes and, for ve- or after September 2, 1983, and hicles manufactured on or after July 1, equipped with a split service brake sys- 1973, be capable of meeting the require- tem must, at a minimum, meet the ments of § 393.52(b). partial failure requirements of FMVSS (2) A motor vehicle to which the re- No. 105 in effect on the date of manu- quirements of FMVSS No. 105 (S5.1.2), facture. dealing with partial failure of the serv- (2) Air brake systems. Buses, trucks ice brake, applied at the time of manu- and truck tractors manufactured on or facture meets the requirements of after March 1, 1975, and trailers manu- § 393.40(f)(1) if the motor vehicle is factured on or after January 1, 1975, maintained in conformity with FMVSS must be equipped with an emergency No. 105 and the motor vehicle is capa- brake system which, at a minumum, ble of meeting the requirements of meets the requirements of FMVSS No. § 393.52(b), except in the case of a struc- 121 in effect on the date of manufac- tural failure of the brake master cyl- ture. inder body. (3) Vehicles not subject to FMVSS Nos. (3) A bus is considered to meet the re- 105 and 121 on the date of manufacture. quirements of § 393.40(f)(1) if it meets Buses, trucks and truck tractors not the requirements of § 393.44 and subject to FMVSS Nos. 105 or 121 on § 393.52(b). the date of manufacture must meet the requirements of § 393.40(e). Trailers not [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 subject to FMVSS No. 121 at the time FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] of manufacture must meet the requirements of § 393.43. § 393.41 Parking brake system. (e) Emergency brakes, vehicles manu- (a) Hydraulic-braked vehicles manufac- factured on or after July 1, 1973. (1) A tured on or after September 2, 1983. Each bus, truck, truck tractor, or a com- truck and bus (other than a school bus) bination of motor vehicles manufac- with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) tured on or after July 1, 1973, and not or less which is subject to this part and covered under paragraphs (d)(1) or school buses with a GVWR greater than (d)(2) of this section, must have an 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) shall be emergency brake system which con- equipped with a parking brake system sists of emergency features of the serv- as required by FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) ice brake system or an emergency sys- in effect at the time of manufacture. tem separate from the service brake The parking brake shall be capable of system. The emergency brake system holding the vehicle or combination of must meet the applicable requirements vehicles stationary under any condi- of §§ 393.43 and 393.52. tion of loading in which it is found on (2) A control by which the driver ap- a public road (free of ice and snow). Hy- plies the emergency brake system must draulic-braked vehicles which were not

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subject to the parking brake require- leased unless adequate energy is avail- ments of FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) must able to immediately reapply the park- be equipped with a parking brake sys- ing brake with the required effective- tem that meets the requirements of ness. paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Air-braked power units manufac- [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005] tured on or after March 1, 1975, and air- braked trailers manufactured on or after § 393.42 Brakes required on all wheels. January 1, 1975. Each air-braked bus, (a) Every commercial motor vehicle truck and truck tractor manufactured shall be equipped with brakes acting on on and after March 1, 1975, and each all wheels. This requirement also ap- air-braked trailer except an agricul- plies to certain motor vehicles being tural commodity trailer, converter towed in a driveaway-towaway oper- dolly, heavy hauler trailer or pulpwood ation, as follows: trailer, shall be equipped with a park- (1) Any motor vehicle towed by ing brake system as required by means of a tow-bar when another FMVSS No. 121 (S5.6) in effect at the motor vehicle is full-mounted on the time of manufacture. The parking towed vehicle; and brake shall be capable of holding the vehicle or combination of vehicles sta- (2) Any saddlemount configuration tionary under any condition of loading with a fullmount. in which it is found on a public road (b) Exception. (1) Trucks or truck (free of ice and snow). An agricultural tractors having three or more axles commodity trailer, heavy hauler or and manufactured before July 25, 1980, pulpwood trailer shall carry sufficient are not required to have brakes on the chocking blocks to prevent movement front wheels. However, these vehicles when parked. must meet the requirements of § 393.52. (c) Vehicles not subject to FMVSS Nos. (2) Motor vehicles being towed in a 105 and 121 on the date of manufacture. driveaway-towaway operation (includ- (1) Each singly driven motor vehicle ing the last truck of triple saddle- not subject to parking brake require- mount combinations (see § 393.71(a)(3)) ments of FMVSS Nos. 105 or 121 at the are not required to have operative time of manufacturer, and every com- brakes provided the combination of ve- bination of motor vehicles must be hicles meets the requirements of equipped with a parking brake system § 393.52. adequate to hold the vehicle or com- (3) Any semitrailer or pole trailer bination on any grade on which it is (laden or unladen) with a gross weight operated, under any condition of load- of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less which ing in which it is found on a public road (free of ice and snow). is subject to this part is not required to (2) The parking brake system shall, be equipped with brakes if the axle at all times, be capable of being applied weight of the towed vehicle does not by either the driver’s muscular effort exceed 40 percent of the sum of the axle or by spring action. If other energy is weights of the towing vehicle. used to apply the parking brake, there (4) Any full trailer or four-wheel pole must be an accumulation of that en- trailer (laden or unladen) with a gross ergy isolated from any common source weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less and used exclusively for the operation which is subject to this part is not re- of the parking brake. quired to be equipped with brakes if Exception: This paragraph shall not be the sum of the axle weights of the applicable to air-applied, mechani- towed vehicle does not exceed 40 per- cally-held parking brake systems cent of the sum of the axle weights of which meet the parking brake require- the towing vehicle. ments of FMVSS No. 121 (S5.6). (5) Brakes are not required on the (3) The parking brake system shall be steering axle of a three-axle dolly held in the applied position by energy which is steered by a co-driver. other than fluid pressure, air pressure, (6) Loaded housemoving dollies, spe- or electric energy. The parking brake cialized trailers and dollies used to system shall not be capable of being re- transport industrial furnaces, reactors,

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and similar motor vehicles are not re- are capable of stopping the combina- quired to be equipped with brakes, pro- tion within 12.2 meters (40 feet) from vided the speed at which the combina- the speed at which the vehicle is being tion of vehicles will be operated does operated or 32 km/hour (20 mph), not exceed 32 km/hour (20 mph) and whichever is less. brakes on the combination of vehicles

[52 FR 2803, Jan. 27, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 49398, Dec. 7, 1988; 54 FR 48617, Nov. 24, 1989; 59 FR 25574, May 17, 1994; 61 FR 1843, Jan. 24, 1996; 70 FR 48049, Aug. 15, 2005; 76 FR 56321, Sept. 13, 2011]

§ 393.43 Breakaway and emergency that in the case of a breakaway of the braking. trailer, the service brakes on the tow- (a) Towing vehicle protection system. ing vehicle will be capable of stopping Every motor vehicle, if used to tow a the towing vehicle. For air braked tow- trailer equipped with brakes, shall be ing units, the tractor protection valve equipped with a means for providing

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or similar device shall operate auto- cle. The brakes must remain in the ap- matically when the air pressure on the plied position for at least 15 minutes. towing vehicle is between 138 kPa and (e) Emergency valves. Air brake sys- 310 kPa (20 psi and 45 psi). tems installed on towed vehicles shall (b) Emergency brake requirements, air be so designed, by the use of ‘‘no-bleed- brakes. Every truck or truck tractor back’’ relay emergency valves or equiv- equipped with air brakes, when used for alent devices, that the supply reservoir towing other vehicles equipped with air used to provide air for brakes shall be brakes, shall be equipped with two safeguarded against backflow of air to means of activating the emergency fea- the towing vehicle upon reduction of tures of the trailer brakes. One of these the towing vehicle air pressure. means shall operate automatically in (f) Exception. The requirements of the event of reduction of the towing ve- paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this sec- hicle air supply to a fixed pressure tion shall not be applicable to commer- which shall not be lower than 20 pounds cial motor vehicles being transported per square inch nor higher than 45 in driveaway-towaway operations. pounds per square inch. The other [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 means shall be a manually controlled FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] device readily operable by a person seated in the driving seat. Its emer- § 393.44 Front brake lines, protection. gency position or method of operation On every bus, if equipped with air shall be clearly indicated. In no in- brakes, the braking system shall be so stance may the manual means be so ar- constructed that in the event any ranged as to permit its use to prevent brake line to any of the front wheels is operation of the automatic means. The broken, the driver can apply the brakes automatic and manual means required on the rear wheels despite such break- by this section may be, but are not re- age. The means used to apply the quired to be, separate. brakes may be located forward of the (c) Emergency brake requirements, vac- driver’s seat as long as it can be oper- uum brakes. Every truck tractor and ated manually by the driver when the truck when used for towing other vehi- driver is properly restrained by any cles equipped with vacuum brakes, seat belt assembly provided for use. shall have, in addition to the single Every bus shall meet this requirement control required by § 393.49 to operate or comply with the regulations in ef- all brakes of the combination, a second fect at the time of its manufacture. manual control device which can be used to operate the brakes on the [53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] towed vehicles in emergencies. Such second control shall be independent of § 393.45 Brake tubing and hoses; hose assemblies and end fittings. brake air, hydraulic, and other pressure, and independent of other con- (a) General construction requirements trols, unless the braking system be so for tubing and hoses, assemblies, and end arranged that failure of the pressure on fittings. All brake tubing and hoses, which the second control depends will brake hose assemblies, and brake hose cause the towed vehicle brakes to be end fittings must meet the applicable applied automatically. The second con- requirements of FMVSS No. 106 (49 trol is not required by this rule to pro- CFR 571.106). vide modulated or graduated braking. (b) Brake tubing and hose installation. (d) Breakaway braking requirements for Brake tubing and hose must— trailers. Every trailer required to be (1) Be long and flexible enough to ac- equipped with brakes shall have brakes commodate without damage all normal which apply automatically and imme- motions of the parts to which it is at- diately upon breakaway from the tow- tached; ing vehicle. With the exception of trail- (2) Be secured against chaffing, ers having three or more axles, all kinking, or other mechanical damage; brakes with which the trailer is re- and quired to be equipped must be applied (3) Be installed in a manner that pre- upon breakaway from the towing vehi- vents it from contacting the vehicle’s

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exhaust system or any other source of (b) Brake chambers. The service brake high temperatures. chambers and spring brake chambers (c) Nonmetallic brake tubing. Coiled on each end of an axle must be the nonmetallic brake tubing may be used same size. for connections between towed and (c) Slack adjusters. The effective towing motor vehicles or between the length of the slack adjuster on each frame of a towed vehicle and the un- end of an axle must be the same. sprung subframe of an adjustable axle (d) Linings and pads. The thickness of of the motor vehicle if— the brake linings or pads shall meet (1) The coiled tubing has a straight the applicable requirements of this segment (pigtail) at each end that is at paragraph— least 51 mm (2 inches) in length and is (1) Steering axle brakes. The brake lin- encased in a spring guard or similar de- ing/pad thickness on the steering axle vice which prevents the tubing from of a truck, truck-tractor or bus shall kinking at the fitting at which it is at- not be less than 4.8 mm (3⁄16 inch) at the tached to the vehicle; and shoe center for a shoe with a contin- (2) The spring guard or similar device uous strip of lining; less than 6.4 mm has at least 51 mm (2 inches) of closed (1⁄4 inch) at the shoe center for a shoe coils or similar surface at its interface with two pads; or worn to the wear in- with the fitting and extends at least 38 dicator if the lining is so marked, for mm (11⁄2 inches) into the coiled seg- air drum brakes. The steering axle ment of the tubing from its straight brake lining/pad thickness shall not be segment. less than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 inch) for air disc (d) Brake tubing and hose connections. brakes, or 1.6 mm (1⁄16 inch) or less for All connections for air, vacuum, or hy- hydraulic disc, drum and electric draulic braking systems shall be in- brakes. stalled so as to ensure an attachment (2) Non-steering axle brakes. An air free of leaks, constrictions or other braked commercial motor vehicle shall conditions which would adversely af- not be operated with brake lining/pad fect the performance of the brake sys- thickness less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 inch) or tem. to the wear indicator if the lining is so [70 FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] marked (measured at the shoe center for drum brakes); or less than 3.2 mm § 393.46 [Reserved] (1⁄8 inch) for disc brakes. Hydraulic or electric braked commercial motor ve- § 393.47 Brake actuators, slack adjust- hicles shall not be operated with a lin- ers, linings/pads and drums/rotors. ing/pad thickness less than 1.6 mm (1⁄16 (a) General requirements. Brake com- inch) (measured at the shoe center) for ponents must be constructed, installed disc or drum brakes. and maintained to prevent excessive (e) Clamp, Bendix DD–3, bolt-type, and fading and grabbing. The means of at- rotochamber brake actuator readjustment tachment and physical characteristics limits. (1) The pushrod stroke must not must provide for safe and reliable stop- be greater than the values specified in ping of the commercial motor vehicle. the following tables:

CLAMP-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS

Brake readjustment limit: standard Brake readjustment limit: long stroke Type Outside diameter stroke chamber chamber

6 ...... 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) ...... 11⁄4 in. (31.8 mm). 9 ...... 51⁄4 in. (133 mm) ...... 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm). 12 ...... 511⁄16 in. (145 mm) ...... 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm). 16 ...... 63⁄8 in. (162 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 20 ...... 625⁄32 in. (172 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 2 1⁄2 in. (63.5 mm).1 24 ...... 77⁄32 in. (184 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 2 1⁄2 in. (63.5 mm).2 30 ...... 83⁄32 in. (206 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm) ...... 21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm). 36 ...... 9 in. (229 mm) ...... 21⁄4 in. (57.2 mm). 1 For type 20 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke. 2 For type 24 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke.

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BENDIX DD–3 BRAKE CHAMBERS

Type Outside diameter Brake readjustment limit

30 ...... 81⁄8 in. (206 mm) ...... 21⁄4 in. (57.2 mm).

BOLT-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS

Type Outside diameter Brake readjustment limit

A ...... 615⁄16 in. (176 mm) ...... 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm). B ...... 93⁄16 in. (234 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm). C ...... 81⁄16 in. (205 mm) ...... 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm). D ...... 51⁄4 in. (133 mm) ...... 11⁄4 in. (31.8 mm). E ...... 63⁄16 in. (157 mm) ...... 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm). F ...... 11 in. (279 mm) ...... 21⁄4 in. (57.2 mm). G ...... 97⁄8 in. (251 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm).

ROTOCHAMBER-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS

Type Outside diameter Brake readjustment limit

9 ...... 49⁄32 in. (109 mm) ...... 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm). 12 ...... 413⁄16 in. (122 mm) ...... 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm). 16 ...... 513⁄32 in. (138 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 20 ...... 515⁄16 in. (151 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 24 ...... 613⁄32 in. (163 mm) ...... 2 in. (50.8 mm). 30 ...... 71⁄16 in. (180 mm) ...... 21⁄4 in. (57.2 mm). 36 ...... 75⁄8 in. (194 mm) ...... 23⁄4 in. (69.9 mm). 50 ...... 87⁄8 in. (226 mm) ...... 3 in. (76.2 mm).

(2) For actuator types not listed in the front-wheel braking effort) if that these tables, the pushrod stroke must device meets the applicable require- not be greater than 80 percent of the ments of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of rated stroke marked on the actuator this section. by the actuator manufacturer, or (1) Manually operated devices. Manu- greater than the readjustment limit ally operated devices to reduce or re- marked on the actuator by the actu- move front-wheel braking effort may ator manufacturer. only be used on buses, trucks, and (f) Wedge brake adjustment. The move- truck tractors manufactured before ment of the scribe mark on the lining March 1, 1975. Such devices must not be shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1⁄16 inch). used unless the vehicle is being oper- (g) Drums and rotors. The thickness of ated under adverse conditions such as the drums or rotors shall not be less wet, snowy, or icy roads. than the limits established by the (2) Automatic devices. Automatic de- brake drum or rotor manufacturer. vices must not reduce the front-wheel braking force by more than 50 percent [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 77 of the braking force available when the FR 46638, Aug. 6, 2012] automatic device is disconnected (regardless of whether or not an antilock § 393.48 Brakes to be operative. system failure has occurred on any (a) General rule. Except as provided in axle). The device must not be operable paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this sec- by the driver except upon application tion, all brakes with which a motor ve- of the control that activates the brak- hicle is equipped must at all times be ing system. The device must not be op- capable of operating. erable when the brake control applica- (b) Devices to reduce or remove front- tion pressure exceeds 85 psig (for vehi- wheel braking effort. A commercial cles equipped with air brakes) or 85 per- motor vehicle may be equipped with a cent of the maximum system pressure device to reduce the front wheel brak- (for vehicles which are not equipped ing effort (or in the case of a three-axle with air brakes). truck or truck tractor manufactured (c) Exception. Paragraph (a) of this before March 1, 1975, a device to remove section does not apply to—

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(1) A towed vehicle with disabling (4) The surge brakes must meet the damage as defined in § 390.5; requirements of § 393.40. (2) A vehicle which is towed in a [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 driveaway-towaway operation and is FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] included in the exemption to the requirement for brakes on all wheels, § 393.49 Control valves for brakes. § 393.42(b); (a) General rule. Except as provided in (3) Unladen converter dollies with a paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, gross weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 lbs) or every motor vehicle manufactured less, and manufactured prior to March after June 30, 1953, which is equipped 1, 1998; with power brakes, must have the (4) The steering axle of a three-axle braking system so arranged that one dolly which is steered by a co-driver; application valve must when activated (5) Loaded house moving dollies, spe- cause all of the service brakes on the cialized trailers and dollies used to motor vehicle or combination motor transport industrial furnaces, reactors, vehicle to operate. This requirement and similar motor vehicles provided must not be construed to prohibit the speed at which the combination of motor vehicles from being equipped vehicles will be operated does not ex- with an additional valve to be used to ceed 32 km/hour (20 mph) and brakes on operate the brakes on a trailer or trail- the combination of vehicles are capable ers or as required for buses in § 393.44. of stopping the combination within 12.2 (b) Driveaway-Towaway Exception. meters (40 feet) from the speed at This section is not applicable to which the vehicle is being operated or driveaway-towaway operations unless 32 km/hour (20 mph), whichever is less. the brakes on such operations are de- (6) Raised lift axles. Brakes on lift signed to be operated by a single valve. axles need not be capable of being oper- (c) Surge brake exception. This re- ated while the lift axle is raised. How- quirement is not applicable to trailers ever, brakes on lift axles must be capa- equipped with surge brakes that satisfy ble of being applied whenever the lift the conditions specified in § 393.48(d). axle is lowered and the tires contact the roadway. [72 FR 9871, Mar. 6, 2007, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] (d) Surge brakes. (1) Surge brakes are allowed on: § 393.50 Reservoirs required. (i) Any trailer with a gross vehicle (a) Reservoir capacity for air-braked weight rating (GVWR) of 12,000 pounds power units manufactured on or after or less, when its GVWR does not exceed March 1, 1975, and air-braked trailers 1.75 times the GVWR of the towing ve- manufactured on or after January 1, 1975. hicle; and Buses, trucks, and truck-tractors man- (ii) Any trailer with a GVWR greater ufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and than 12,000 pounds, but less than 20,001 air-braked trailers manufactured on or pounds, when its GVWR does not ex- after January 1, 1975, must meet the ceed 1.25 times the GVWR of the tow- reservoir requirements of FMVSS No. ing vehicle. 121, S5.1.2, in effect on the date of man- (2) The gross vehicle weight (GVW) of ufacture. a trailer equipped with surge brakes (b) Reservoir capacity for air-braked ve- may be used instead of its GVWR to hicles not subject to FMVSS No. 121 on calculate compliance with the weight the date of manufacture and all vacuum ratios specified in paragraph (d)(1) of braked vehicles. Each motor vehicle this section when the trailer manufac- using air or vacuum braking must have turer’s GVWR label is missing. either reserve capacity, or a reservoir, (3) The GVW of a trailer equipped that would enable the driver to make a with surge brakes must be used to cal- full service brake application with the culate compliance with the weight ra- engine stopped without depleting the tios specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this air pressure or vacuum below 70 per- section when the trailer’s GVW exceeds cent of that indicated by the air or vac- its GVWR. uum gauge immediately before the

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brake application is made. For the pur- trucks and buses manufactured be- poses of this paragraph, a full service tween October 12, 1976, and September brake application means depressing the 1, 1983. Motor carriers have the option brake pedal or treadle valve to the of equipping those vehicles to meet ei- limit of its travel. ther the indicator lamp requirements (c) Safeguarding of air and vacuum. of FMVSS No. 105, or the indicator Each service reservoir system on a lamp requirements specified in this motor vehicle shall be protected paragraph for vehicles which were not against a loss of air pressure or vacu- subject to FMVSS No. 105 on the date um due to a failure or leakage in the of manufacture.) system between the service reservoir (c) Air brakes. A commercial motor and the source of air pressure or vacu- vehicle (regardless of the date of manu- um, by check valves or equivalent de- facture) equipped with service brakes vices whose proper functioning can be activated by compressed air (air checked without disconnecting any air brakes) or a commercial motor vehicle or vacuum line, or fitting. towing a vehicle with service brakes (d) Drain valves for air braked vehicles. activated by compressed air (air Each reservoir must have a condensate brakes) must be equipped with a pres- drain valve that can be manually oper- sure gauge and a warning signal. ated. Automatic condensate drain Trucks, truck tractors, and buses man- valves may be used provided (1) they ufactured on or after March 1, 1975, may be operated manually, or (2) a must, at a minimum, have a pressure manual means of draining the res- gauge and a warning signal which ervoirs is retained. meets the requirements of FMVSS No. [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] 121 (S5.1.4 for the pressure gauge and S5.1.5 for the warning signal) applica- § 393.51 Warning signals, air pressure ble to the vehicle on the date of manu- and vacuum gauges. facture of the vehicle. Power units to (a) General Rule. Every bus, truck and which FMVSS No. 571.121 was not ap- truck tractor, except as provided in plicable on the date of manufacture of paragraph (f), must be equipped with a the vehicle must be equipped with— signal that provides a warning to the (1) A pressure gauge, visible to a per- driver when a failure occurs in the ve- son seated in the normal driving posi- hicle’s service brake system. The warn- tion, which indicates the air pressure ing signal must meet the applicable re- (in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per quirements of paragraphs (b), (c), (d) or square inch (psi)) available for braking; (e) of this section. and (b) Hydraulic brakes. Vehicles manu- (2) A warning signal that is audible factured on or after September 1, 1975, or visible to a person in the normal must meet the brake system indicator driving position and provides a contin- lamp requirements of FMVSS No. uous warning to the driver whenever 571.105 (S5.3) applicable to the vehicle the air pressure in the service reservoir on the date of manufacture. Vehicles system is at 379 kPa (55 psi) and below, manufactured on or after July 1, 1973 or one-half of the compressor governor but before September 1, 1975, or to cutout pressure, whichever is less. which FMVSS No. 571.105 was not ap- (d) Vacuum brakes. A commercial plicable on the date of manufacture, motor vehicle (regardless of the date it must have a warning signal which op- was manufactured) having service erates before or upon application of the brakes activated by vacuum or a vehi- brakes in the event of a hydraulic-type cle towing a vehicle having service complete failure of a partial system. brakes activated by vacuum must be The signal must be either visible with- equipped with— in the driver’s forward field of view or (1) A vacuum gauge, visible to a per- audible. The signal must be contin- son seated in the normal driving posi- uous. (NOTE: FMVSS No. 105 was ap- tion, which indicates the vacuum (in plicable to trucks and buses from Sep- millimeters or inches of mercury) tember 1, 1975 to October 12, 1976, and available for braking; and from September 1, 1983, to the present. (2) A warning signal that is audible FMVSS No. 105 was not applicable to or visible to a person in the normal

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driving position and provides a contin- which movement of the service brake uous warning to the driver whenever pedal or control begins, that is not the vacuum in the vehicle’s supply res- greater than the distance specified in ervoir is less than 203 mm (8 inches) of the table in paragraph (d) of this sec- mercury. tion; or, for motor vehicles or motor (e) Hydraulic brakes applied or assisted vehicle combinations that have a by air or vacuum. Each vehicle equipped GVWR or GVW greater than 4,536 kg with hydraulically activated service (10,000 pounds), brakes which are applied or assisted by (4) Developing only the braking force compressed air or vacuum, and to specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- which FMVSS No. 105 was not application and the stopping distance specified ble on the date of manufacture, must in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if be equipped with a warning signal that braking force is measured by a per- conforms to paragraph (b) of this sec- formance-based brake tester which tion for the hydraulic portion of the meets the requirements of functional system; paragraph (c) of this section specifications for performance-based for the air assist/air applied portion; or brake testers for commercial motor ve- paragraph (d) of this section for the hicles, where braking force is the sum vacuum assist/vacuum applied portion. of the braking force at each wheel of This paragraph shall not be construed the vehicle or vehicle combination as a as requiring air pressure gauges or vac- percentage of gross vehicle or combina- uum gauges, only warning signals. tion weight. (f) Exceptions. The rules in para- (b) Upon application of its emergency graphs (c), (d) and (e) of this section do brake system and with no other brake not apply to property carrying com- system applied, a motor vehicle or mercial motor vehicles which have less combination of motor vehicles must, than three axles and (1) were manufac- under any condition of loading in tured before July 1, 1973, and (2) have a which it is found on a public highway, manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight be capable of stopping from 20 miles rating less than 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds). per hour in a distance, measured from [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] the point at which movement of the emergency brake control begins, that § 393.52 Brake performance. is not greater than the distance speci- (a) Upon application of its service fied in the table in paragraph (d) of this brakes, a motor vehicle or combination section. of motor vehicles must under any con- (c) Conformity to the stopping-dis- dition of loading in which it is found on tance requirements of paragraphs (a) a public highway, be capable of— and (b) of this section shall be deter- (1) Developing a braking force at mined under the following conditions: least equal to the percentage of its (1) Any test must be made with the gross weight specified in the table in vehicle on a hard surface that is sub- paragraph (d) of this section; stantially level, dry, smooth, and free (2) Decelerating to a stop from 20 of loose material. miles per hour at not less than the rate (2) The vehicle must be in the center specified in the table in paragraph (d) of a 12-foot-wide lane when the test be- of this section; and gins and must not deviate from that (3) Stopping from 20 miles per hour in lane during the test. a distance, measured from the point at (d) Vehicle brake performance table:

Service brake systems Emergency brake systems Braking force as a Type of motor vehicle percentage of Deceleration in Application and Application and gross vehicle or feet per second braking distance braking distance combination per second in feet from initial in feet from initial weight speed at 20 mph speed of 20 mph

A. Passenger-carrying vehicles: (1) Vehicles with a seating capacity of 10 persons or less, including driver, and built on a passenger car chassis ...... 65.2 21 20 54

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(2) Vehicles with a seating capacity of more than 10 persons, including driver, and built on a passenger car chassis; vehicles built on a truck or bus chassis and having a manufacturer’s GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less ...... 52.8 17 25 66 (3) All other passenger-carrying vehicles ...... 43.5 14 35 85 B. Property-carrying vehicles: (1) Single unit vehicles having a manufacturer’s GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less ...... 52.8 17 25 66 (2) Single unit vehicles having a manufacturer’s GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds, except truck tractors. Combinations of a 2- axle towing vehicle and trailer having a GVWR of 3,000 pounds or less. All combinations of 2 or less vehicles in drive-away or tow-away operation ...... 43.5 14 35 85 (3) All other property-carrying vehicles and combinations of property-carrying vehicles ...... 43.5 14 40 90 Notes: (a) There is a definite mathematical relationship between the figures in columns 2 and 3. If the decelerations set forth in column 3 are divided by 32.2 feet per-second per-second, the figures in column 2 will be obtained. (For example, 21 divided by 32.2 equals 65.2 percent.) Column 2 is included in the tabulation because certain brake testing devices utilize this factor. (b) The decelerations specified in column 3 are an indication of the effectiveness of the basic brakes, and as measured in practical brake testing are the maximum decelerations attained at some time during the stop. These decelerations as measured in brake tests cannot be used to compute the values in column 4 because the deceleration is not sustained at the same rate over the entire period of the stop. The deceleration increases from zero to a maximum during a period of brake system application and brake-force buildup. Also, other factors may cause the deceleration to decrease after reaching a maximum. The added distance that results because maximum deceleration is not sustained is included in the figures in column 4 but is not indicated by the usual brake-testing devices for checking deceleration. (c) The distances in column 4 and the decelerations in column 3 are not directly related. ‘‘Brake-system application and braking distance in feet’’ (column 4) is a definite measure of the overall effectiveness of the braking system, being the distance traveled between the point at which the driver starts to move the braking controls and the point at which the vehicle comes to rest. It includes distance traveled while the brakes are being applied and distance traveled while the brakes are retarding the vehicle. (d) The distance traveled during the period of brake-system application and brake-force buildup varies with vehicle type, being negligible for many passenger cars and greatest for combinations of commercial vehicles. This fact accounts for the variation from 20 to 40 feet in the values in column 4 for the various classes of vehicles. (e) The terms ‘‘GVWR’’ and ‘‘GVW’’ refer to the manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating and the actual gross vehicle weight, respectively.

[36 FR 20298, Oct. 20, 1971, as amended at 37 FR 5251, Mar. 11, 1972; 37 FR 11336, June 7, 1972; 67 FR 51777, Aug. 9, 2002]

§ 393.53 Automatic brake adjusters 20, 1994, and equipped with an air brake and brake adjustment indicators. system must meet the automatic brake (a) Automatic brake adjusters (hydrau- adjustment system requirements of lic brake systems). Each commercial Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard motor vehicle manufactured on or after No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.8 or S5.2.2) October 20, 1993, and equipped with a applicable to the vehicle at the time it hydraulic brake system, shall meet the was manufactured. automatic brake adjustment system (c) Brake adjustment indicator (air requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle brake systems). On each commercial Safety Standard No. 105 (49 CFR 571.105, motor vehicle manufactured on or after S5.1) applicable to the vehicle at the October 20, 1994, and equipped with an time it was manufactured. (b) Automatic brake adjusters (air brake systems). Each commercial motor vehicle manufactured on or after October

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air brake system which contains an ex- trical circuit that is capable of sig- ternal automatic adjustment mecha- naling a malfunction that affects the nism and an exposed pushrod, the con- generation or transmission of response dition of service brake under-adjust- or control signals to the vehicle’s ment must be displayed by a brake ad- antilock brake system (49 CFR 571.121, justment indicator conforming to the S5.1.6.2(a)). requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle (2) Each truck tractor manufactured Safety Standard No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, on or after March 1, 2001, and each sin- S5.1.8 or S5.2.2) applicable to the vehi- gle-unit vehicle that is equipped to tow cle at the time it was manufactured. another air-braked vehicle, subject to [60 FR 46245, Sept. 6, 1995, as amended at 77 the requirements of paragraph (c) of FR 46639, Aug. 6, 2012] this section, shall be equipped with an electrical circuit that is capable of § 393.55 Antilock brake systems. transmitting a malfunction signal from (a) Hydraulic brake systems. Each the antilock brake system(s) on the truck and bus manufactured on or after towed vehicle(s) to the trailer ABS March 1, 1999 (except trucks and buses malfunction lamp in the cab of the engaged in driveaway-towaway oper- towing vehicle, and shall have the ations), and equipped with a hydraulic means for connection of the electrical brake system, shall be equipped with circuit to the towed vehicle. The ABS an antilock brake system that meets malfunction circuit and signal shall the requirements of Federal Motor Ve- meet the requirements of FMVSS No. hicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 105 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.2(b)). (49 CFR 571.105, S5.5). (3) Each semitrailer, trailer con- (b) ABS malfunction indicators for hy- verter dolly, and full trailer manufac- draulic braked vehicles. Each hydraulic tured on or after March 1, 2001, and braked vehicle subject to the require- subject to the requirements of para- ments of paragraph (a) of this section graph (c)(2) of this section, shall be shall be equipped with an ABS mal- equipped with an electrical circuit that function indicator system that meets is capable of signaling a malfunction in the requirements of FMVSS No. 105 (49 the trailer’s antilock brake system, CFR 571.105, S5.3). and shall have the means for connec- (c) (1) Each truck Air brake systems. tion of this ABS malfunction circuit to tractor manufactured on or after the towing vehicle. In addition, each March 1, 1997 (except truck tractors en- trailer manufactured on or after March gaged in driveaway-towaway oper- 1, 2001, subject to the requirements of ations), shall be equipped with an paragraph (c)(2) of this section, that is antilock brake system that meets the designed to tow another air-brake requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 equipped trailer shall be capable of CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(b)). transmitting a malfunction signal from (2) Each air braked commercial the antilock brake system(s) of the motor vehicle other than a truck trac- trailer(s) it tows to the vehicle in front tor, manufactured on or after March 1, of the trailer. The ABS malfunction 1998 (except commercial motor vehicles circuit and signal shall meet the re- engaged in driveaway-towaway oper- quirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 CFR ations), shall be equipped with an 571.121, S5.2.3.2). antilock brake system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 (e) Exterior ABS malfunction indicator CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(a) for trucks and lamps for trailers. Each trailer (includ- buses, S5.2.3 for semitrailers, converter ing a trailer converter dolly) manufac- dollies and full trailers). tured on or after March 1, 1998, and (d) ABS malfunction circuits and sig- subject to the requirements of para- nals for air braked vehicles. (1) Each graph (c)(2) of this section, shall be truck tractor manufactured on or after equipped with an ABS malfunction in- March 1, 1997, and each single-unit air dicator lamp which meets the require- braked vehicle manufactured on or ments of FMVSS No. 121 (49 CFR after March 1, 1998, subject to the re- 571.121, S5.2.3.3). quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- [63 FR 24465, May 4, 1998, as amended at 75 tion, shall be equipped with an elec- FR 57396, Sept. 21, 2010]

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Subpart D—Glazing and Window on the interior of the windshield. (i) An- Construction tennas, and similar devices must not be mounted more than 152 mm (6 inches) § 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. below the upper edge of the windshield. (a) Glazing material. Glazing material These devices must be located outside used in windshields, windows, and the area swept by the windshield wip- doors on a motor vehicle manufactured ers, and outside the driver’s sight lines on or after December 25, 1968, shall at a to the road and highway signs and sig- minimum meet the requirements of nals. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (ii) Paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section (FMVSS) No. 205 in effect on the date does not apply to vehicle safety tech- of manufacture of the motor vehicle. nologies, as defined in § 393.5, that are The glazing material shall be marked mounted on the interior of a wind- in accordance with FMVSS No. 205 (49 shield. Devices with vehicle safety CFR 571.205, S6). technologies must be mounted outside (b) Windshields required. Each bus, the driver’s sight lines to the road and truck and truck-tractor shall be to highway signs and signals, and: equipped with a windshield. Each wind- (A) Not more than 100 mm (4 inches) shield or portion of a multi-piece wind- below the upper edge of the area swept shield shall be mounted using the full by the windshield wipers; or periphery of the glazing material. (B) Not more than 175 mm (7 inches) (c) Windshield condition. With the ex- above the lower edge of the area swept ception of the conditions listed in para- by the windshield wipers. graphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(3) of this section, each windshield shall be free of (2) Decals and stickers mounted on the discoloration or damage in the area ex- windshield. Commercial Vehicle Safety tending upward from the height of the Alliance (CVSA) inspection decals, and top of the steering wheel (excluding a stickers and/or decals required under 51 mm (2 inch) border at the top of the Federal or State laws may be placed at windshield) and extending from a 25 the bottom or sides of the windshield mm (1 inch) border at each side of the provided such decals or stickers do not windshield or windshield panel. Excep- extend more than 115 mm (41⁄2 inches) tions: from the bottom of the windshield and (1) Coloring or tinting which meets are located outside the area swept by the requirements of paragraph (d) of the windshield wipers, and outside the this section; driver’s sight lines to the road and (2) Any crack that is not intersected highway signs or signals. by any other cracks; (3) Any damaged area which can be [63 FR 1387, Jan. 9, 1998, as amended at 81 FR 65574, Sept. 23, 2016; 83 FR 22878, May 17, 2018] covered by a disc 19 mm (3⁄4 inch) in diameter if not closer than 76 mm (3 § 393.61 Truck and truck tractor win- inches) to any other similarly damaged dow construction. area. (d) Coloring or tinting of windshields Each truck and truck tractor (except and windows. Coloring or tinting of trucks engaged in armored car service) windshields and the windows to the im- shall have at least one window on each mediate right and left of the driver is side of the driver’s compartment. Each allowed, provided the parallel luminous window must have a minimum area of transmittance through the colored or 1,290 cm2 (200 in2) formed by a rectangle tinted glazing is not less than 70 per- 33 cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 173⁄4 cent of the light at normal incidence in inches). The maximum radius of the those portions of the windshield or corner arcs shall not exceed 152 mm (6 windows which are marked as having a inches). The long axis of the rectangle parallel luminous transmittance of not shall not make an angle of more than less than 70 percent. The transmittance 45 degrees with the surface on which restriction does not apply to other win- the unladen vehicle stands. If the cab is dows on the commercial motor vehicle. designed with a folding door or doors or (e) Prohibition on obstructions to the with clear openings where doors or driver’s field of view—(1) Devices mounted windows are customarily located, no

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windows shall be required in those lo- have at least 40 percent of emergency cations. exit space required by this paragraph. [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] (d) Laminated safety glass/push-out window requirements for buses manufac- § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. tured before September 1, 1973. Emer- gency exit space used to satisfy the re- (a) Buses manufactured on or after Sep- quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- tember 1, 1994. Each bus with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or less must tion must have laminated safety glass meet the emergency exit requirements or push-out windows designed and of FMVSS No. 217 (S5.2.2.3) in effect on maintained to yield outward to provide the date of manufacture. Each bus with a free opening. a GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 (1) Safety glass. Laminated safety pounds) must have emergency exits glass must meet Test No. 25, Egress, of which meet the applicable emergency American National Standard for Safety exit requirements of FMVSS No. 217 Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor (S5.2.2 or S5.2.3) in effect on the date of Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment manufacture. Operating on Land Highways—Safety (b) Buses manufactured on or after Sep- Standards ANSI/SAE Z26.1/96, August tember 1, 1973, but before September 1, 1997. (See § 393.7 (b) for information on 1994. (1) Each bus (including a school incorporation by reference and avail- bus used in interstate commerce for ability of this document.) non-school bus operations) with a (2) Push-out windows. Each push-out GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) window shall be releasable by oper- must meet the requirements of FMVSS ating no more than two mechanisms No. 217, S5.2.2 in effect on the date of and allow manual release of the exit by manufacture. a single occupant. For mechanisms (2) Each bus (including a school bus which require rotary or straight (par- used in interstate commerce for non- allel to the undisturbed exit surface) school bus operations) with a GVWR of motions to operate the exit, no more 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) or less must meet than 89 Newtons (20 pounds) of force the requirements of FMVSS No. 217, shall be required to release the exit. S5.2.2.3 in effect on the date of manufacture. For exits which require a straight motion perpendicular to the undisturbed (c) Buses manufactured before Sep- tember 1, 1973. For each seated pas- exit surface, no more than 267 Newtons senger space provided, inclusive of the (60 pounds) shall be required to release driver there shall be at least 432 cm2 (67 the exit. square inches) of glazing if such glazing (e) Emergency exit identification. Each is not contained in a push-out window; bus and each school bus used in inter- or, at least 432 cm2 (67 square inches) of state commerce for non-school bus op- free opening resulting from opening of erations, manufactured on or after Sep- a push-out type window. No area shall tember 1, 1973, shall meet the applica- be included in this minimum pre- ble emergency exit identification or scribed area unless it will provide an marking requirements of FMVSS No. unobstructed opening of at least 1,290 217, S5.5, in effect on the date of manu- cm2 (200 in2) formed by a rectangle 33 facture. The emergency exits and doors cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 173⁄4 inches). on all buses (including school buses The maximum radius of the corner arcs used in interstate commerce for non- shall not exceed 152 mm (6 inches). The school bus operations) must be marked long axis of the rectangle shall not ‘‘Emergency Exit’’ or ‘‘Emergency make an angle of more than 45 degrees Door’’ followed by concise operating in- with the surface on which the unladen structions describing each motion nec- vehicle stands. The area shall be meas- essary to unlatch or open the exit lo- ured either by removal of the glazing if cated within 152 mm (6 inches) of the not of the push-out type, or of the mov- release mechanism. able sash if of the push-out type. The exit must comply with paragraph (d) of this section. Each side of the bus must

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(f) Exception for the transportation of (2) The driver must stop the vehicle prisoners. The requirements of this sec- and leave his/her seat in order to oper- tion do not apply to buses used exclu- ate the valve. sively for the transportation of pris- (f) Fuel lines. A fuel line which is not oners. completely enclosed in a protective [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] housing must not extend more than 2 inches below the fuel tank or its sump. § 393.63 [Reserved] Diesel fuel crossover, return, and withdrawal lines which extend below the Subpart E—Fuel Systems bottom of the tank or sump must be protected against damage from impact. § 393.65 All fuel systems. Every fuel line must be— (a) Application of the rules in this sec- (1) Long enough and flexible enough tion. The rules in this section apply to to accommodate normal movements of systems for containing and supplying the parts to which it is attached with- fuel for the operation of motor vehicles out incurring damage; and or for the operation of auxiliary equip- (2) Secured against chafing, kinking, ment installed on, or used in connec- or other causes of mechanical damage. tion with, motor vehicles. (g) Excess flow valve. When pressure (b) Location. Each fuel system must devices are used to force fuel from a be located on the motor vehicle so fuel tank, a device which prevents the that— flow of fuel from the fuel tank if the (1) No part of the system extends be- fuel feed line is broken must be in- yond the widest part of the vehicle; stalled in the fuel system. (2) No part of a fuel tank is forward of the front axle of a power unit; [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 (3) Fuel spilled vertically from a fuel FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28752, Dec. 29, tank while it is being filled will not 1972] contact any part of the exhaust or electrical systems of the vehicle, except § 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. the fuel level indicator assembly; (a) Application of the rules in this sec- (4) Fill pipe openings are located out- tion. The rules in this section apply to side the vehicle’s passenger compart- tanks containing or supplying fuel for ment and its cargo compartment; the operation of commercial motor ve- (5) A fuel line does not extend be- hicles or for the operation of auxiliary tween a towed vehicle and the vehicle equipment installed on, or used in con- that is towing it while the combination nection with commercial motor vehi- of vehicles is in motion; and cles. (6) No part of the fuel system of a bus (1) A liquid fuel tank manufactured manufactured on or after January 1, on or after January 1, 1973, and a side- 1973, is located within or above the pas- mounted gasoline tank must conform senger compartment. to all rules in this section. (c) Fuel tank installation. Each fuel tank must be securely attached to the (2) A diesel fuel tank manufactured motor vehicle in a workmanlike man- before January 1, 1973, and mounted on ner. a bus must conform to the rules in (d) Gravity or syphon feed prohibited. A paragraphs (c)(7)(ii) and (d)(2) of this fuel system must not supply fuel by section. gravity or syphon feed directly to the (3) A diesel fuel tank manufactured carburetor or injector. before January 1, 1973, and mounted on (e) Selection control valve location. If a a vehicle other than a bus must con- fuel system includes a selection conform to the rules in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) trol valve which is operable by the of this section. driver to regulate the flow of fuel from (4) A gasoline tank, other than a two or more fuel tanks, the valve must side-mounted gasoline tank, manufac- be installed so that either— tured before January 1, 1973, and (1) The driver may operate it while mounted on a bus must conform to the watching the roadway and without rules in paragraphs (c) (1) through (10) leaving his/her driving position; or and (d)(2) of this section.

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(5) A gasoline tank, other than a Short Taper Pipe Thread, specified in side-mounted gasoline tank, manufac- Society of Automotive Engineers tured before January 1, 1973, and Standard J476, as contained in the 1971 mounted on a vehicle other than a bus edition of the ‘‘SAE Handbook,’’ except must conform to the rules in para- that straight (nontapered) threads may graphs (c) (1) through (10), inclusive, of be used on fittings having integral this section. flanges and using gaskets for sealing. (6) Private motor carrier of pas- At least four full threads must be in sengers. Motor carriers engaged in the engagement in each fitting. private transportation of passengers (4) Drains and bottom fittings. (i) may continue to operate a commercial Drains or other bottom fittings must motor vehicle which was not subject to not extend more than three-fourths of this section or 49 CFR 571.301 at the an inch below the lowest part of the time of its manufacture, provided the fuel tank or sump. fuel tank of such vehicle is maintained (ii) Drains or other bottom fittings to the original manufacturer’s stand- must be protected against damage from ards. impact. (7) Motor vehicles that meet the fuel (iii) If a fuel tank has drains the system integrity requirements of 49 drain fittings must permit substan- CFR 571.301 are exempt from the re- tially complete drainage of the tank. quirements of this subpart, as they (iv) Drains or other bottom fittings apply to the vehicle’s fueling system. must be installed in a flange or spud (b) Definitions. As used in this sec- designed to accommodate it. tion— (5) Except for (1) The term liquid fuel tank means a Fuel withdrawal fittings. fuel tank designed to contain a fuel diesel fuel tanks, the fittings through that is liquid at normal atmospheric which fuel is withdrawn from a fuel pressures and temperatures. tank must be located above the normal level of fuel in the tank when the tank (2) A side-mounted fuel tank is a liquid fuel tank which— is full. (i) If mounted on a truck tractor, ex- (6) [Reserved] tends outboard of the vehicle frame (7) Fill pipe. (i) Each fill pipe must be and outside of the plan view outline of designed and constructed to minimize the cab; or the risk of fuel spillage during fueling (ii) If mounted on a truck, extends operations and when the vehicle is in- outboard of a line parallel to the longi- volved in a crash. tudinal centerline of the truck and tan- (ii) For diesel-fueled vehicles, the fill gent to the outboard side of a front tire pipe and vents of a fuel tank having a in a straight ahead position. In deter- capacity of more than 94.75 L (25 gal- mining whether a fuel tank on a truck lons) of fuel must permit filling the or truck tractor is side-mounted, the tank with fuel at a rate of at least 75.8 fill pipe is not considered a part of the L/m (20 gallons per minute) without tank. fuel spillage. (c) Construction of liquid fuel tanks— (iii) For gasoline- and methanol- (1) Joints. Joints of a fuel tank body fueled vehicles with a GVWR of 3,744 kg must be closed by arc-, gas-, seam-, or (8,500 pounds) or less, the vehicle must spot-welding, by brazing, by silver sol- permit filling the tank with fuel dis- dering, or by techniques which provide pensed at the applicable fill rate re- heat resistance and mechanical secure- quired by the regulations of the Envi- ment at least equal to those specifi- ronmental Protection Agency under 40 cally named. Joints must not be closed CFR 80.22. solely by crimping or by soldering with (iv) For gasoline- and methanol- a lead-based or other soft solder. fueled vehicles with a GVWR of 14,000 (2) Fittings. The fuel tank body must pounds (6,400 kg) or less, the vehicle have flanges or spuds suitable for the must comply with the applicable fuel- installation of all fittings. spitback prevention and onboard re- (3) Threads. The threads of all fittings fueling vapor recovery regulations of must be Dryseal American Standard the Environmental Protection Agency Taper Pipe Thread or Dryseal SAE under 40 CFR part 86.

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(v) Each fill pipe must be fitted with with fuel, seal the fuel feed outlet, and a cap that can be fastened securely invert the tank. When the fuel tem- over the opening in the fill pipe. Screw perature is between 50 °F. and 80 °F., threads or a bayonet-type point are apply an enveloping flame to the tank methods of conforming to the require- so that the temperature of the fuel ments of paragraph (c) of this section. rises at a rate of not less than 6 °F. and (8) Safety venting system. A liquid fuel not more than 8 °F. per minute. tank with a capacity of more than 25 (ii) Required performance. The safety gallons of fuel must have a venting sys- venting system required by paragraph tem which, in the event the tank is (c)(8) of this section must activate be- subjected to fire, will prevent internal fore the internal pressure in the tank tank pressure from rupturing the exceeds 50 pounds per square inch, tank’s body, seams, or bottom opening gauge, and the internal pressure must (if any). not thereafter exceed the pressure at (9) Pressure resistance. The body and which the system activated by more fittings of a liquid fuel tank with a ca- than five pounds per square inch de- pacity of more than 25 gallons of fuel spite any further increase in the tem- must be capable of withstanding an in- perature of the fuel. ternal hydrostatic pressure equal to 150 (2) Leakage test—(i) Procedure. Fill percent of the maximum internal pres- the tank to capacity with fuel having a sure reached in the tank during the temperature between 50 °F. and 80 °F. safety venting system test specified in With the fill-pipe cap installed, turn paragraph (d)(1) of this section. the tank through an angle of 150° in (10) Air vent. Each fuel tank must be any direction about any axis from its equipped with a nonspill air vent (such normal position. as a ball check). The air vent may be (ii) Required performance. Neither the combined with the fill-pipe cap or safe- tank nor any fitting may leak more ty vent, or it may be a separate unit than a total of one ounce by weight of installed on the fuel tank. fuel per minute in any position the (11) Markings. If the body of a fuel tank assumes during the test. tank is readily visible when the tank is (e) Side-mounted liquid fuel tank tests. installed on the vehicle, the tank must Each side-mounted liquid fuel tank be plainly marked with its liquid ca- must be capable of passing the tests pacity. The tank must also be plainly specified in paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of marked with a warning against filling this section and the test specified in it to more than 95 percent of its liquid paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this section. capacity. The specified tests are a measure of (12) Overfill restriction. A liquid fuel performance only. Alternative proce- tank manufactured on or after January dures which assure that equipment 1, 1973, must be designed and con- meets the required performance cri- structed so that— teria may be used. (i) The tank cannot be filled, in a (1) Drop test—(i) Procedure. Fill the normal filling operation, with a quan- tank with a quantity of water having a tity of fuel that exceeds 95 percent of weight equal to the weight of the max- the tank’s liquid capacity; and imum fuel load of the tank and drop (ii) When the tank is filled, normal the tank 30 feet onto an unyielding sur- expansion of the fuel will not cause face so that it lands squarely on one fuel spillage. corner. (d) Liquid fuel tank tests. Each liquid (ii) Required performance. Neither the fuel tank must be capable of passing tank nor any fitting may leak more the tests specified in paragraphs (d)(1) than a total of 1 ounce by weight of and (2) of this section. The specified water per minute. tests are a measure of performance (2) Fill-pipe test—(i) Procedure. Fill only. Alternative procedures which as- the tank with a quantity of water hav- sure that equipment meets the re- ing a weight equal to the weight of the quired performance standards may be maximum fuel load of the tank and used. . drop the tank 10 feet onto an (1) Safety venting system test—(i) Pro- unyielding surface so that it lands cedure. Fill the tank three-fourths full squarely on its fill-pipe.

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(ii) Required performance. Neither the tion of the VINs on the G-Van will con- tank nor any fitting may leak more tain a ‘‘1.’’ than a total of 1 ounce by weight of [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 water per minute. FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28753, Dec. 29, (f) Certification and markings. Each 1972; 45 FR 46424, July 10, 1980; 53 FR 49400, liquid fuel tank shall be legibly and Dec. 7, 1988; 59 FR 8753, Feb. 23, 1994; 69 FR permanently marked by the manufac- 31305, June 3, 2004; 70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005; turer with the following minimum in- 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] formation: § 393.68 Compressed natural gas fuel (1) The month and year of manufac- containers. ture, (a) The rules in this sec- (2) The manufacturer’s name on Applicability. tion apply to compressed natural gas tanks manufactured on and after July (CNG) fuel containers used for sup- 1, 1989, and means of identifying the fa- plying fuel for the operation of com- cility at which the tank was manufac- mercial motor vehicles or for the oper- tured, and ation of auxiliary equipment installed (3) A certificate that it conforms to on, or used in connection with commer- the rules in this section applicable to cial motor vehicles. the tank. The certificate must be in (b) CNG containers manufactured on or the form set forth in either of the fol- after March 26, 1995. Any motor vehicle lowing: manufactured on or after March 26, (i) If a tank conforms to all rules in 1995, and equipped with a CNG fuel this section pertaining to side-mounted tank must meet the CNG container re- fuel tanks: ‘‘Meets all FMCSA side- quirements of FMVSS No. 304 (49 CFR mounted tank requirements.’’ 571.304) in effect at the time of manu- (ii) If a tank conforms to all rules in facture of the vehicle. this section pertaining to tanks which (c) Labeling. Each CNG fuel container are not side-mounted fuel tanks: shall be permanently labeled in accord- ‘‘Meets all FMCSA requirements for ance with the requirements of FMVSS non-side-mounted fuel tanks.’’ No. 304, S7.4. (iii) The form of certificate specified [70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] in paragraph (f)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section may be used on a liquid fuel tank § 393.69 Liquefied petroleum gas sys- manufactured before July 11, 1973, but tems. it is not mandatory for liquid fuel (a) A fuel system that uses liquefied tanks manufactured before March 7, petroleum gas as a fuel for the oper- 1989. The form of certification manu- ation of a motor vehicle or for the op- factured on or before March 7, 1989, eration of auxiliary equipment in- must meet the requirements in effect stalled on, or used in connection with, at the time of manufacture. a motor vehicle must conform to the (4) Exception. The following pre- ‘‘Standards for the Storage and Han- viously exempted vehicles are not re- dling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases’’ of quired to carry the certification and the National Fire Protection Associa- marking specified in paragraphs (f)(1) tion, Battery March Park, Quincy, MA through (3) of this section: 02269, as follows: (i) Ford vehicles with GVWR over (1) A fuel system installed before De- 10,000 pounds identified as follows: The cember 31, 1962, must conform to the vehicle identification numbers (VINs) 1951 edition of the Standards. contain A, K, L, M, N, W, or X in the (2) A fuel system installed on or after fourth position. December 31, 1962, and before January (ii) GM G-Vans (Chevrolet Express 1, 1973, must conform to Division IV of and GMC Savanna) and full-sized C/K the June 1959 edition of the Standards. trucks (Chevrolet Silverado and GMC (3) A fuel system installed on or after Sierra) with GVWR over 10,000 pounds January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for identified as follows: The VINs contain propulsion of the motor vehicle must either a ‘‘J’’ or a ‘‘K’’ in the fourth po- conform to Division IV of the 1969 edi- sition. In addition, the seventh position of the Standards.

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(4) A fuel system installed on or after The locking mechanism, and any January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for adapter used in conjunction with it, the operation of auxiliary equipment must prevent separation of the upper must conform to Division VII of the and lower halves of the fifth wheel as- 1969 edition of the Standards. sembly unless a positive manual re- (b) When the rules in this section release is activated. The release may be quire a fuel system to conform to a located so that the driver can operate specific edition of the Standards, the it from the cab. If a motor vehicle has fuel system may conform to the appli- a fifth wheel designed and constructed cable provisions in a later edition of to be readily separable, the fifth wheel the Standards specified in this section. locking devices shall apply automati- (c) The tank of a fuel system must be cally on coupling. marked to indicate that the system conforms to the Standards. (3) Location. The lower half of a fifth wheel shall be located so that, regard- [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 less of the condition of loading, the re- FR 4342, Mar. 2, 1972; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; lationship between the kingpin and the 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] rear axle or axles of the towing motor vehicle will properly distribute the Subpart F—Coupling Devices and gross weight of both the towed and Towing Methods towing vehicles on the axles of those § 393.70 Coupling devices and towing vehicles, will not unduly interfere with methods, except for driveaway- the steering, braking, and other ma- towaway operations. neuvering of the towing vehicle, and (a) Tracking. When two or more vehi- will not otherwise contribute to unsafe cles are operated in combination, the operation of the vehicles comprising coupling devices connecting the vehi- the combination. The upper half of a cles shall be designed, constructed, and fifth wheel shall be located so that the installed, and the vehicles shall be de- weight of the vehicles is properly dis- signed and constructed, so that when tributed on their axles and the com- the combination is operated in a bination of vehicles will operate safely straight line on a level, smooth, paved during normal operation. surface, the path of the towed vehicle (c) Towing of full trailers. A full trail- will not deviate more than 3 inches to er must be equipped with a tow-bar and either side of the path of the vehicle a means of attaching the tow-bar to that tows it. the towing and towed vehicles. The (b) Fifth wheel assemblies—(1) Mount- tow-bar and the means of attaching it ing—(i) Lower half. The lower half of a must— fifth wheel mounted on a truck tractor (1) Be structurally adequate for the or converter dolly must be secured to weight being drawn; the frame of that vehicle with properly (2) Be properly and securely mount- designed brackets, mounting plates or ed; angles and properly tightened bolts of (3) Provide for adequate articulation adequate size and grade, or devices at the connection without excessive that provide equivalent security. The slack at that location; and installation shall not cause cracking, warping, or deformation of the frame. (4) Be provided with a locking device The installation must include a device that prevents accidental separation of for positively preventing the lower half the towed and towing vehicles. The of the fifth wheel from shifting on the mounting of the trailer hitch (pintle frame to which it is attached. hook or equivalent mechanism) on the (ii) Upper half. The upper half of a towing vehicle must include reinforce- fifth wheel must be fastened to the ment or bracing of the frame sufficient motor vehicle with at least the same to produce strength and rigidity of the security required for the installation of frame to prevent its undue distortion. the lower half on a truck tractor or (d) Safety devices in case of tow-bar converter dolly. failure or disconnection. Every full trail- (2) Locking. Every fifth wheel assem- er and every converter dolly used to bly must have a locking mechanism. convert a semitrailer to a full trailer

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must be coupled to the frame, or an ex- hinged tow-bar or other swivel between tension of the frame, of the motor vehi- the fifth wheel mounting and the at- cle which tows it with one or more tachment point of the tongue eye or safety devices to prevent the towed ve- other hitch device— hicle from breaking loose in the event (i) Safety chains or cables, when used the tow-bar fails or becomes discon- as the safety device for that vehicle, nected. The safety device must meet may consist of either two chains or ca- the following requirements: bles or a single chain or cable used (1) The safety device must not be at- alone; tached to the pintle hook or any other (ii) A single safety device, including device on the towing vehicle to which a single chain or cable used alone as the tow-bar is attached. However, if the safety device, must be in line with the pintle hook or other device was the centerline of the trailer tongue; manufactured prior to July 1, 1973, the and safety device may be attached to the (iii) The device may be attached to towing vehicle at a place on a pintle the converter dolly at any point to the hook forging or casting if that place is rear of the attachment point of the independent of the pintle hook. (2) The safety device must have no tongue eye or other hitch device. more slack than is necessary to permit (7) Safety devices other than safety the vehicles to be turned properly. chains or cables must provide strength, (3) The safety device, and the means security of attachment, and directional of attaching it to the vehicles, must stability equal to, or greater than, have an ultimate strength of not less safety chains or cables installed in ac- than the gross weight of the vehicle or cordance with paragraphs (d) (5) and (6) vehicles being towed. of this section. (4) The safety device must be con- (8)(i) When two safety devices, in- nected to the towed and towing vehi- cluding two safety chains or cables, are cles and to the tow-bar in a manner used and are attached to the towing ve- which prevents the tow-bar from drop- hicle at separate points, the points of ping to the ground in the event it fails attachment on the towing vehicle shall or becomes disconnected. be located equally distant from, and on (5) Except as provided in paragraph opposite sides of, the longitudinal cen- (d)(6) of this section, if the safety de- terline of the towing vehicle. vice consists of safety chains or cables, (ii) Where two chains or cables are the towed vehicle must be equipped attached to the same point on the tow- with either two safety chains or cables ing vehicle, and where a bridle or a sin- or with a bridle arrangement of a single chain or cable is used, the point of gle chain or cable attached to its frame attachment must be on the longitu- or axle at two points as far apart as the dinal centerline or within 152 mm (6 configuration of the frame or axle per- inches) to the right of the longitudinal mits. The safety chains or cables shall centerline of the towing vehicle. be either two separate pieces, each (iii) A single safety device, other equipped with a hook or other means than a chain or cable, must also be at- for attachment to the towing vehicle, tached to the towing vehicle at a point or a single piece leading along each on the longitudinal centerline or with- side of the tow-bar from the two points in 152 mm (6 inches) to the right of the of attachment on the towed vehicle and longitudinal centerline of the towing arranged into a bridle with a single vehicle. means of attachment to be connected to the towing vehicle. When a single [37 FR 21439, Oct. 11, 1972, as amended at 70 length of cable is used, a thimble and FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] twin-base cable clamps shall be used to form the forward bridle eye. The hook § 393.71 Coupling devices and towing or other means of attachment to the methods, driveaway-towaway oper- towing vehicle shall be secured to the ations. chains or cables in a fixed position. (a) Number in combination. (1) No more (6) If the towed vehicle is a converter than three saddle-mounts may be used dolly with a solid tongue and without a in any combination.

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(2) No more than one tow-bar or ball- steering, braking, or maneuvering of and-socket type coupling device may the towing vehicle or otherwise con- be used in any combination. tribute to the unsafe operation of vehi- (3) When motor vehicles are towed by cles comprising the combination; and means of triple saddle-mounts, all but unless a perpendicular to the ground the final towed vehicle must have from the center of gravity of the full- brakes acting on all wheels in contact mounted vehicles lies forward of the with the roadway. center line of the rear axle of the sad- (b) Carrying vehicles on towing vehicle. dle-mounted vehicle. (1) When adequately and securely at- (4) If a motor vehicle towed by means tached by means equivalent in security of a saddle-mount has any vehicle full- to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of mounted on it, the saddle-mounted ve- this section, a motor vehicle or motor hicle must at all times while so loaded vehicles may be full-mounted on the have effective brakes acting on all structure of a towing vehicle engaged wheels in contact with the roadway. in any driveaway-towaway operation. (d) Bumper tow-bars on heavy vehicles (2) No motor vehicle or motor vehi- prohibited. Tow-bars of the type which cles may be full-mounted on a towing depend upon the bumpers as a means of vehicle unless the relationship of such transmitting forces between the vehi- full-mounted vehicles to the rear axle cles shall not be used to tow a motor or axles results in proper distribution vehicle weighing more than 5,000 of the total gross weight of the vehicles pounds. and does not unduly interfere with the (e) Front wheels of saddle-mounted ve- steering, braking, or maneuvering of hicles restrained. A motor vehicle towed the towing vehicle, or otherwise con- by means of a saddle-mount shall have tribute to the unsafe operation of the the motion of the front wheels re- vehicles comprising the combination. strained if under any condition of turn- (3) Saddle-mounted vehicles must be ing of such wheels they will project be- arranged such that the gross weight of yond the widest part of either the the vehicles is properly distributed to prevent undue interference with the towed or towing vehicle. steering, braking, or maneuvering of (f) Vehicles to be towed in forward posi- the combination of vehicles. tion. Unless the steering mechanism is (c) Carrying vehicles on towed vehicles. adequately locked in a straight-for- (1) When adequately and securely at- ward position, all motor vehicles towed tached by means equivalent in security by means of a saddle-mount shall be to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of towed with the front end mounted on this section, a motor vehicle or motor the towing vehicle. vehicles may be full-mounted on the (g) Means required for towing. No structure of towed vehicles engaged in motor vehicles or combination of any driveaway-towaway operation. motor vehicles shall be towed in (2) No motor vehicle shall be full- driveaway-towaway operations by mounted on a motor vehicle towed by means other than a tow-bar, ball-and- means of a tow-bar unless the towed socket type coupling device, saddle- vehicle is equipped with brakes and is mount connections which meet the re- provided with means for effective ap- quirements of this section, or in the plication of brakes acting on all wheels case of a semi-trailer equipped with an and is towed on its own wheels. upper coupler assembly, a fifth-wheel (3) No motor vehicle or motor vehi- meeting the requirements of § 393.70. cles shall be full-mounted on a motor (h) Requirements for tow-bars. Tow- vehicle towed by means of a saddle- bars shall comply with the following mount unless the center line of the requirements: kingpin or equivalent means of attach- (1) Tow-bars, structural adequacy and ment of such towed vehicle shall be so mounting. Every tow-bar shall be struc- located on the towing vehicle that the turally adequate and properly installed relationship to the rear axle or axles and maintained. To insure that it is results in proper distribution of the structurally adequate, it must, at total gross weight of the vehicles and least, meet the requirements of the fol- does not unduly interfere with the lowing table:

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Longitudinal strength in tension and shall not exceed 0.25 inch under any compression 2 condition of adjustment as to length. New tow- Strength (5) Method of clamping. Adequate Gross weight of bars ac- as a beam towed vehicle quired and (in any di- means shall be provided for securely (pounds) 1 All tow- used by a rection fastening the tow-bar to the towed and bars motor car- con- rier after centrated towing vehicles. Sept. 30, load at 1948 center) 23 (6) Tow-bar connection to steering mechanism. The tow-bar shall be pro- Pounds vided with suitable means of attachment to and actuation of the steering Less than 5,000 ...... 3,000 6,500 3,000 mechanism, if any, of the towed vehi- 5,000 and over ...... Less than 10,000 ..... 6,000 (1) (1) cle. The attachment shall provide for 10,000 and over ...... sufficient angularity of movement of Less than 15,000 ..... 9,000 (1) (1) the front wheels of the towed vehicle so 1 The required strength of tow-bars for towed vehicles of that it may follow substantially in the 15,000 pounds and over gross weight and of new tow-bars path of the towing vehicle without acquired and used after Sept. 30, 1948, for towed vehicles of 5,000 pounds and over gross weight shall be computed by cramping the tow-bar. The tow-bar means of the following formulae: Longitudinal strength = gross shall be provided with suitable joints weight of towed vehicle × 1.3. Strength as a beam = gross weight of towed vehicle × 0.6. to permit such movement. 2 In testing, the whole unit shall be tested with all clamps, joints, and pins so mounted and fastened as to approximate (7) Tracking. The tow-bar shall be so conditions of actual operation. designed, constructed, maintained, and 3 This test shall be applicable only to tow-bars which are, in normal operation, subjected to a bending movement such as mounted as to cause the towed vehicle tow-bars for house trailers. to follow substantially in the path of (2) Tow-bars, jointed. The tow-bar the towing vehicle. Tow-bars of such shall be so constructed as to freely per- design or in such condition as to permit motion in both horizontal and mit the towed vehicle to deviate more vertical planes between the towed and than 3 inches to either side of the path towing vehicles. The means used to of a towing vehicle moving in a provide the motion shall be such as to straight line as measured from the cen- prohibit the transmission of stresses ter of the towing vehicle are prohib- under normal operation between the ited. towed and towing vehicles, except (8) Passenger car-trailer type couplings. along the longitudinal axis of the Trailer couplings used for driveaway- tongue or tongues. towaway operations of passenger car (3) Tow-bar fastenings. The means trailers shall conform to Society of used to transmit the stresses to the Automotive Engineers Standard No. chassis or frames of the towed and tow- J684c, ‘‘Trailer Couplings and Hitches— ing vehicles may be either temporary Automotive Type,’’ July 1970. 1 structures or bumpers or other integral (9) Marking tow-bars. Every tow-bar parts of the vehicles: Provided, however, acquired and used in driveaway- That the means used shall be so con- towaway operations by a motor carrier structed, installed, and maintained shall be plainly marked with the fol- that when tested as an assembly, fail- lowing certification of the manufac- ure in such members shall not occur turer thereof (or words of equivalent when the weakest new tow-bar which is meaning): permissible under paragraph (h)(1) of this section is subjected to the tests This tow-bar complies with the require- given therein. ments of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety (4) Means of adjusting length. On tow- Administration for (maximum gross weight bars, adjustable as to length, the for which tow-bar is manufactured) vehicles. means used to make such adjustment Allowable Maximum Gross Weight lllll Manufactured shall fit tightly and not result in any llllllllllllllll (month and year) slackness or permit the tow-bar to by llllllllllllllllllllll bend. With the tow-bar supported rig- (name of manufacturer) idly at both ends and with a load of 50 pounds at the center, the sag, measured at the center, in any direction 1 See footnote 1 to § 393.24(c).

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Tow-bar certification manufactured be- (2) U-bolts or other attachments. U- fore the effective date of this regula- bolts used to attach the upper half to tion must meet requirements in effect the towed vehicle shall be made of at the time of manufacture. steel rod, free of defects, so shaped as (10) Safety devices in case of tow-bar to avoid at any point a radius of less failure or disconnection. (i) The towed than 1 inch: Provided, however, That a vehicle shall be connected to the tow- lesser radius may be utilized if the U- ing vehicle by a safety device to pre- bolt is so fabricated as not to cause vent the towed vehicle from breaking more than 5 percent reduction in cross- loose in the event the tow-bar fails or sectional area at points of curvature, becomes disconnected. When safety in which latter event the minimum ra- chains or cables are used as the safety dius shall be one-sixteenth inch. U- device for that vehicle, at least two bolts shall have a diameter not less safety chains or cables meeting the re- than required by the following table: quirements of paragraph (h)(10)(ii) of this section shall be used. The tensile DIAMETER OF U-BOLTS IN INCHES strength of the safety device and the Double or triple saddle-mount means of attachment to the vehicles Weight in pounds of shall be at least equivalent to the cor- heaviest towed vehi- Front Middle Rear Single cle mount or front mount saddle- responding longitudinal strength for mount mount 1 tow-bars required in the table of para- Up to 5,000 ...... 0.625 0.5625 0.500 0.500 graph (h)(1) of this section. If safety 5,000 and over ...... 0.6875 0.625 0.5625 0.5625 chains or cables are used as the safety 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall gov- device, the required strength shall be ern. If other devices are used to accomplish the same purposes as U-bolts they shall have at least equivalent strength the combined strength of the combina- of U-bolts made of mild steel. Cast iron shall not be used for tion of chains and cables. clamps or any other holding devices. (ii) If chains or cables are used as the (3) U-bolts and points of support, loca- safety device, they shall be crossed and tion. The distance between the most attached to the vehicles near the widely separated U-bolts shall not be points of bumper attachments to the less than 9 inches. The distance be- chassis of the vehicles. The length of tween the widely separated points chain used shall be no more than nec- where the upper-half supports the essary to permit free turning of the ve- towed vehicle shall not be less than 9 hicles. The chains shall be attached to inches, except that saddle-mounts em- the tow-bar at the point of crossing or ploying ball and socket joints shall em- as close to that point as is practicable. ploy a device which clamps the axle of (iii) A safety device other than safety the towed vehicle throughout a length chains or cables must provide strength, of not less than 5 inches. security of attachment, and directional (4) Cradle-type upper-halves, specifica- stability equal to, or greater than, that tions. Upper-halves of the cradle-type provided by safety chains or cables in- using vertical members to restrain the stalled in accordance with paragraph towed vehicle from relative movement (h)(10)(ii) of this section. A safety de- in the direction of motion of the vehi- vice other than safety chains or cables cles shall be substantially constructed must be designed, constructed, and in- and adequate for the purpose. Such cra- stalled so that, if the tow-bar fails or dle-mounts shall be equipped with at becomes disconnected, the tow-bar will least one bolt or equivalent means to not drop to the ground. provide against relative vertical move- (i) [Reserved] ment between the upper-half and the (j) Requirements for upper-half of sad- towed vehicle. Bolts, if used, shall be at dle-mounts. The upper-half of any sad- least one-half inch in diameter. De- dle-mount shall comply with the fol- vices using equivalent means shall lowing requirements: have at least equivalent strength. The (1) Upper-half connection to towed ve- means used to provide against relative hicle. The upper-half shall be securely vertical motion between the upper-half attached to the frame or axle of the and the towed vehicle shall be such as towed vehicle by means of U-bolts or not to permit a relative motion of over other means providing at least equiva- one-half inch. The distance between lent security. the most widely separated points of

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support between the upper-half and the (2) Shifting. Adequate provision shall towed vehicle shall be at least 9 inches. be made by design and installation to (5) Lateral movement of towed vehicle. provide against relative movement be- (i) Towed vehicles having a straight tween the lower-half and the towing axle or an axle having a drop of less vehicle especially during periods of than 3 inches, unless the saddle-mount rapid acceleration and deceleration. To is constructed in accordance with para- insure against shifting, designs of the graph (m)(2) of this section, shall be se- tripod type shall be equipped with ade- curely fastened by means of chains or quate and securely fastened hold-back cables to the upper-half so as to insure chains or similar devices. against relative lateral motion be- (3) Swaying. (i) Adequate provision tween the towed vehicle and the upper- shall be made by design and installa- half. The chains or cables shall be at tion to provide against swaying or lat- least 3⁄16-inch diameter and secured by eral movement of the towed vehicle bolts of at least equal diameter. relative to the towing vehicle. To in- (ii) Towed vehicles with an axle with sure against swaying, lower-halves de- a drop of 3 inches or more, or con- signed with cross-members attached to nected by a saddle-mount constructed but separable from vertical members in accordance with paragraph (m)(2) of shall have such cross-members fastened this section, need not be restrained by to the vertical members by at least two chains or cables provided that the bolts on each side. Such bolts shall be upper-half is so designed as to provide of at least equivalent cross-sectional against such relative motion. area as those required for U-bolts for (iii) Chains or cables shall not be re- the corresponding saddle-mount as quired if the upper-half is so designed given in the table in paragraph (k)(1) of as positively to provide against lateral this section. The minimum distance movement of the axle. between the most widely separated (k) Requirements for lower half of sad- points of support of the cross-member dle-mounts. The lower half of any sad- by the vertical member shall be three dle-mount shall comply with the fol- inches as measured in a direction par- lowing requirements: allel to the longitudinal axis of the (1) U-bolts or other attachments. U- towing vehicle. bolts used to attach the lower half to (ii) The lower-half shall have a bear- the towing vehicle shall be made of ing surface on the frame of the towing steel rod, free of defects, so shaped as vehicle of such dimensions that the to avoid at any point a radius of less pressure exerted by the lower-half upon than 1 inch: Provided, however, That a the frame of the towing vehicle shall lesser radius may be utilized if the U- not exceed 200 pounds per square inch bolt is so fabricated as not to cause under any conditions of static loading. more than 5 percent reduction in cross- Hardwood blocks or blocks of other sectional area at points of curvature, suitable material, such as hard rubber, in which latter event the minimum ra- aluminum or brakelining, if used be- dius shall be one-sixteenth inch. U- tween the lower half and the frame of bolts shall have a total cross-sectional the towing vehicle shall be at least 1⁄2 area not less than as required by the inch thick, 3 inches wide, and a com- following table: bined length of 6 inches. (iii) Under no condition shall the TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF U-BOLTS IN highest point of support of the towed SQUARE INCHES vehicle by the upper-half be more than Double or triple saddle-mount 24 inches, measured vertically, above Weight in pounds of the top of the frame of the towing vehi- heaviest towed vehi- Front Middle Rear Single cle, measured at the point where the cle mount or front mount saddle- mount mount 1 lower-half rests on the towing vehicle. Up to 5,000 ...... 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 (4) Wood blocks. (i) Hardwood blocks 5,000 and over ...... 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 of good quality may be used to build up 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall gov- the height of the front end of the towed ern. If other devices are used to accomplish the same pur- vehicle, provided that the total height poses as U-bolts they shall have at least equivalent strength of U-bolts made of mild steel. Cast iron shall not be used for of such wood blocks shall not exceed 8 clamps or any other holding devices. inches and not over two separate pieces

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are placed upon each other to obtain wood may not be used structurally in such height; however, hardwood blocks, any manner that will result in its not over 4 in number, to a total height being subject to tensile stresses. Wood not to exceed 14 inches, may be used if may be used in cross-members if sup- the total cross-sectional area of the U- ported throughout its length by suit- bolts used to attach the lower-half of able metal cross-members. the towing vehicle is at least 50 percent (7) Lower half strength. The lower half greater than that required by the table shall be capable of supporting the loads contained in paragraph (k)(1) of this given in the following table. For the section, or, if other devices are used in purpose of test, the saddle-mount shall lieu of U-bolts, they shall provide for be mounted as normally operated and as great a resistance to bending as is the load applied through the upper provided by the larger U-bolts above half: prescribed. (ii) Hardwood blocks must be at least MINIMUM TEST LOAD IN POUNDS 4 inches in width and the surfaces be- Double or triple saddle-mount tween blocks or block and lower-half or Weight in pounds of block and upper-half shall be planed heaviest towed vehi- Front Middle Rear Single cle mount or front mount saddle- and so installed and maintained as to mount mount 1 minimize any tendency of the towed vehicle to sway or rock. Up to 5,000 ...... 15,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 (5) Cross-member, general requirements. 5,000 and over ...... 30,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 The cross-member, which is that part 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall of the lower-half used to distribute the govern. weight of the towed vehicle equally to (l) Requirements for kingpins of saddle- each member of the frame of the tow- mounts. The kingpin of any saddle- ing vehicle, if used, shall be struc- mount shall comply with the following turally adequate and properly installed requirements: and maintained adequately to perform (1) Kingpin size. (i) Kingpins shall be this function. constructed of steel suitable for the (6) Cross-member, use of wood. No ma- purpose, free of defects, and having a terials, other than suitable metals, diameter not less than required by the shall be used as the cross-member, and following table:

DIAMETER OF SOLID KINGPIN IN INCHES

Double or triple saddle-mount

Front mount Middle or front Rear mount Single saddle- Weight in pounds of heaviest towed vehicle mount mount 1

Mild 2 Mild 2 Mild 2 Mild steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S. steel H.T.S.

Up to 5,000 ...... 1.125 1.000 1.000 0.875 0.875 0.750 0.875 0.750 5,000 and over ...... 1.500 1.125 1.250 1.000 1.000 0.875 1.000 0.875 1 The total weight of all the vehicles being towed shall govern. 2 High-tensile steel is steel having a minimum ultimate strength of 65,000 pounds per square inch.

(ii) If a ball and socket joint is used shall not bind. Those portions of the in place of a kingpin, the diameter of upper or lower-halves in moving con- the neck of the ball shall be at least tact with the kingpin shall be smooth- equal to the diameter of the cor- ly machined with no rough or sharp responding solid kingpin given in the edges. The bearing surface thus pro- above table. If hollow kingpins are vided shall not be less in depth than used, the metallic cross-sectional area the radius of the kingpin. shall be at least equal to the cross-sec- (3) Kingpin bushing on saddle-mounts. tional area of the corresponding solid The kingpin of all new saddle-mounts kingpin. acquired and used shall be snugly en- (2) Kingpin fit. If a kingpin bushing is closed in a bushing at least along such not used, the king-pin shall fit snugly length of the kingpin as may be in into the upper and lower-halves but moving contact with either the upper

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or lower-halves. The bearing surface blocks inside the frame channel to pre- thus provided shall not be less in depth vent kinking. The saddle-mount shall than the radius of the kingpin. not be so located as to cause deforma- (4) Kingpin to restrain vertical motion. tion of the frame by reason of canti- The kingpin shall be so designed and lever action. installed as to restrain the upper-half (5) Extension of frame. No saddle- from moving in a vertical direction rel- mount shall be located at a point to ative to the lower-half. the rear of the frame of a towing vehi- (m) Additional requirements for saddle- cle. mounts. Saddle-mounts shall comply (6) Nuts, secured. All nuts used on with the following requirements: bolts, U-bolts, king-pins, or in any (1) Bearing surface between upper and other part of the saddle-mount shall be lower-halves. The upper and lower- secured against accidental disconnec- halves shall be so constructed and con- tion by means of cotter-keys, lock- nected that the bearing surface be- washers, double nuts, safety nuts, or tween the two halves shall not be less equivalent means. Parts shall be so de- than 16 square inches under any condi- signed and installed that nuts shall be tions of angularity between the towing fully engaged. and towed vehicles: Provided, however, (7) Inspection of all parts. The saddle- That saddle-mounts using a ball and mount shall be so designed that it may socket joint shall have a ball of such be disassembled and each separate part dimension that the static bearing load inspected for worn, bent, cracked, bro- shall not exceed 800 pounds per square ken, or missing parts. inch, based on the projected cross-sec- (8) Saddle-mounts, marking. Every new tional area of the ball: And further pro- saddle-mount acquired and used in vided, That saddle-mounts having the driveaway-towaway operations by a upper-half supported by ball, taper, or motor carrier shall have the upper-half roller-bearings shall not have such and the lower-half separately marked bearings loaded beyond the limits pre- with the following certification of the scribed for such bearings by the manu- manufacturer thereof (or words of facturer thereof. The upper-half shall equivalent meaning). rest evenly and smoothly upon the This saddle-mount complies with the re- lower-half and the contact surfaces quirements of the Federal Motor Carrier shall be lubricated and maintained so Safety Administration for vehicles up to that there shall be a minimum of fric- 5,000 pounds (or over 5,000 pounds): tional resistance between the parts. Manufactured llllllllllllllll (2) Saddle-mounts, angularity. All sad- (Month and year) dle-mounts acquired and used shall by llllllllllllllllllllll provide for angularity between the (Name of manufacturer) towing and towed vehicles due to (n) Requirements for devices used to vertical curvatures of the highway. connect motor vehicles or parts of motor Such means shall not depend upon ei- vehicles together to form one vehicle—(1) ther the looseness or deformation of Front axle attachment. The front axle of the parts of either the saddle-mount or one motor vehicle intended to be cou- the vehicles to provide for such angu- pled with another vehicle or parts of larity. motor vehicles together to form one (3) Tracking. The saddle-mount shall vehicle shall be attached with U-bolts be so designed, constructed, main- meeting the requirements of paragraph tained, and installed that the towed ve- (j)(2) of this section. hicle or vehicles will follow substan- (2) Rear axle attachment. The rear axle tially in the path of the towing vehicle of one vehicle shall be coupled to the without swerving. Towed vehicles shall frame of the other vehicle by means of not deviate more than 3 inches to ei- a connecting device which when in ther side of the path of the towing ve- place forms a rectangle. The device hicle when moving in a straight line. shall be composed of two pieces, top (4) Prevention of frame bending. Where and bottom. The device shall be made necessary, provision shall be made to of 4-inch by 1⁄2-inch steel bar bent to prevent the bending of the frame of the shape and shall have the corners rein- towing vehicle by insertion of suitable forced with a plate at least 3 inches by

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1⁄2 inch by 8 inches long. The device a tread groove pattern depth of at least 3 shall be bolted together with ⁄4-inch 4⁄32 of an inch when measured at any bolts and at least three shall be used point on a major tread groove. The on each side. Wood may be used as measurements shall not be made where spacers to keep the frames apart and it tie bars, humps, or fillets are located. shall be at least 4 inches square. (c) Except as provided in paragraph [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 (b) of this section, tires shall have a FR 10907, July 7, 1970; 37 FR 21440, Oct. 11, tread groove pattern depth of at least 1972; 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988; 70 FR 48054, 2⁄32 of an inch when measured in a Aug. 15, 2005; 76 FR 56322, Sept. 13, 2011; 78 FR major tread groove. The measurement 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015] shall not be made where tie bars, humps or fillets are located. Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts (d) No bus shall be operated with re- and Accessories grooved, recapped or retreaded tires on § 393.75 Tires. the front wheels. (e) A regrooved tire with a load-car- (a) No motor vehicle shall be oper- rying capacity equal to or greater than ated on any tire that— (1) Has body ply or belt material ex- 2,232 kg (4,920 pounds) shall not be used posed through the tread or sidewall, on the front wheels of any truck or (2) Has any tread or sidewall separa- truck tractor. tion, (f) No motor vehicle may be operated (3) Is flat or has an audible leak, or with speed-restricted tires labeled with (4) Has a cut to the extent that the a maximum speed of 55 mph or less in ply or belt material is exposed. accordance with S6.5(e) of FMVSS No. (b) Any tire on the front wheels of a 119 at speeds that exceed the rated bus, truck, or truck tractor shall have limit of the tire.

(g) Tire loading restrictions (except on weight greater than that specified for manufactured homes). No motor vehicle the tires in any of the publications of (except manufactured homes, which any of the organizations listed in Fed- are governed by paragraph (h) of this eral Motor Vehicle Safety Standard section) shall be operated with tires No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)) unless: that carry a weight greater than that (1) The vehicle is being operated marked on the sidewall of the tire or, under the terms of a special permit in the absence of such a marking, a issued by the State; and

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(2) The vehicle is being operated at a [34 FR 9344, June 13, 1969, as amended at 40 reduced speed to compensate for the FR 44557, Sept. 29, 1975; 41 FR 36657, Aug. 31, tire loading in excess of the manufac- 1976; 44 FR 25455, May 1, 1979; 44 FR 47938, Aug. 16, 1979; 53 FR 18057, May 19, 1988; 53 FR turer’s rated capacity for the tire. In 49401, Dec. 7, 1988; 63 FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 65 no case shall the speed exceed 80 km/hr FR 70220, Nov. 21, 2000; 66 FR 67694, Dec. 31, (50 mph). 2001; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005; 81 FR 47731, (h)(1) Tire loading restrictions for man- July 22, 2016] ufactured homes built before January 1, 2002. Manufactured homes that are la- § 393.76 Sleeper berths. beled pursuant to 24 CFR (a) Dimensions—(1) Size. A sleeper 3282.362(c)(2)(i) before January 1, 2002, berth must be at least the following must not be transported on tires that size: are loaded more than 18 percent over Length Width Height the load rating marked on the sidewall measured measured measured of the tire or, in the absence of such a on center- on center- from high- Date of installation line of lon- line of est point of marking, more than 18 percent over the on motor vehicle gitudinal transverse top of mat- load rating specified in any of the pub- axis axis tress 1 lications of any of the organizations (inches) (inches) (inches) listed in FMVSS No. 119 (49 CFR Before January 1, 571.119, S5.1(b)). Manufactured homes 1953 ...... 72 18 18 After December 31, labeled before January 1, 2002, trans- 1952, and before ported on tires overloaded by 9 percent October 1, 1975 ... 75 21 21 or more must not be operated at speeds After September 30, exceeding 80 km/hr (50 mph). 1975 ...... 75 24 24 (2) Tire loading restrictions for manu- 1 In the case of a sleeper berth which utilizes an adjustable mechanical suspension system, the required clearance can be factured homes built on or after January measured when the suspension system is adjusted to the 1, 2002. Manufactured homes that are height to which it would settle when occupied by a driver. labeled pursuant to 24 CFR (2) Shape. A sleeper berth installed on 3282.362(c)(2)(i) on or after January 1, a motor vehicle on or after January 1, 2002, must not be transported on tires 1953 must be of generally rectangular loaded beyond the load rating marked shape, except that the horizontal cor- on the sidewall of the tire or, in the ab- ners and the roof corners may be sence of such a marking, the load rat- rounded to radii not exceeding 101⁄2 ing specified in any of the publications inches. of any of the organizations listed in (3) Access. A sleeper berth must be FMVSS No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)). constructed so that an occupant’s (i) Tire inflation pressure. (1) No motor ready entrance to, and exit from, the vehicle shall be operated on a tire sleeper berth is not unduly hindered. which has a cold inflation pressure less (b) Location. (1) A sleeper berth must than that specified for the load being not be installed in or on a semitrailer carried. or a full trailer other than a house (2) If the inflation pressure of the tire trailer. has been increased by heat because of (2) A sleeper berth located within the the recent operation of the vehicle, the cargo space of a motor vehicle must be cold inflation pressure shall be esti- securely compartmentalized from the mated by subtracting the inflation remainder of the cargo space. A sleeper buildup factor shown in Table 1 from berth installed on or after January 1, the measured inflation pressure. 1953 must be located in the cab or immediately adjacent to the cab and TABLE 1—INFLATION PRESSURE MEASUREMENT must be securely fixed with relation to CORRECTION FOR HEAT the cab. (c) Exit from the berth. (1) Except as Minimum inflation pressure buildup provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this sec- Average speed of vehicle Tires with 1,814 kg tion, there must be a direct and ready in the previous (4,000 lbs.) max- Tires with over means of exit from a sleeper berth into hour imum load rating 1,814 kg (4,000 or less lbs.) load rating the driver’s seat or compartment. If the sleeper berth was installed on or 66–88.5 km/hr 34.5 kPa (5 psi) ... 103.4 kPa (15 psi). after January 1, 1963, the exit must be (41–55 mph). a doorway or opening at least 18 inches

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high and 36 inches wide. If the sleeper 1971, and equipped with a sleeper berth berth was installed before January 1, must be equipped with a means of pre- 1963, the exit must have sufficient area venting ejection of the occupant of the to contain an ellipse having a major sleeper berth during deceleration of the axis of 24 inches and a minor axis of 16 vehicle. The restraint system must be inches. designed, installed, and maintained to (2) A sleeper berth installed before withstand a minimum total force of January 1, 1953 must either: 6,000 pounds applied toward the front of (i) Conform to the requirements of the vehicle and parallel to the longitu- paragraph (c)(1) of this section; or dinal axis of the vehicle. (ii) Have at least two exits, each of [39 FR 14711, Apr. 26, 1974; 39 FR 17233, May which is at least 18 inches high and 21 14, 1974, as amended at 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, inches wide, located at opposite ends of 1988] the vehicle and useable by the occupant without the assistance of any § 393.77 Heaters. other person. On every motor vehicle, every heater (d) Communication with the driver. A shall comply with the following re- sleeper berth which is not located with- quirements: in the driver’s compartment and has no direct entrance into the driver’s com- (a) Prohibited types of heaters. The in- partment must be equipped with a stallation or use of the following types means of communication between the of heaters is prohibited: occupant and the driver. The means of (1) Exhaust heaters. Any type of ex- communication may consist of a tele- haust heater in which the engine ex- phone, speaker tube, buzzer, pull cord, haust gases are conducted into or or other mechanical or electrical de- through any space occupied by persons vice. or any heater which conducts engine (e) Equipment. A sleeper berth must compartment air into any such space. be properly equipped for sleeping. Its (2) Unenclosed flame heaters. Any type equipment must include: of heater employing a flame which is (1) Adequate bedclothing and blan- not fully enclosed, except that such kets; and heaters are not prohibited when used (2) Either: for heating the cargo of tank motor ve- (i) Springs and a mattress; or hicles. (ii) An innerspring mattress; or (3) Heaters permitting fuel leakage. Any (iii) A cellular rubber or flexible type of heater from the burner of which foam mattress at least four inches there could be spillage or leakage of thick; or fuel upon the tilting or overturning of (iv) A mattress filled with a fluid and the vehicle in which it is mounted. of sufficient thickness when filled to (4) Heaters permitting air contamina- prevent ‘‘bottoming-out’’ when occu- tion. Any heater taking air, heated or pied while the vehicle is in motion. to be heated, from the engine compart- (f) Ventilation. A sleeper berth must ment or from direct contact with any have louvers or other means of pro- portion of the exhaust system; or any viding adequate ventilation. A sleeper heater taking air in ducts from the berth must be reasonably tight against outside atmosphere to be conveyed dust and rain. through the engine compartment, un- (g) Protection against exhaust and fuel less said ducts are so constructed and leaks and exhaust heat. A sleeper berth installed as to prevent contamination must be located so that leaks in the ve- of the air so conveyed by exhaust or hicle’s exhaust system or fuel system engine compartment gases. do not permit fuel, fuel system gases, (5) Solid fuel heaters except wood char- or exhaust gases to enter the sleeper coal. Any stove or other heater employ- berth. A sleeper berth must be located ing solid fuel except wood charcoal. so that it will not be overheated or (6) Portable heaters. Portable heaters damaged by reason of its proximity to shall not be used in any space occupied the vehicle’s exhaust system. by persons except the cargo space of (h) Occupant restraint. A motor vehi- motor vehicles which are being loaded cle manufactured on or after July 1, or unloaded.

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(b) Heater specifications. All heaters Such means may include remote con- shall comply with the following speci- trol by the driver; installation of con- fications: trols at inaccessible places; control of (1) Heating elements, protection. Every adjustments by key or keys; enclosure heater shall be so located or protected of controls in a locked space, locking as to prevent contact therewith by oc- of controls, or other means of accom- cupants, unless the surface tempera- plishing this purpose. ture of the protecting grilles or of any (6) Heater hoses. Hoses for all hot exposed portions of the heaters, inclu- water and steam heater systems shall sive of exhaust stacks, pipes, or con- be specifically designed and conduits shall be lower than would cause structed for that purpose. contact burns. Adequate protection (7) Electrical apparatus. Every heater shall be afforded against igniting parts employing any electrical apparatus of the vehicle or burning occupants by shall be equipped with electrical con- direct radiation. Wood charcoal heaters ductors, switches, connectors, and shall be enclosed within a metal barrel, other electrical parts of ample current- drum, or similar protective enclosure carrying capacity to provide against which enclosure shall be provided with overheating; any electric motor em- a securely fastened cover. ployed in any heater shall be of ade- (2) Moving parts, guards. Effective quate size and so located that it will guards shall be provided for the protec- not be overheated; electrical circuits tion of passengers or occupants against shall be provided with fuses and/or cir- injury by fans, belts, or any other mov- cuit breakers to provide against elec- ing parts. trical overloading; and all electrical (3) Heaters, secured. Every heater and conductors employed in or leading to every heater enclosure shall be se- any heater shall be secured against curely fastened to the vehicle in a sub- dangling, chafing, and rubbing and stantial manner so as to provide shall have suitable protection against against relative motion within the ve- any other condition likely to produce hicle during normal usage or in the short or open circuits. event the vehicle overturns. Every NOTE: Electrical parts certified as proper heater shall be so designed, con- for use by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., structed, and mounted as to minimize shall be deemed to comply with the fore- the likelihood of disassembly of any of going requirements. its parts, including exhaust stacks, (8) Storage battery caps. If a separate pipes, or conduits, upon overturn of the storage battery is located within the vehicle in or on which it is mounted. personnel or cargo space, such battery Wood charcoal heaters shall be secured shall be securely mounted and equipped against relative motion within the en- with nonspill filler caps. closure required by paragraph (c)(1) of (9) Combustion heater exhaust construc- this section, and the enclosure shall be tion. Every heater employing the com- securely fastened to the motor vehicle. bustion of oil, gas, liquefied petroleum (4) Relative motion between fuel tank gas, or any other combustible material and heater. When either in normal oper- shall be provided with substantial ation or in the event of overturn, there means of conducting the products of is or is likely to be relative motion be- combustion to the outside of the vehi- tween the fuel tank for a heater and cle: Provided, however, That this re- the heater, or between either of such quirement shall not apply to heaters units and the fuel lines between them, used solely to heat the cargo space of a suitable means shall be provided at motor vehicles where such motor vehi- the point of greatest relative motion so cles or heaters are equipped with as to allow this motion without caus- means specifically designed and main- ing failure of the fuel lines. tained so that the carbon monoxide (5) Operating controls to be protected. concentration will never exceed 0.2 per- On every bus designed to transport cent in the cargo space. The exhaust more than 15 passengers, including the pipe, stack, or conduit if required shall driver, means shall be provided to pre- be sufficiently substantial and so se- vent unauthorized persons from tam- cured as to provide reasonable assur- pering with the operating controls. ance against leakage or discharge of

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products of combustion within the ve- separation, breakage, or disconnection hicle and, if necessary, shall be so insu- of any of the fuel lines between the lated as to make unlikely the burning supply source and the heater. or charring of parts of the vehicle by (13) ‘‘Tell-tale’’ indicators. Heaters radiation or by direct contact. The subject to paragraph (b)(14) of this sec- place of discharge of the products of tion and not provided with automatic combustion to the atmosphere and the controls shall be provided with ‘‘tell- means of discharge of such products tale’’ means to indicate to the driver shall be such as to minimize the likeli- that the heater is properly functioning. hood of their reentry into the vehicle This requirement shall not apply to under all operating conditions. heaters used solely for the cargo space (10) Combustion chamber construction. in semitrailers or full trailers. The design and construction of any (14) Shut-off control. Automatic combustion-type heater except cargo means, or manual means if the control space heaters permitted by the proviso is readily accessible to the driver with- of paragraph (c)(9) of this section and out moving from the driver’s seat, unenclosed flame heaters used for heat- shall be provided to shut off the fuel ing cargo of tank motor vehicles shall and electrical supply in case of failure be such as to provide against the leak- of the heater to function for any rea- age of products of combustion into air son, or in case the heater should func- to be heated and circulated. The mate- tion improperly or overheat. This re- rial employed in combustion chambers quirement shall not apply to wood shall be such as to provide against charcoal heaters or to heaters used leakage because of corrosion, oxida- solely to heat the contents of cargo tion, or other deterioration. Joints be- tank motor vehicles, but wood charcoal tween combustion chambers and the heaters must be provided with a con- air chambers with which they are in trolled method of regulating the flow thermal and mechanical contact shall of combustion air. be so designed and constructed as to (15) Certification required. Every com- prevent leakage between the chambers and the materials employed in such bustion-type heater, except wood char- joints shall have melting points sub- coal heaters, the date of manufacture stantially higher than the maximum of which is subsequent to December 31, temperatures likely to be attained at 1952, and every wood charcoal heater, the points of jointure. the date of manufacture of which is (11) Heater fuel tank location. Every subsequent to September 1, 1953, shall bus designed to transport more than 15 be marked plainly to indicate the type passengers, including the driver, with of service for which such heater is de- heaters of the combustion type shall signed and with a certification by the have fuel tanks therefor located out- manufacturer that the heater meets side of and lower than the passenger the applicable requirements for such space. When necessary, suitable protec- use. For example, ‘‘Meets I.C.C. Bus tion shall be afforded by shielding or Heater Requirements,’’ Meets I.C.C. other means against the puncturing of Flue-Vented Cargo Space Heater Re- any such tank or its connections by quirements,’’ and after December 31, flying stones or other objects. 1967, such certification shall read (12) Heater, automatic fuel control. ‘‘Meets FMCSA Bus Heater Require- Gravity or siphon feed shall not be per- ments,’’ ‘‘Meets FMCSA Flue-Vented mitted for heaters using liquid fuels. Cargo Space Heater Requirements,’’ Heaters using liquid fuels shall be etc. equipped with automatic means for (c) Exception. The certification for a shutting off the fuel or for reducing catalytic heater which is used in trans- such flow of fuel to the smallest prac- porting flammable liquid or gas shall ticable magnitude, in the event of be as prescribed under § 177.834(1) of overturn of the vehicle. Heaters using this title. liquefied petroleum gas as fuel shall [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 40 have the fuel line equipped with auto- FR 51198, Nov. 4, 1975; 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, matic means at the source of supply for 1988; 77 FR 59828, Oct. 1, 2012; 78 FR 58484, shutting off the fuel in the event of Sept. 24, 2013]

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§ 393.78 Windshield wiping and wash- § 393.80 Rear-vision mirrors. ing systems. (a) Every bus, truck, and truck trac- (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after tor shall be equipped with two rear-vi- December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and sion mirrors, one at each side, firmly truck-tractor manufactured on or after attached to the outside of the motor December 25, 1968, must have a wind- vehicle, and so located as to reflect to shield wiping system that meets the re- the driver a view of the highway to the quirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.1) in rear, along both sides of the vehicle. effect on the date of manufacture. Each All such regulated rear-vision mirrors of these vehicles must have a wind- and their replacements shall meet, as a shield washing system that meets the minimum, the requirements of FMVSS requirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.2.2) No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the in effect on the date of manufacture. time the vehicle was manufactured. (b) Exceptions. (1) Mirrors installed on (b) Vehicles manufactured between June a vehicle manufactured prior to Janu- 30, 1953, and December 24, 1968. Each ary 1, 1981, may be continued in serv- truck, truck-tractor, and bus manufac- ice, provided that if the mirrors are re- tured between June 30, 1953, and De- placed they shall be replaced with mir- cember 24, 1968, shall be equipped with rors meeting, as a minimum, the re- a power-driven windshield wiping sys- quirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR tem with at least two wiper blades, one 571.111) in force at the time the vehicle on each side of the centerline of the was manufactured. windshield. Motor vehicles which de- (2) Only one outside mirror shall be pend upon vacuum to operate the wind- required, which shall be on the driver’s shield wipers, shall have the wiper sys- side, on trucks which are so con- tem constructed and maintained such structed that the driver has a view to that the performance of the wipers will the rear by means of an interior mir- not be adversely affected by a change ror. in the intake manifold pressure. (3) In driveway-towaway operations, (c) Driveaway-towaway operations. the driven vehicle shall have at least Windshield wiping and washing sys- one mirror furnishing a clear view to tems need not be in working condition the rear. while a commercial motor vehicle is [48 FR 57139, Dec. 28, 1983, as amended at 66 being towed in a driveaway-towaway FR 49874, Oct. 1, 2001] operation. § 393.81 Horn. [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] Every bus, truck, truck-tractor, and § 393.79 Windshield defrosting and every driven motor vehicle in defogging systems. driveaway-towaway operations shall be equipped with a horn and actuating (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after elements which shall be in such condi- December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and tion as to give an adequate and reliable truck-tractor manufactured on or after warning signal. December 25, 1968, must have a windshield defrosting and defogging system § 393.82 Speedometer. that meets the requirements of FMVSS Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor No. 103 in effect on the date of manu- must be equipped with a speedometer facture. indicating vehicle speed in miles per (b) Vehicles manufactured before De- hour and/or kilometers per hour. The cember 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and speedometer must be accurate to with- truck-tractor shall be equipped with a in plus or minus 8 km/hr (5 mph) at a means for preventing the accumulation speed of 80 km/hr (50 mph). of ice, snow, frost, or condensation [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] that could obstruct the driver’s view through the windshield while the vehi- § 393.83 Exhaust systems. cle is being driven. (a) Every motor vehicle having a de- [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] vice (other than as part of its cargo)

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capable of expelling harmful combus- cause injury to persons using the floor tion fumes shall have a system to di- as a traction surface. rect the discharge of such fumes. No part shall be located where its location [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] would likely result in burning, char- § 393.85 [Reserved] ring, or damaging the electrical wiring, the fuel supply, or any combustible § 393.86 Rear impact guards and rear part of the motor vehicle. end protection. (b) No exhaust system shall discharge to the atmosphere at a location imme- (a)(1) General requirements for trailers diately below the fuel tank or the fuel and semitrailers manufactured on or after tank filler pipe. January 26, 1998. Each trailer and (c) The exhaust system of a bus pow- semitrailer with a gross vehicle weight ered by a gasoline engine shall dis- rating of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or charge to the atmosphere at or within more, and manufactured on or after 6 inches forward of the rearmost part January 26, 1998, must be equipped with of the bus. a rear impact guard that meets the re- (d) The exhaust system of a bus using quirements of Federal Motor Vehicle fuels other than gasoline shall dis- Safety Standard No. 223 (49 CFR charge to the atmosphere either: 571.223) in effect at the time the vehicle (1) At or within 15 inches forward of was manufactured. When the rear im- the rearmost part of the vehicle; or pact guard is installed on the trailer or (2) To the rear of all doors or win- semitrailer, the vehicle must, at a min- dows designed to be open, except win- imum, meet the requirements of dows designed to be opened solely as FMVSS No. 224 (49 CFR 571.224) in ef- emergency exits. fect at the time the vehicle was manu- (e) The exhaust system of every factured. The requirements of para- truck and truck tractor shall discharge graph (a) of this section do not apply to to the atmosphere at a location to the pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this rear of the cab or, if the exhaust chapter); pulpwood trailers, low chassis projects above the cab, at a location vehicles, special purpose vehicles, near the rear of the cab. wheels back vehicles (as defined in (f) No part of the exhaust system § 393.5); and trailers towed in shall be temporarily repaired with driveaway-towaway operations (as de- wrap or patches. fined in § 390.5). (g) No part of the exhaust system (2) Impact guard width. The outermost shall leak or discharge at a point for- surfaces of the horizontal member of ward of or directly below the driver/ the guard must extend to within 100 sleeper compartment. The exhaust out- mm (4 inches) of the side extremities of let may discharge above the cab/sleeper the vehicle. The outermost surface of roofline. the horizontal member shall not extend (h) The exhaust system must be se- beyond the side extremity of the vehi- curely fastened to the vehicle. cle. (i) Exhaust systems may use hangers (3) Guard height. The vertical dis- which permit required movement due tance between the bottom edge of the to expansion and contraction caused by horizontal member of the guard and heat of the exhaust and relative mo- the ground shall not exceed 560 mm (22 tion between engine and chassis of a inches) at any point across the full vehicle. width of the member. Guards with [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] rounded corners may curve upward within 255 mm (10 inches) of the longi- § 393.84 Floors. tudinal vertical planes that are tan- The flooring in all motor vehicles gent to the side extremities of the ve- shall be substantially constructed, free hicle. of unnecessary holes and openings, and (4) Guard rear surface. At any height shall be maintained so as to minimize 560 mm (22 inches) or more above the the entrance of fumes, exhaust gases, ground, the rearmost surface of the or fire. Floors shall not be permeated horizontal member of the guard must with oil or other substances likely to be within 305 mm (12 inches) of the rear

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extremity of the vehicle. This para- guards, if more than one is used, does graph shall not be construed to pro- not exceed 61 cm (24 inches); hibit the rear surface of the guard from (iii) The outermost surfaces of the extending beyond the rear extremity of horizontal member of the guard are no the vehicle. Guards with rounded cor- more than 45.7 cm (18 inches) from each ners may curve forward within 255 mm side extremity of the motor vehicle; (10 inches) of the side extremity. (iv) The impact guard(s) are no more (5) Cross-sectional vertical height. The than 61 cm (24 inches) forward of the horizontal member of each guard must rear extremity of the motor vehicle. have a cross sectional vertical height (2) Construction and attachment. The of at least 100 mm (3.94 inches) at any rear impact guard(s) must be substan- point across the guard width. tially constructed and attached by (6) Certification and labeling require- means of bolts, welding, or other com- ments for rear impact protection guards. parable means. Each rear impact guard used to satisfy (3) Vehicle components and structures the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of that may be used to satisfy the require- this section must be permanently ments of paragraph (b) of this section. marked or labeled as required by Low chassis vehicles, special purpose FMVSS No. 223 (49 CFR 571.223, S5.3). vehicles, or wheels back vehicles con- The label must be on the forward-fac- structed and maintained so that the ing surface of the horizontal member of body, chassis, or other parts of the ve- the guard, 305 mm (12 inches) inboard hicle provide the rear end protection of the right end of the guard. The cer- comparable to impact guard(s) con- tification label must contain the fol- forming to the requirements of para- lowing information: graph (b)(1) of this section shall be considered to be in compliance with those (i) The impact guard manufacturer’s requirements. name and address; (ii) The statement ‘‘Manufactured in [64 FR 47708, Sept. 1, 1999, as amended at 67 ll’’ (inserting the month and year FR 61824, Oct. 2, 2002] that the guard was manufactured); and, § 393.87 Warning flags on projecting (iii) The letters ‘‘DOT’’, constituting loads. a certification by the guard manufacturer that the guard conforms to all re- (a) Any commercial motor vehicle quirements of FMVSS No. 223. transporting a load which extends be- (b)(1) Requirements for motor vehicles yond the sides by more than 102 mm (4 manufactured after December 31, 1952 (ex- inches) or more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) cept trailers or semitrailers manufactured beyond the rear must have the extrem- on or after January 26, 1998). Each motor ities of the load marked with red or or- vehicle manufactured after December ange fluorescent warning flags. Each 31, 1952, (except truck tractors, pole warning flag must be at least 457 mm trailers, pulpwood trailers, or vehicles (18 inches) square. in driveaway-towaway operations) in (b) Position of flags. There must be a which the vertical distance between single flag at the extreme rear if the the rear bottom edge of the body (or projecting load is two feet wide or less. the chassis assembly if the chassis is Two warning flags are required if the the rearmost part of the vehicle) and projecting load is wider than two feet. the ground is greater than 76.2 cm (30 Flags must be located to indicate max- inches) when the motor vehicle is imum width of loads which extend be- empty, shall be equipped with a rear yond the sides and/or rear of the vehi- impact guard(s). The rear impact cle. guard(s) must be installed and main- [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] tained in such a manner that: (i) The vertical distance between the § 393.88 Television receivers. bottom of the guard(s) and the ground Any motor vehicle equipped with a does not exceed 76.2 cm (30 inches) television viewer, screen or other when the motor vehicle is empty; means of visually receiving a television (ii) The maximum lateral distance broadcast shall have the viewer or between the closest points between screen located in the motor vehicle at

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a point to the rear of the back of the § 393.91 Buses, aisle seats prohibited. driver’s seat if such viewer or screen is No bus shall be equipped with aisle in the same compartment as the driver seats unless such seats are so designed and the viewer or screen shall be so lo- and installed as to automatically fold cated as not to be visible to the driver, and leave a clear aisle when they are while he/she is driving the motor vehi- unoccupied. No bus shall be operated if cle. The operating controls for the tele- any seat therein is not securely fas- vision receiver shall be so located that tened to the vehicle. the driver cannot operate them without leaving the driver’s seat. [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988]

§ 393.89 Buses, driveshaft protection. § 393.92 [Reserved] Any driveshaft extending lengthways § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, under the floor of the passenger com- and seat belt assembly anchorages. partment of a bus shall be protected by (a) Buses—(1) Buses manufactured on means of at least one guard or bracket or after January 1, 1965, and before July at that end of the shaft which is pro- 1, 1971. After June 30, 1972, every bus vided with a sliding connection (spline manufactured on or after January 1, or other such device) to prevent the 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be whipping of the shaft in the event of equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat failure thereof or of any of its compo- belt assembly that conforms to Federal nent parts. A shaft contained within a Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. torque tube shall not require any such 209 1 (§ 571.209) installed at the driver’s device. seat and seat belt assembly anchorages that conform to the location and geo- [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988] metric requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 1 § 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. (§ 571.210) for that seat belt assembly. (2) Buses manufactured on or after July Except as provided below, every bus, 1, 1971. Every bus manufactured on or which is designed and constructed so as after July 1, 1971, must conform to the to allow standees, shall be plainly requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle marked with a line of contrasting color Safety Standard No. 208 1 (§ 571.208) (re- at least 2 inches wide or equipped with lating to installation of seat belt as- some other means so as to indicate to semblies) and Federal Motor Vehicle any person that he/she is prohibited Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) (re- from occupying a space forward of a lating to installation of seat belt as- perpendicular plane drawn through the sembly anchorages). rear of the driver’s seat and perpen- (3) Buses manufactured on or after Jan- dicular to the longitudinal axis of the uary 1, 1972. Every bus manufactured bus. Every bus shall have clearly post- on or after January 1, 1972, must con- ed at or near the front, a sign with let- form to the requirements of Federal ters at least one-half inch high stating Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. that it is a violation of the Federal 207 1 (§ 571.207) (relating to seating sys- Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s tems). regulations for a bus to be operated (b) Trucks and truck tractors—(1) with persons occupying the prohibited Trucks and truck tractors manufactured area. The requirements of this section on and after January 1, 1965, and before shall not apply to any bus being trans- July 1, 1971. Except as provided in para- ported in driveaway-towaway oper- graph (d) of this section, after June 30, ation or to any level of the bus other 1972, every truck and truck tractor that the level in which the driver is lo- manufactured on or after January 1, cated nor shall they be construed to 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be prohibit any seated person from occupying permanent seats located in the 1 Individual copies of Federal Motor Vehi- prohibited area provided such seats are cle Safety Standards may be obtained from so located that persons sitting therein the National Highway Traffic Safety Admin- will not interfere with the driver’s safe istration. 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE., Wash- operation of the bus. ington, DC 20590–0001.

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equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat the provisions of paragraph (b) of this belt assembly that conforms to Federal section on and after January 1, 1976. Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 209 [35 FR 16839, Oct. 30, 1970, as amended at 39 (§ 571.209) installed at the driver’s seat FR 32561, Sept. 9, 1974; 40 FR 32336, Aug. 1, and at the right front outboard seat, if 1975; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007] the vehicle has one, and seat belt assembly anchorages that conform to the § 393.94 Interior noise levels in power location and geometric requirements of units. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (a) Applicability of this section. The in- No. 210 (§ 571.210) for each seat belt as- terior noise level requirements apply sembly that is required by this sub- to all trucks, truck-tractors, and paragraph. buses. (b) The interior sound (2) Trucks and truck tractors manufac- General rule. level at the driver’s seating position of tured on or after July 1, 1971. Every a motor vehicle must not exceed 90 truck and truck tractor manufactured dB(A) when measured in accordance on or after July 1, 1971, except a truck with paragraph (c) of this section. or truck tractor being transported in (c) Test procedure. (1) Park the vehi- driveaway-towaway operation and hav- cle at a location so that no large re- ing an incomplete vehicle seating and flecting surfaces, such as other vehi- cab configuration, must conform to the cles, signboards, buildings, or hills, are requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle within 50 feet of the driver’s seating Safety Standard No. 208 1 (§ 571.208) (re- position. lating to installation of seat belt as- (2) Close all vehicle doors, windows, semblies) and Federal Motor Vehicle and vents. Turn off all power-operated Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) (re- accessories. lating to installation of seat belt as- (3) Place the driver in his/her normal sembly anchorages). seated position at the vehicle’s con- (3) Trucks and truck tractors manufac- trols. Evacuate all occupants except tured on or after January 1, 1972. Every the driver and the person conducting truck and truck tractor manufactured the test. on or after January 1, 1972, except a (4) The sound level meters used to de- truck or truck tractor being trans- termine compliance with the requirements of this section must meet the ported in driveaway-towaway oper- American National Standards Institute ation and having an incomplete vehicle ‘‘Specification for Sound Level Meters,’’ seating and cab configuration, must ANSI S1.4—1983. (See § 393.7(b) for infor- conform to the requirements of Federal mation on the incorporation by ref- Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. erence and availability of this docu- 207 1 (§ 571.207) (relating to seating sys- ment.) tems). (5) Locate the microphone, oriented (c) Effective date of standards. When- vertically upward, 6 inches to the right ever paragraph (a) or (b) of this section of, in the same plane as, and directly in requires conformity to a Federal Motor line with, the driver’s right ear. Vehicle Safety Standard, the vehicle or (6) With the vehicle’s transmission in equipment must conform to the version neutral gear, accelerate its engine to of the Standard that is in effect on the either its maximum governed engine date the vehicle is manufactured or on speed, if it is equipped with an engine the date the vehicle is modified to con- governor, or its speed at its maximum form to the requirements of paragraph rated horsepower, if it is not equipped (a) or (b) of this section, whichever is with an engine governor. Stabilize the later. engine at that speed. (d) Trucks and truck tractors manu- (7) Observe the A-weighted sound factured on or after January 1, 1965, level reading on the meter for the stabilized engine speed condition. Record and before July 1, 1971, and operated in that reading, if the reading has not the State of Hawaii, must comply with been influenced by extraneous noise sources such as motor vehicles oper- 1 See footnote to § 393.93(a). ating on adjacent roadways.

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(8) Return the vehicle’s engine speed (B) Two fire extinguishers, each of to idle and repeat the procedures speci- which has an Underwriters’ Labora- fied in paragraphs (c) (6) and (7) of this tories rating of 4 B:C or more. section until two maximum sound lev- (2) Labeling and marking. Each fire ex- els within 2 dB of each other are re- tinguisher required by this section corded. Numerically average those two must be labeled or marked by the man- maximum sound level readings. ufacturer with its Underwriters’ Lab- (9) The average obtained in accord- oratories rating. ance with paragraph (c)(8) of this sec- (3) Visual Indicators. The fire extin- tion is the vehicle’s interior sound guisher must be designed, constructed, level at the driver’s seating position and maintained to permit visual deter- for the purpose of determining whether mination of whether it is fully charged. the vehicle conforms to the rule in (4) Condition, location, and mounting. paragraph (b) of this section. However, The fire extinguisher(s) must be filled a 2 dB tolerance over the sound level and located so that it is readily acces- limitation specified in that paragraph sible for use. The extinguisher(s) must is permitted to allow for variations in be securely mounted to prevent sliding, test conditions and variations in the rolling, or vertical movement relative capabilities of meters. to the motor vehicle. (10) If the motor vehicle’s engine radiator fan drive is equipped with a (5) Extinguishing agents. The fire ex- clutch or similar device that automati- tinguisher must use an extinguishing cally either reduces the rotational agent that does not need protection speed of the fan or completely dis- from freezing. Extinguishing agents engages the fan from its power source must comply with the toxicity provi- in response to reduced engine cooling sions of the Environmental Protection loads the vehicle may be parked before Agency’s Significant New Alternatives testing with its engine running at high Policy (SNAP) regulations under 40 idle or any other speed the operator CFR Part 82, Subpart G. may choose, for sufficient time but not (6) Exception. This paragraph (a) does more than 10 minutes, to permit the not apply to the driven unit in a engine radiator fan to automatically driveaway-towaway operation. disengage. (b) Spare fuses. Power units for which fuses are needed to operate any re- [38 FR 30881, Nov. 8, 1973, as amended at 40 quired parts and accessories must have FR 32336, Aug. 1, 1975; 41 FR 28268, July 9, 1976; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] at least one spare fuse for each type/ size of fuse needed for those parts and Subpart H—Emergency Equipment accessories. (c)–(e) [Reserved] § 393.95 Emergency equipment on all (f) Warning devices for stopped vehicles. power units. Except as provided in paragraph (g) of Each truck, truck tractor, and bus this section, one of the following op- (except those towed in driveaway- tions must be used: towaway operations) must be equipped (1) Three bidirectional emergency re- as follows: flective triangles that conform to the (a) Fire extinguishers—(1) Minimum requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle ratings. (i) A power unit that is used to Safety Standard No. 125, § 571.125 of this transport hazardous materials in a title; or quantity that requires placarding (See (2) At least 6 fusees or 3 liquid-burn- § 177.823 of this title) must be equipped ing flares. The vehicle must have as with a fire extinguisher having an Un- many additional fusees or liquid-burn- derwriters’ Laboratories rating of 10 ing flares as are necessary to satisfy B:C or more. the requirements of § 392.22. (ii) A power unit that is not used to (3) Other warning devices may be transport hazardous materials must be used in addition to, but not in lieu of, equipped with either: the required warning devices, provided (A) A fire extinguisher having an Un- those warning devices do not decrease derwriters’ Laboratories rating of 5 B:C the effectiveness of the required warn- or more; or ing devices.

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(g) Restrictions on the use of flame-pro- § 393.100 Which types of commercial ducing devices. Liquid-burning flares, motor vehicles are subject to the fusees, oil lanterns, or any signal pro- cargo securement standards of this duced by a flame shall not be carried subpart, and what general requirements apply? on any commercial motor vehicle transporting Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (ex- (a) Applicability. The rules in this plosives) hazardous materials; any subpart are applicable to trucks, truck cargo tank motor vehicle used for the tractors, semitrailers, full trailers, and transportation of Division 2.1 (flam- pole trailers. mable gas) or Class 3 (flammable liq- (b) Prevention against loss of load. uid) hazardous materials whether load- Each commercial motor vehicle must, when transporting cargo on public ed or empty; or any commercial motor roads, be loaded and equipped, and the vehicle using compressed gas as a cargo secured, in accordance with this motor fuel. subpart to prevent the cargo from leak- (h)–(i) [Reserved] ing, spilling, blowing or falling from (j) Requirements for fusees and liquid- the motor vehicle. burning flares. Each fusee shall be capa- (c) Prevention against shifting of load. ble of burning for 30 minutes, and each Cargo must be contained, immobilized liquid-burning flare shall contain or secured in accordance with this sub- enough fuel to burn continuously for at part to prevent shifting upon or within least 60 minutes. Fusees and liquid- the vehicle to such an extent that the burning flares shall conform to the re- vehicle’s stability or maneuverability quirements of Underwriters Labora- is adversely affected. tories, Inc., UL No. 912, Highway Emer- gency Signals, Fourth Edition, July 30, § 393.102 What are the minimum per- 1979, (with an amendment dated No- formance criteria for cargo securement devices and systems? vember 9, 1981). (See § 393.7 for information on the incorporation by reference (a) Performance criteria—(1) Breaking and availability of this document.) strength. Tiedown assemblies (including Each fusee and liquid-burning flare chains, wire rope, steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and cordage) and other shall be marked with the UL symbol in attachment or fastening devices used accordance with the requirements of to secure articles of cargo to, or in, UL 912. commercial motor vehicles must be de- (k) Requirements for red flags. Red signed, installed, and maintained to en- flags shall be not less than 12 inches sure that the maximum forces acting square, with standards adequate to on the devices or systems do not exceed maintain the flags in an upright posi- the manufacturer’s breaking strength tion. rating under the following conditions, [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 applied separately: FR 13019, Aug. 15, 1970; 35 FR 14619, Sept. 18, (i) 0.8 g deceleration in the forward 1970; 37 FR 17176, Aug. 25, 1972; 40 FR 10685, direction; Mar. 7, 1975; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; 47 FR (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 59 FR 34712, July 6, 1994; direction; and 67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002; 70 FR 48054, Aug. (iii) 0.5 g acceleration in a lateral di- 15, 2005; 72 FR 44036, Aug. 7, 2007; 78 FR 58484, rection. Sept. 24, 2013; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015] (2) Working Load limit. Tiedown assemblies (including chains, wire rope, Subpart I—Protection Against steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and Shifting and Falling Cargo cordage) and other attachment or fastening devices used to secure articles of cargo to, or in, commercial motor SOURCE: 67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, unless vehicles must be designed, installed, otherwise noted. and maintained to ensure that the forces acting on the devices or systems do not exceed the working load limit for the devices under the following conditions, applied separately:

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(i) 0.435 g deceleration in the forward hicle must be capable of meeting the direction; requirements of § 393.102. (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward (b) Prohibition on the use of damaged direction; and securement devices. All tiedowns, cargo (iii) 0.25 g acceleration in a lateral di- securement systems, parts and compo- rection. nents used to secure cargo must be in (b) Performance criteria for devices to proper working order when used to per- prevent vertical movement of loads that form that function with no damaged or are not contained within the structure of weakened components, such as, but not the vehicle. Securement systems must provide a downward force equivalent to limited to, cracks or cuts that will ad- at least 20 percent of the weight of the versely affect their performance for article of cargo if the article is not cargo securement purposes, including fully contained within the structure of reducing the working load limit. the vehicle. If the article is fully con- (c) Vehicle structures and anchor tained within the structure of the vehi- points. Vehicle structures, floors, walls, cle, it may be secured in accordance decks, tiedown anchor points, with § 393.106(b). headerboards, bulkheads, stakes, posts, (c) Equivalent means of securement. and associated mounting pockets used The means of securing articles of cargo to contain or secure articles of cargo are considered to meet the perform- must be strong enough to meet the per- ance requirements of this section if the formance criteria of § 393.102, with no cargo is: damaged or weakened components, (1) Immobilized, such so that it can- such as, but not limited to, cracks or not shift or tip to the extent that the cuts that will adversely affect their vehicle’s stability or maneuverability performance for cargo securement pur- is adversely affected; or (2) Transported in a sided vehicle poses, including reducing the working that has walls of adequate strength, load limit. such that each article of cargo within (d) Material for dunnage, chocks, cra- the vehicle is in contact with, or suffi- dles, shoring bars, blocking and bracing. ciently close to a wall or other articles, Material used as dunnage or dunnage so that it cannot shift or tip to the ex- bags, chocks, cradles, shoring bars, or tent that the vehicle’s stability or ma- used for blocking and bracing, must neuverability is adversely affected; or not have damage or defects which (3) Secured in accordance with the would compromise the effectiveness of applicable requirements of §§ 393.104 the securement system. through 393.136. (e) Manufacturing standards for tie- [71 FR 35832, June 22, 2006, as amended at 78 down assemblies. Tiedown assemblies FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] (including chains, wire rope, steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and cord- § 393.104 What standards must cargo age) and other attachment or fastening securement devices and systems devices used to secure articles of cargo meet in order to satisfy the requirements of this subpart? to, or in, commercial motor vehicles must conform to the following applica- (a) General. All devices and systems ble standards: used to secure cargo to or within a ve-

An assembly component of . . . Must conform to . . .

(1) Steel strapping 12 ...... Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3953–97, February 1998. 4 (2) Chain ...... National Association of Chain Manufacturers’ Welded Steel Chain Specifications, dated September 28, 2005. 4 (3) Webbing ...... Web Sling and Tiedown Association’s Recommended Standard Specification for Synthetic Web Tiedowns, WSTDA-T1, 1998. 4 (4) Wire rope 3 ...... Wire Rope Technical Board’s Wire Rope Users Manual, 2nd Edition, November 1985. 4 (5) Cordage ...... Cordage Institute rope standard: (i) PETRS–2, Polyester Fiber Rope, three-Strand and eight-Strand Construc- tions, January 1993; 4 (ii) PPRS–2, Polypropylene Fiber Rope, three-Strand and eight-Strand Con- structions, August 1992; 4

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An assembly component of . . . Must conform to . . .

(iii) CRS–1, Polyester/Polypropylene Composite Rope Specifications, three- Strand and eight-Strand Standard Construction, May 1979; 4 (iv) NRS–1, Nylon Rope Specifications, three-Strand and eight-Strand Stand- ard Construction, May 1979; 4 and (v) C–1, Double Braided Nylon Rope Specifications DBN, January 1984. 4 1 Steel strapping not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit will be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the breaking strength listed in ASTM D3953–97. 2 Steel strapping 25.4 mm (1 inch) or wider must have at least two pairs of crimps in each seal and, when an end-over-end lap joint is formed, must be sealed with at least two seals. 3 Wire rope which is not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the nominal strength listed in the manual. 4 See § 393.7 for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of this document.

(f) Use of tiedowns. (1) Tiedowns and strength, dunnage or dunnage bags, securing devices must not contain shoring bars, tiedowns or a combina- knots. tion of these. (2) If a tiedown is repaired, it must be (c) Cargo placement and restraint. (1) repaired in accordance with the appli- Articles of cargo that are likely to roll cable standards in paragraph (e) of this must be restrained by chocks, wedges, section, or the manufacturer’s instruc- a cradle or other equivalent means to tions. prevent rolling. The means of pre- (3) Each tiedown must be attached venting rolling must not be capable of and secured in a manner that prevents becoming unintentionally unfastened it from becoming loose, unfastening, or loose while the vehicle is in transit. opening or releasing while the vehicle (2) Articles or cargo placed beside is in transit. each other and secured by transverse (4) Edge protection must be used tiedowns must either: whenever a tiedown would be subject to (i) Be placed in direct contact with abrasion or cutting at the point where each other, or it touches an article of cargo. The edge (ii) Be prevented from shifting to- protection must resist abrasion, cut- wards each other while in transit. ting and crushing. (d) Aggregate working load limit for tiedowns. The aggregate working load [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] limit of tiedowns used to secure an article or group of articles against move- § 393.106 What are the general requirement must be at least one-half times ments for securing articles of the weight of the article or group of ar- cargo? ticles. The aggregate working load (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- limit is the sum of: tion are applicable to the transpor- (1) One-half the working load limit of tation of all types of articles of cargo, each tiedown that goes from an anchor except commodities in bulk that lack point on the vehicle to an anchor point structure or fixed shape (e.g., liquids, on an article of cargo; gases, grain, liquid concrete, sand, (2) One-half the working load limit of gravel, aggregates) and are transported each tiedown that is attached to an an- in a tank, hopper, box, or similar de- chor point on the vehicle, passes vice that forms part of the structure of through, over, or around the article of a commercial motor vehicle. The rules cargo, and is then attached to an an- in this section apply to the cargo types chor point on the same side of the vehi- covered by the commodity-specific cle. rules of § 393.116 through § 393.136. The (3) The working load limit for each commodity-specific rules take prece- tiedown that goes from an anchor point dence over the general requirements of on the vehicle, through, over, or this section when additional require- around the article of cargo, and then ments are given for a commodity listed attaches to another anchor point on in those sections. the other side of the vehicle. (b) General. Cargo must be firmly im- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 68 mobilized or secured on or within a ve- FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 71 FR 35833, June 22, hicle by structures of adequate 2006]

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§ 393.108 How is the working load working load limit equal to that for limit of a tiedown, or the load re- polypropylene fiber rope. straining value of a friction mat, de- (d) Welded steel chain which is not termined? marked or labeled to enable identifica- (a) The working load limit (WLL) of tion of its grade or working load limit a tiedown, associated connector or at- shall be considered to have a working tachment mechanism is the lowest load limit equal to that for grade 30 working load limit of any of its compo- proof coil chain. nents (including tensioner), or the (e)(1) Wire rope which is not marked working load limit of the anchor points by the manufacturer with a working to which it is attached, whichever is load limit shall be considered to have a less. working load limit equal to one-fourth (b) The working load limits of of the nominal strength listed in the tiedowns may be determined by using Wire Rope Users Manual. either the tiedown manufacturer’s (2) Wire which is not marked or la- markings or by using the tables in this beled to enable identification of its section. The working load limits listed construction type shall be considered in the tables are to be used when the to have a working load limit equal to tiedown material is not marked by the that for 6 × 37, fiber core wire rope. manufacturer with the working load (f) Manila rope which is not marked limit. Tiedown materials which are by the manufacturer with a working marked by the manufacturer with load limit shall be considered to have a working load limits that differ from working load limit based on its diame- the tables, shall be considered to have ter as provided in the tables of working a working load limit equal to the value load limits. for which they are marked. (g) Friction mats which are not (c) Synthetic cordage (e.g., nylon, marked or rated by the manufacturer polypropylene, polyester) which is not shall be considered to provide resist- marked or labeled to enable identifica- ance to horizontal movement equal to tion of its composition or working load 50 percent of the weight placed on the limit shall be considered to have a mat.

TABLES TO § 393.108 [Working Load Limits (WLL), Chain]

WLL in kg (pounds) Size mm (inches) Grade 30 proof Grade 43 high Grade 70 trans- coil test port Grade 80 alloy Grade 100 alloy

1. 7 (1/4) ...... 580 (1,300) 1,180 (2,600) 1,430 (3,150) 1,570 (3,500) 1,950 (4,300) 2. 8 (5/16) ...... 860 (1,900) 1,770 (3,900) 2,130 (4,700) 2,000 (4,500) 2,600 (5,700) 3. 10 (3/8) ...... 1,200 (2,650) 2,450 (5,400) 2,990 (6,600) 3,200 (7,100) 4,000 (8,800) 4. 11 (7/16) ...... 1,680 (3,700) 3,270 (7,200) 3,970 (8,750) 5. 13 (1/2) ...... 2,030 (4,500) 4,170 (9,200) 5,130 (11,300) 5,400 (12,000) 6,800 (15,000) 6. 16 (5/8) ...... 3,130 (6,900) 5,910 (13,000) 7,170 (15,800) 8,200 (18,100) 10,300 (22,600) Chain Mark Examples: Example 1 ...... 3 4 7 8 10 Example 2 ...... 30 43 70 80 100 Example 3 ...... 300 430 700 800 1000

SYNTHETIC WEBBING WIRE ROPE (6 × 37, FIBER CORE)—Continued

Width mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds)

45 (13⁄4) ...... 790 (1,750) 8 (5/16) ...... 950 (2,100) 50 (2) ...... 910 (2,000) 10 (3/8) ...... 1,360 (3,000) 75 (3) ...... 1,360 (3,000) 11 (7/16) ...... 1,860 (4,100) 100 (4) ...... 1,810 (4,000) 13 (1/2) ...... 2,400 (5,300) 16 (5/8) ...... 3,770 (8,300) × 20 (3/4) ...... 4,940 (10,900) WIRE ROPE (6 37, FIBER CORE) 22 (7/8) ...... 7,300 (16,100) 25 (1) ...... 9,480 (20,900) Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds)

7 (1/4) ...... 640 (1,400)

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MANILA ROPE § 393.110 What else do I have to do to determine the minimum number of Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) tiedowns? 10 (3/8) ...... 90 (205) (a) When tiedowns are used as part of 11 (7/16) ...... 120 (265) a cargo securement system, the min- 13 (1/2) ...... 150 (315) 16 (5/8) ...... 210 (465) imum number of tiedowns required to 20 (3/4) ...... 290 (640) secure an article or group of articles 25 (1) ...... 480 (1,050) against movement depends on the length of the article(s) being secured, POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ROPE WLL (3-STRAND and the requirements of paragraphs (b) AND 8-STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS) and (c) of this section. These requirements are in addition to the rules Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) under § 393.106. 10 (3/8) ...... 180 (400) (b) When an article is not blocked or 11 (7/16) ...... 240 (525) positioned to prevent movement in the 13 (1/2) ...... 280 (625) forward direction by a headerboard, 16 (5/8) ...... 420 (925) 20 (3/4) ...... 580 (1,275) bulkhead, other cargo that is posi- 25 (1) ...... 950 (2,100) tioned to prevent movement, or other appropriate blocking devices, it must be secured by at least: POLYESTER FIBER ROPE WLL (3-STRAND AND 8-STRAND CONSTRUCTIONS) (1) One tiedown for articles 5 feet (1.52 meters) or less in length, and 1,100 Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) pounds (500 kg) or less in weight;

10 (3/8) ...... 250 (555) (2) Two tiedowns if the article is: 11 (7/16) ...... 340 (750) (i) 5 feet (1.52 meters) or less in 13 (1/2) ...... 440 (960) length and more than 1,100 pounds (500 16 (5/8) ...... 680 (1,500) kg) in weight; or 20 (3/4) ...... 850 (1,880) 25 (1) ...... 1,500 (3,300) (ii) Longer than 5 feet (1.52 meters) but less than or equal to 10 feet (3.04 meters) in length, irrespective of the NYLON ROPE weight. Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) (3) Two tiedowns if the article is longer than 10 feet (3.04 meters), and 10 (3/8) ...... 130 (278) 11 (7/16) ...... 190 (410) one additional tiedown for every 10 feet 13 (1/2) ...... 240 (525) (3.04 meters) of article length, or frac- 16 (5/8) ...... 420 (935) tion thereof, beyond the first 10 feet 20 (3/4) ...... 640 (1,420) (3.04 meters) of length. 25 (1) ...... 1,140 (2,520) (c) If an individual article is blocked, braced, or immobilized to prevent DOUBLE BRAIDED NYLON ROPE movement in the forward direction by Diameter mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) a headerboard, bulkhead, other articles which are adequately secured or by an 10 (3/8) ...... 150 (336) appropriate blocking or immobilization 11 (7/16) ...... 230 (502) 13 (1/2) ...... 300 (655) method, it must be secured by at least 16 (5/8) ...... 510 (1,130) one tiedown for every 3.04 meters (10 20 (3/4) ...... 830 (1,840) feet) of article length, or fraction 25 (1) ...... 1,470 (3,250) thereof. (d) Special rule for special purpose vehi- STEEL STRAPPING cles. The rules in this section do not Width × thickness mm (inches) WLL kg (pounds) apply to a vehicle transporting one or more articles of cargo such as, but not × 1 × 31.7 .74 (1 ⁄4 0.029) ...... 540 (1,190) limited to, machinery or fabricated × 1 × 31.7 .79 (1 ⁄4 0.031) ...... 540 (1,190) structural items (e.g., steel or concrete 31.7 × .89 (11⁄4 × 0.035) ...... 540 (1,190) 31.7 × 1.12 (11⁄4 × 0.044) ...... 770 (1,690) beams, crane booms, girders, and truss- 31.7 × 1.27 (11⁄4 × 0.05) ...... 770 (1,690) es, etc.) which, because of their design, × 1 × 31.7 1.5 (1 ⁄4 0.057) ...... 870 (1,925) size, shape, or weight, must be fastened 50.8 × 1.12 (2 × 0.044) ...... 1,200 (2,650) 50.8 × 1.27 (2 × 0.05) ...... 1,200 (2,650) by special methods. However, any article of cargo carried on that vehicle

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must be securely and adequately fas- the weight of the articles of cargo tened to the vehicle. being transported on the vehicle uniformly distributed over the entire front [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] end structure. (d) Penetration resistance. The front § 393.112 Must a tiedown be adjust- end structure must be designed, con- able? structed, and maintained so that it is Each tiedown, or its associated con- capable of resisting penetration by any nectors, or its attachment mechanisms article of cargo that contacts it when must be designed, constructed, and the vehicle decelerates at a rate of 20 maintained so the driver of an in-tran- feet per second, per second. The front sit commercial motor vehicle can end structure must have no aperture tighten them. However, this require- large enough to permit any article of ment does not apply to the use of steel cargo in contact with the structure to strapping. pass through it. (e) Substitute devices. The require- § 393.114 What are the requirements ments of this section may be met by for front end structures used as the use of devices performing the same part of a cargo securement system? functions as a front end structure, if (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- the devices are at least as strong as, tion are applicable to commercial and provide protection against shifting motor vehicles transporting articles of articles of cargo at least equal to, a cargo that are in contact with the front end structure which conforms to front end structure of the vehicle. The those requirements. front end structure on these cargo-car- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 rying vehicles must meet the perform- FR 35833, June 22, 2006] ance requirements of this section. (b) Height and width. (1) The front end SPECIFIC SECUREMENT REQUIREMENTS structure must extend either to a BY COMMODITY TYPE height of 4 feet above the floor of the vehicle or to a height at which it § 393.116 What are the rules for secur- blocks forward movement of any item ing logs? or article of cargo being carried on the (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- vehicle, whichever is lower. tion are applicable to the transpor- (2) The front end structure must have tation of logs with the following excep- a width which is at least equal to the tions: width of the vehicle or which blocks (1) Logs that are unitized by banding forward movement of any article of or other comparable means may be cargo being transported on the vehicle, transported in accordance with the whichever is narrower. general cargo securement rules of (c) Strength. The front end structure §§ 393.100 through 393.114. must be capable of withstanding the (2) Loads that consist of no more following horizontal forward static than four processed logs may be trans- load: ported in accordance with the general (1) For a front end structure less than cargo securement rules of §§ 393.100 6 feet in height, a horizontal forward through 393.114. static load equal to one-half (0.5) of the (3) Firewood, stumps, log debris and weight of the articles of cargo being other such short logs must be trans- transported on the vehicle uniformly ported in a vehicle or container en- distributed over the entire portion of closed on both sides, front, and rear the front end structure that is within 4 and of adequate strength to contain feet above the vehicle’s floor or that is them. Longer logs may also be so load- at or below a height above the vehicle’s ed. floor at which it blocks forward move- (b) Components of a securement system. ment of any article of the vehicle’s (1) Logs must be transported on a vehi- cargo, whichever is less; or cle designed and built, or adapted, for (2) For a front end structure 6 feet in the transportation of logs. Any such height or higher, a horizontal forward vehicle must be fitted with bunks, bol- static load equal to four-tenths (0.4) of sters, stakes or standards, or other

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equivalent means, that cradle the logs third of the log’s total length beyond and prevent them from rolling. the nearest supporting structure on the (2) All vehicle components involved vehicle. in securement of logs must be designed (2) When only one stack of shortwood and built to withstand all anticipated is loaded crosswise, it must be secured operational forces without failure, ac- with at least two tiedowns. The cidental release or permanent deforma- tiedowns must attach to the vehicle tion. Stakes or standards that are not frame at the front and rear of the load, permanently attached to the vehicle and must cross the load in this direc- must be secured in a manner that pre- tion. vents unintentional separation from (3) When two tiedowns are used, they the vehicle in transit. must be positioned at approximately (3) Tiedowns must be used in com- one-third and two-thirds of the length bination with the stabilization proof the logs. vided by bunks, stakes, and bolsters to (4) A vehicle that is more than 10 me- secure the load unless the logs: ters (33 feet) long must be equipped (i) are transported in a crib-type log with center stakes, or comparable de- trailer (as defined in 49 CFR 393.5), and vices, to divide it into sections ap- (ii) are loaded in compliance with proximately equal in length. Where a paragraphs (b)(2) and (c) of this section. vehicle is so divided, each tiedown (4) The aggregate working load limit must secure the highest log on each for tiedowns used to secure a stack of side of the center stake, and must be logs on a frame vehicle, or a flatbed ve- fastened below these logs. It may be hicle equipped with bunks, bolsters, or fixed at each end and tensioned from stakes must be at least one-sixth the the middle, or fixed in the middle and weight of the stack of logs. tensioned from each end, or it may (c) Use of securement system. (1) Logs pass through a pulley or equivalent de- must be solidly packed, and the outer vice in the middle and be tensioned bottom logs must be in contact with from one end. and resting solidly against the bunks, (5) Any structure or stake that is bolsters, stakes or standards. subjected to an upward force when the (2) Each outside log on the side of a tiedowns are tensioned must be an- stack of logs must touch at least two chored to resist that force. stakes, bunks, bolsters, or standards. If (6) If two stacks of shortwood are one end does not actually touch a loaded side-by-side, in addition to stake, it must rest on other logs in a meeting the requirements of para- stable manner and must extend beyond graphs (d)(1) through (d)(5) of this sec- the stake, bunk, bolster or standard. tion, they must be loaded so that: (3) The center of the highest outside log on each side or end must be below (i) There is no space between the two the top of each stake, bunk or stand- stacks of logs; ard. (ii) The outside of each stack is (4) Each log that is not held in place raised at least 2.5 cm (1 in) within 10 by contact with other logs or the cm (4 in) of the end of the logs or the stakes, bunks, or standards must be side of the vehicle; held in place by a tiedown. Additional (iii) The highest log is no more than tiedowns or securement devices must 2.44 m (8 ft) above the deck; and be used when the condition of the wood (iv) At least one tiedown is used results in such low friction between lengthwise across each stack of logs. logs that they are likely to slip upon (e) Securement of logs loaded lengthwise each other. on flatbed and frame vehicles—(1) (d) Securement of shortwood logs loaded Shortwood. In addition to meeting the crosswise on frame, rail and flatbed vehi- requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) cles. In addition to the requirements of of this section, each stack of shortwood paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, loaded lengthwise on a frame vehicle or each stack of logs loaded crosswise on a flatbed must be cradled in a bunk must meet the following rules: unit or contained by stakes and (1) In no case may the end of a log in (i) Secured to the vehicle by at least the lower tier extend more than one- two tiedowns, or

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(ii) If all the logs in any stack are lumber, building products such as ply- blocked in the front by a front-end wood, gypsum board or other materials structure strong enough to restrain the of similar shape. Lumber or building load, or by another stack of logs, and products which are not bundled or blocked in the rear by another stack of packaged must be treated as loose logs or vehicle end structure, the stack items and transported in accordance may be secured with one tiedown. If with §§ 393.100 through 393.114 of this one tiedown is used, it must be posi- subpart. For the purpose of this sec- tioned about midway between the tion, ‘‘bundle’’ refers to packages of stakes, or lumber, building materials or similar (iii) Be bound by at least two tie- products which are unitized for secure- down-type devices such as wire rope, ment as a single article of cargo. used as wrappers that encircle the en- (b) Positioning of bundles. Bundles tire load at locations along the load must be placed side by side in direct that provide effective securement. If contact with each other, or a means wrappers are being used to bundle the must be provided to prevent bundles logs together, the wrappers are not re- from shifting towards each other. quired to be attached to the vehicle. (c) Securement of bundles transported (2) Longwood. Longwood must be cra- using no more than one tier. Bundles car- dled in two or more bunks and must ei- ried on one tier must be secured in ac- ther: cordance with the general provisions of (i) Be secured to the vehicle by at §§ 393.100 through 393.114. least two tiedowns at locations that (d) Securement of bundles transported provide effective securement, or using more than one tier. Bundles car- (ii) Be bound by at least two tiedown- ried in more than one tier must be ei- type devices, such as wire rope, used as ther: wrappers that encircle the entire load (1) Blocked against lateral movement at locations along the load that pro- by stakes on the sides of the vehicle vide effective securement. If a wrap- and secured by tiedowns laid out over per(s) is being used to bundle the logs the top tier, as outlined in the general together, the wrapper is not required provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114; to be attached to the vehicle. or (f) Securement of logs transported on pole trailers. (1) The load must be se- (2) Restrained from lateral move- cured by at least one tiedown at each ment by blocking or high friction de- bunk, or alternatively, by at least two vices between tiers and secured by tiedowns used as wrappers that encir- tiedowns laid out over the top tier, as cle the entire load at locations along outlined in the general provisions of the load that provide effective secure- §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or ment. (3) Placed directly on top of other (2) The front and rear wrappers must bundles or on spacers and secured in be at least 3.04 meters (10 feet) apart. accordance with the following: (3) Large diameter single and double (i) The length of spacers between log loads must be immobilized with bundles must provide support to all chock blocks or other equivalent pieces in the bottom row of the bundle. means to prevent shifting. (ii) The width of individual spacers (4) Large diameter logs that rise must be equal to or greater than the above bunks must be secured to the un- height. derlying load with at least two addi- (iii) If spacers are comprised of layers tional wrappers. of material, the layers must be unitized or fastened together in a manner [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] which ensures that the spacer performs as a single piece of material. § 393.118 What are the rules for secur- (iv) The arrangement of the tiedowns ing dressed lumber or similar build- for the bundles must be: ing products? (A) Secured by tiedowns over the top (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- tier of bundles, in accordance with the tion apply to the transportation of general provisions of §§ 393.100 through bundles of dressed lumber, packaged 393.114 with a minimum of two

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tiedowns for bundles longer than 1.52 (i) At least one tiedown attached di- meters (5 ft); and agonally from the left side of the vehi- (B) Secured by tiedowns as follows: cle or intermodal container (near the (1) If there are 3 tiers, the middle and forwardmost part of the coil), across top bundles must be secured by the eye of the coil, to the right side of tiedowns in accordance with the gen- the vehicle or intermodal container eral provisions of §§ 393.100 through (near the rearmost part of the coil); 393.114; or (ii) At least one tiedown attached di- (2)(i) If there are more than 3 tiers, agonally from the right side of the ve- then one of the middle bundles and the hicle or intermodal container (near the top bundle must be secured by tiedown forwardmost part of the coil), across devices in accordance with the general the eye of the coil, to the left side of provision of §§ 393.100 through 393.114, the vehicle or intermodal container and the maximum height for the mid- (near the rearmost part of the coil); dle tier that must be secured may not (iii) At least one tiedown attached exceed 6 feet above the deck of the transversely over the eye of the coil; trailer; or and (ii) Otherwise, the second tier from the bottom must be secured in accord- (iv) Either blocking and bracing, fric- ance with the general provisions of tion mats or tiedowns to prevent longi- §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or tudinal movement in the forward direc- (4) Secured by tiedowns over each tion. tier of bundles, in accordance with (2) Coils grouped in rows. When coils §§ 393.100 through 393.114 using a min- are grouped and loaded side by side in imum of two tiedowns over each of the a transverse or longitudinal row, then top bundles longer than 1.52 meters (5 each row of coils must be secured by ft), in all circumstances; or the following: (e) When loaded in a sided vehicle or (i) At least one tiedown attached to container of adequate strength, dressed the front of the row of coils, restrain- lumber or similar building products ing against forward motion, and when- may be secured in accordance with the ever practicable, making an angle no general provisions of §§ 393.100 through more than 45 degrees with the floor of 393.114. the vehicle or intermodal container [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 when viewed from the side of the vehi- FR 35834, June 22, 2006; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, cle or container; 2013] (ii) At least one tiedown attached to the rear of the row of coils, restraining § 393.120 What are the rules for secur- against rearward motion, and whenever ing metal coils? practicable, making an angle no more (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- than 45 degrees with the floor of the ve- tion apply to the transportation of one hicle or intermodal container when or more metal coils which, individually viewed from the side of the vehicle or or grouped together, weigh 2268 kg (5000 container; pounds) or more. Shipments of metal (iii) At least one tiedown over the top coils that weigh less than 2268 kg (5000 of each coil or transverse row of coils, pounds) may be secured in accordance restraining against vertical motion. with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through Tiedowns going over the top of a coil(s) 393.114. must be as close as practicable to the (b) Securement of coils transported with eye of the coil and positioned to pre- eyes vertical on a flatbed vehicle, in a vent the tiedown from slipping or be- sided vehicle or in an intermodal con- coming unintentionally unfastened tainer with anchor points—(1) An indi- while the vehicle is in transit; and vidual coil. Each coil must be secured by tiedowns arranged in a manner to (iv) Tiedowns must be arranged to prevent the coils from tipping in the prevent shifting or tipping in the for- forward, rearward, and lateral direc- ward, rearward and lateral directions. tions. The restraint system must in- (c) Securement of coils transported with clude the following: eyes crosswise on a flatbed vehicle, in a

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sided vehicle or in an intermodal con- wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- tainer with anchor points—(1) An indi- hibited; vidual coil. Each coil must be secured (ii) At least one tiedown attached di- by the following: agonally through its eye from the left (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or side of the vehicle or intermodal con- wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the tainer (near the forward-most part of coil from rolling. The means of pre- the coil), to the right side of the vehi- venting rolling must support the coil cle or intermodal container (near the off the deck, and must not be capable rearmost part of the coil), making an of becoming unintentionally unfas- angle no more than 45 degrees, when- tened or loose while the vehicle is in ever practicable, with the floor of the transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges vehicle or intermodal container when are used, they must be held in place by viewed from the side of the vehicle or coil bunks or similar devices to pre- container; vent them from coming loose. The use (iii) At least one tiedown attached di- of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole agonally through its eye, from the means to secure timbers, chocks or right side of the vehicle or intermodal wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- container (near the forward-most part hibited; of the coil), to the left side of the vehi- (ii) At least one tiedown through its cle or intermodal container (near the eye, restricting against forward mo- rearmost part of the coil), making an tion, and whenever practicable, making angle no more than 45 degrees, when- an angle no more than 45 degrees with ever practicable, with the floor of the the floor of the vehicle or intermodal vehicle or intermodal container when container when viewed from the side of viewed from the side of the vehicle or the vehicle or container; and container; (iii) At least one tiedown through its (iv) At least one tiedown attached eye, restricting against rearward mo- transversely over the top of the coil; tion, and whenever practicable, making and an angle no more than 45 degrees with (v) Either blocking or friction mats the floor of the vehicle or intermodal to prevent longitudinal movement. container when viewed from the side of (2) An individual coil—option 2. Each the vehicle or container. coil must be secured by: (2) Prohibition on crossing of tiedowns (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or when coils are transported with eyes wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the crosswise. Attaching tiedowns diago- coil from rolling. The means of pre- nally through the eye of a coil to form venting rolling must support the coil an X-pattern when viewed from above off the deck, and must not be capable the vehicle is prohibited. of becoming unintentionally unfas- (d) Securement of coils transported with tened or loose while the vehicle is in eyes lengthwise on a flatbed vehicle, in a transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges sided vehicle or in an intermodal con- are used, they must be held in place by tainer with anchor points—(1) An indi- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- vidual coil-option 1. Each coil must be vent them from coming loose. The use secured by: of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or means to secure timbers, chocks or wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- coil from rolling. The means of pre- hibited; venting rolling must support the coil (ii) At least one tiedown attached off the deck, and must not be capable straight through its eye from the left of becoming unintentionally unfas- side of the vehicle or intermodal con- tened or loose while the vehicle is in tainer (near the forward-most part of transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges the coil), to the left side of the vehicle are used, they must be held in place by or intermodal container (near the rear- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- most part of the coil), and, whenever vent them from coming loose. The use practicable, making an angle no more of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole than 45 degrees with the floor of the ve- means to secure timbers, chocks or hicle or intermodal container when

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viewed from the side of the vehicle or ing loose. The use of nailed blocking or container; cleats as the sole means to secure tim- (iii) At least one tiedown attached bers, chocks or wedges, or a nailed straight through its eye, from the right wood cradle, is prohibited; side of the vehicle or intermodal con- (ii) At least one tiedown over the top tainer (near the forward-most part of of each coil or transverse row, located the coil), to the right side of the vehi- near the forward-most part of the coil; cle or intermodal container (near the (iii) At least one tiedown over the top rearmost part of the coil), and when- of each coil or transverse row, located ever practicable, making an angle no near the rearmost part of the coil; and more than 45 degrees with the floor of (iv) Either blocking, bracing or fric- the vehicle or intermodal container tion mats to prevent longitudinal when viewed from the side of the vehi- movement. cle or container; (e) Securement of coils transported in a (iv) At least one tiedown attached sided vehicle without anchor points or an transversely over the top of the coil; intermodal container without anchor and points. Metal coils transported in a ve- (v) Either blocking or friction mats hicle with sides without anchor points to prevent longitudinal movement. or an intermodal container without an- (3) An individual coil—option 3. Each chor points must be loaded in a manner coil must be secured by: to prevent shifting and tipping. The (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or coils may also be secured using a sys- wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent the tem of blocking and bracing, friction coil from rolling. The means of pre- mats, tiedowns, or a combination of venting rolling must support the coil these to prevent any horizontal move- off the deck, and must not be capable ment and tipping. of becoming unintentionally unfas- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 tened or loose while the vehicle is in FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] transit. If timbers, chocks or wedges are used, they must be held in place by § 393.122 What are the rules for secur- coil bunks or similar devices to pre- ing paper rolls? vent them from coming loose. The use (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- of nailed blocking or cleats as the sole tion apply to shipments of paper rolls means to secure timbers, chocks or which, individually or together, weigh wedges, or a nailed wood cradle, is pro- 2268 kg (5000 lb) or more. Shipments of hibited; paper rolls that weigh less than 2268 kg (ii) At least one tiedown over the top (5000 lb), and paper rolls that are unit- of the coil, located near the forward- ized on a pallet, may either be secured most part of the coil; in accordance with the rules in this (iii) At least one tiedown over the top section or the requirements of §§ 393.100 of the coil located near the rearmost through 393.114. part of the coil; and (b) Securement of paper rolls trans- (iv) Either blocking or friction mats ported with eyes vertical in a sided vehi- to prevent longitudinal movement. cle. (1) Paper rolls must be placed (4) Rows of coils. Each transverse row tightly against the walls of the vehicle, of coils having approximately equal other paper rolls, or other cargo, to outside diameters must be secured prevent movement during transit. with: (2) If there are not enough paper rolls (i) A means (e.g., timbers, chocks or in the shipment to reach the walls of wedges, a cradle, etc.) to prevent each the vehicle, lateral movement must be coil in the row of coils from rolling. prevented by filling the void, blocking, The means of preventing rolling must bracing, tiedowns or friction mats. The support each coil off the deck, and paper rolls may also be banded to- must not be capable of becoming unin- gether. tentionally unfastened or loose while (3) When any void behind a group of the vehicle is in transit. If timbers, paper rolls, including that at the rear chocks or wedges are used, they must of the vehicle, exceeds the diameter of be held in place by coil bunks or simi- the paper rolls, rearward movement lar devices to prevent them from com- must be prevented by friction mats,

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blocking, bracing, tiedowns, or banding (2) A friction mat used to provide the to other rolls. principal securement for a paper roll (4)(i) If a paper roll is not prevented must protrude from beneath the roll in from tipping or falling sideways or the direction in which it is providing rearwards by vehicle structure or other that securement. cargo, and its width is more than 2 (d) Securement of stacked loads of paper times its diameter, it must be pre- rolls transported with eyes vertical in a vented from tipping or falling by band- sided vehicle. (1) Paper rolls must not be ing it to other rolls, bracing, or loaded on a layer of paper rolls beneath tiedowns. unless the lower layer extends to the (ii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a front of the vehicle. group of paper rolls has a width greater (2) Paper rolls in the second and sub- than 1.75 times its diameter and it is sequent layers must be prevented from not prevented from tipping or falling forward, rearward or lateral movement forwards by vehicle structure or other by means as allowed for the bottom cargo, then it must be prevented from layer, or by use of a blocking roll from tipping or falling forwards by banding a lower layer. it to other rolls, bracing, or tiedowns. (3) The blocking roll must be at least (iii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a 38 mm (1.5 in) taller than other rolls, or group of paper rolls has a width equal must be raised at least 38 mm (1.5 in) to or less than 1.75 times its diameter, using dunnage. and it is restrained against forward (4) A roll in the rearmost row of any movement by friction mat(s) alone, layer raised using dunnage may not be then banding, bracing, or tiedowns are secured by friction mats alone. not required to prevent tipping or fall- (e) Securement of paper rolls trans- ing forwards. ported with eyes crosswise in a sided vehi- (iv) If a paper roll or the forwardmost cle. (1) The paper rolls must be pre- roll in a group of paper rolls has a vented from rolling or shifting longitu- width greater than 1.25 times its di- dinally by contact with vehicle struc- ameter, and it is not prevented from ture or other cargo, by chocks, wedges tipping or falling forwards by vehicle or blocking and bracing of adequate structure or other cargo, and it is not size, or by tiedowns. restrained against forward movement (2) Chocks, wedges or blocking must by friction mat(s) alone, then it must be held securely in place by some be prevented from tipping or falling by means in addition to friction, so they banding it to other rolls, bracing or cannot become unintentionally unfas- tiedowns. tened or loose while the vehicle is in (5) If paper rolls are banded together, transit. the rolls must be placed tightly against (3) The rearmost roll must not be se- each other to form a stable group. The cured using the rear doors of the vehi- bands must be applied tightly, and cle or intermodal container, or by must be secured so that they cannot blocking held in place by those doors. fall off the rolls or to the deck. (4) If there is more than a total of 203 (6) A friction mat used to provide the mm (8 in) of space between the ends of principal securement for a paper roll a paper roll, or a row of rolls, and the must protrude from beneath the roll in walls of the vehicle, void fillers, block- the direction in which it is providing ing, bracing, friction mats, or tiedowns that securement. must be used to prevent the roll from (c) Securement of split loads of paper shifting towards either wall. rolls transported with eyes vertical in a (f) Securement of stacked loads of paper sided vehicle. (1) If a paper roll in a split rolls transported with eyes crosswise in a load is not prevented from forward sided vehicle. (1) Rolls must not be load- movement by vehicle structure or ed in a second layer unless the bottom other cargo, it must be prevented from layer extends to the front of the vehi- forward movement by filling the open cle. space, or by blocking, bracing, (2) Rolls must not be loaded in a tiedowns, friction mats, or some com- third or higher layer unless all wells in bination of these. the layer beneath are filled.

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(3) The foremost roll in each upper for the bottom layer, by use of a block- layer, or any roll with an empty well in ing roll, or by banding to other rolls. front of it, must be secured against for- (i) Securement of paper rolls trans- ward movement by: ported on a flatbed vehicle or in a cur- (i) Banding it to other rolls, or tain-sided vehicle—(1) Paper rolls with (ii) Blocking against an adequately eyes vertical or with eyes lengthwise. (i) secured eye-vertical blocking roll rest- The paper rolls must be loaded and se- ing on the floor of the vehicle which is cured as described for a sided vehicle, at least 1.5 times taller than the di- and the entire load must be secured by ameter of the roll being blocked, or tiedowns in accordance with the re- (iii) Placing it in a well formed by quirements of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. two rolls on the lower row whose di- (ii) Stacked loads of paper rolls with ameter is equal to or greater than that eyes vertical are prohibited. of the roll on the upper row. (2) Paper rolls with eyes crosswise. (i) (4) The rearmost roll in each upper The paper rolls must be prevented from layer must be secured by banding it to rolling or shifting longitudinally by other rolls if it is located in either of contact with vehicle structure or other the last two wells formed by the rear- cargo, by chocks, wedges or blocking most rolls in the layer below. and bracing of adequate size, or by (5) Rolls must be secured against lat- tiedowns. eral movement by the same means al- (ii) Chocks, wedges or blocking must lowed for the bottom layer when there be held securely in place by some is more than a total of 203 mm (8 in) of means in addition to friction so that space between the ends of a paper roll, they cannot become unintentionally or a row of rolls, and the walls of the unfastened or loose while the vehicle is vehicle. in transit. (g) Securement of paper rolls trans- (iii) Tiedowns must be used in ac- ported with the eyes lengthwise in a sided cordance with the requirements of vehicle. (1) Each roll must be prevented §§ 393.100 through 393.114 to prevent lat- from forward movement by contact eral movement. with vehicle structure, other cargo, [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 blocking or tiedowns. FR 35834, June 22, 2006] (2) Each roll must be prevented from rearward movement by contact with § 393.124 What are the rules for secur- other cargo, blocking, friction mats or ing concrete pipe? tiedowns. (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this (3) The paper rolls must be prevented section apply to the transportation of from rolling or shifting laterally by concrete pipe on flatbed trailers and contact with the wall of the vehicle or vehicles, and lowboy trailers. other cargo, or by chocks, wedges or (2) Concrete pipe bundled tightly to- blocking of adequate size. gether into a single rigid article that (4) Chocks, wedges or blocking must has no tendency to roll, and concrete be held securely in place by some pipe loaded in a sided vehicle or con- means in addition to friction, so they tainer must be secured in accordance cannot become unintentionally unfas- with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through tened or loose while the vehicle is in 393.114. transit. (b) General specifications for tiedowns. (h) Securement of stacked loads of (1) The aggregate working load limit of paper rolls transported with the eyes all tiedowns on any group of pipes lengthwise in a sided vehicle. (1) Rolls must not be less than half the total must not be loaded in a higher layer if weight of all the pipes in the group. another roll will fit in the layer be- (2) A transverse tiedown through a neath. pipe on an upper tier or over longitu- (2) An upper layer must be formed by dinal tiedowns is considered to secure placing paper rolls in the wells formed all those pipes beneath on which that by the rolls beneath. tiedown causes pressure. (3) A roll in an upper layer must be (c) Blocking. (1) Blocking may be one secured against forward and rearward or more pieces placed symmetrically movement by any of the means allowed about the center of a pipe.

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(2) One piece must extend at least and (d) of this section, the following half the distance from the center to rules must be satisfied: each end of the pipe, and two pieces (1) Stabilizing the bottom tier. (i) The must be placed on the opposite side, bottom tier must be immobilized longi- one at each end of the pipe. tudinally at each end by blocking, ve- (3) Blocking must be placed firmly hicle end structure, stakes, a locked against the pipe, and must be secured pipe unloader, or other equivalent to prevent it moving out from under means. the pipe. (ii) Other pipe in the bottom tier may (4) Timber blocking must have min- also be held in place by blocks and/or imum dimensions of at least 10 × 15 cm wedges; and (4 × 6 in). (iii) Every pipe in the bottom tier (d) Arranging the load—(1) Pipe of dif- must also be held firmly in contact ferent diameter. If pipe of more than one with the adjacent pipe by tiedowns diameter are loaded on a vehicle, though the front and rear pipes: groups must be formed that consist of (A) At least one tiedown through the pipe of only one size, and each group front pipe of the bottom tier must run must be separately secured. aft at an angle not more than 45 de- (2) Arranging a bottom tier. The bot- grees with the horizontal, whenever tom tier must be arranged to cover the practicable. full length of the vehicle, or as a par- (B) At least one tiedown through the tial tier in one group or two groups. rear pipe of the bottom tier must run (3) Arranging an upper tier. Pipe must forward at an angle not more than 45 be placed only in the wells formed by degrees with the horizontal, whenever adjacent pipes in the tier beneath. A practicable. third or higher tier must not be started (2) Use of tiedowns. (i) Each pipe may unless all wells in the tier beneath are be secured individually with tiedowns filled. through the pipe. (ii) If each pipe is not secured indi- (4) Arranging the top tier. The top tier vidually with a tiedown, then: must be arranged as a complete tier, a (A) Either one 1/2-inch diameter partial tier in one group, or a partial chain or wire rope, or two 3/8-inch di- tier in two groups. ameter chain or wire rope, must be (5) Arranging bell pipe. (i) Bell pipe placed longitudinally over the group of must be loaded on at least two longitu- pipes; dinal spacers of sufficient height to en- (B) One transverse tiedown must be sure that the bell is clear of the deck. used for every 3.04 m (10 ft) of load (ii) Bell pipe loaded in one tier must length. The transverse tiedowns may have the bells alternating on opposite be placed through a pipe, or over both sides of the vehicle. longitudinal tiedowns between two (iii) The ends of consecutive pipe pipes on the top tier; must be staggered, if possible, within (C) If the first pipe of a group in the the allowable width, otherwise they top tier is not placed in the first well must be aligned. formed by pipes at the front of the tier (iv) Bell pipe loaded in more than one beneath, it must be secured by an addi- tier must have the bells of the bottom tional tiedown that runs rearward at tier all on the same side of the vehicle. an angle not more than 45 degrees to (v) Pipe in every upper tier must be the horizontal, whenever practicable. loaded with bells on the opposite side This tiedown must pass either through of the vehicle to the bells of the tier the front pipe of the upper tier, or out- below. side it and over both longitudinal (vi) If the second tier is not complete, tiedowns; and pipe in the bottom tier which do not (D) If the last pipe of a group in the support a pipe above must have their top tier is not placed in the last well bells alternating on opposite sides of formed by pipes at the rear of the tier the vehicle. beneath, it must be secured by an addi- (e) Securing pipe with an inside diame- tional tiedown that runs forward at an ter up to 1,143 mm (45 in). In addition to angle not more than 45 degrees to the the requirements of paragraphs (b), (c) horizontal, whenever practicable. This

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tiedown must pass either through the vices or integral locking devices that rear pipe of the upper tier or outside it cannot unintentionally become unfas- and over both longitudinal tiedowns. tened while the vehicle is in transit. (f) Securing large pipe, with an inside (2) The securement devices must re- diameter over 1143 mm (45 in). In addition strain the container from moving more to the requirements of paragraphs (b), than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) forward, more than (c) and (d) of this section, the following 1.27 cm (1/2 in) aft, more than 1.27 cm rules must be satisfied: (1/2 in) to the right, more than 1.27 cm (1) The front pipe and the rear pipe (1/2 in) to the left, or more than 2.54 cm must be immobilized by blocking, (1 in) vertically. wedges, vehicle end structure, stakes, locked pipe unloader, or other equiva- (3) The front and rear of the con- lent means. tainer must be secured independently. (2) Each pipe must be secured by (c) Securement of loaded intermodal tiedowns through the pipe: containers transported on vehicles other (i) At least one tiedown through each than container chassis vehicle(s). (1) All pipe in the front half of the load, which lower corners of the intermodal con- includes the middle one if there is an tainer must rest upon the vehicle, or odd number, and must run rearward at the corners must be supported by a an angle not more than 45 degrees with structure capable of bearing the weight the horizontal, whenever practicable; of the container and that support (ii) At least one tiedown through structure must be independently se- each pipe in the rear half of the load, cured to the motor vehicle. and must run forward at an angle not (2) Each container must be secured to more than 45 degrees with the hori- the vehicle by: zontal, whenever practicable, to hold (i) Chains, wire ropes or integral de- each pipe firmly in contact with adja- vices which are fixed to all lower cor- cent pipe; and ners; or (iii) If the front or rear pipe is not (ii) Crossed chains which are fixed to also in contact with vehicle end struc- all upper corners; and, ture, stakes, a locked pipe unloader, or (3) The front and rear of the con- other equivalent means, at least two tainer must be secured independently. tiedowns positioned as described in Each chain, wire rope, or integral lock- paragraphs (f)(2)(i) and (ii) of this sec- ing device must be attached to the con- tion, must be used through that pipe. tainer in a manner that prevents it (3) If only one pipe is transported, or if several pipes are transported without from being unintentionally unfastened contact between other pipes, the re- while the vehicle is in transit. quirements in this paragraph apply to (d) Securement of empty intermodal each pipe as a single front and rear ar- containers transported on vehicles other ticle. than container chassis vehicle(s). Empty intermodal containers transported on [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 vehicles other than container chassis FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] vehicles do not have to have all lower § 393.126 What are the rules for secur- corners of the intermodal container ing intermodal containers? resting upon the vehicle, or have all (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- lower corners supported by a structure tion apply to the transportation of capable of bearing the weight of the intermodal containers. Cargo con- empty container, provided: tained within an intermodal container (1) The empty intermodal container must be secured in accordance with the is balanced and positioned on the vehi- provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114 cle in a manner such that the con- or, if applicable, the commodity spe- tainer is stable before the addition of cific rules of this part. tiedowns or other securement equip- (b) Securement of intermodal containers ment; and, transported on container chassis vehi- (2) The amount of overhang for the cle(s). (1) All lower corners of the inter- empty container on the trailer does not modal container must be secured to the exceed five feet on either the front or container chassis with securement de- rear of the trailer;

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(3) The empty intermodal container with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through must not interfere with the vehicle’s 393.114. maneuverability; and, (b) Preparation of equipment being (4) The empty intermodal container transported. (1) Accessory equipment, is secured to prevent lateral, longitu- such as hydraulic shovels, must be dinal, or vertical shifting. completely lowered and secured to the vehicle. [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006] (2) Articulated vehicles shall be restrained in a manner that prevents ar- § 393.128 What are the rules for secur- ticulation while in transit. ing automobiles, light trucks and (c) Securement of heavy vehicles, equip- vans? ment or machinery with crawler tracks or (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- wheels. (1) In addition to the require- tion apply to the transportation of ments of paragraph (b) of this section, automobiles, light trucks, and vans heavy equipment or machinery with which individually weigh 4,536 kg. crawler tracks or wheels must be re- (10,000 lb) or less. Vehicles which indi- strained against movement in the lat- vidually are heavier than 4,536 kg eral, forward, rearward, and vertical di- (10,000 lb) must be secured in accord- rection using a minimum of four ance with the provisions of § 393.130 of tiedowns. this part. (2) Each of the tiedowns must be af- (b) Securement of automobiles, light fixed as close as practicable to the trucks, and vans. (1) Automobiles, light front and rear of the vehicle, or mount- trucks, and vans must be restrained at ing points on the vehicle that have both the front and rear to prevent lat- been specifically designed for that pur- eral, forward, rearward, and vertical pose. movement using a minimum of two tiedowns. § 393.132 What are the rules for secur- (2) Tiedowns that are designed to be ing flattened or crushed vehicles? affixed to the structure of the auto- (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- mobile, light truck, or van must use tion apply to the transportation of ve- the mounting points on those vehicles hicles such as automobiles, light that have been specifically designed for trucks, and vans that have been flat- that purpose. tened or crushed. (3) Tiedowns that are designed to fit (b) Prohibition on the use of synthetic over or around the wheels of an auto- webbing. The use of synthetic webbing mobile, light truck, or van must pro- to secure flattened or crushed vehicles vide restraint in the lateral, longitu- is prohibited except that such webbing dinal and vertical directions. may be used to connect wire rope or (4) Edge protectors are not required chain to anchor points on the commer- for synthetic webbing at points where cial motor vehicle. However, the web- the webbing comes in contact with the bing (regardless of whether edge pro- tires. tection is used) must not come into contact with the flattened or crushed § 393.130 What are the rules for secur- cars. ing heavy vehicles, equipment and (c) Securement of flattened or crushed machinery? vehicles. Flattened or crushed vehicles (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- must be transported on vehicles which tion apply to the transportation of have: heavy vehicles, equipment and machin- (1) Containment walls or comparable ery which operate on wheels or tracks, means on four sides which extend to such as front end loaders, bulldozers, the full height of the load and which tractors, and power shovels and which block against movement of the cargo individually weigh 4,536 kg (10,000 lb.) in the forward, rearward and lateral di- or more. Vehicles, equipment and ma- rections; or chinery which is lighter than 4,536 kg (2)(i) Containment walls or com- (10,000 lb.) may also be secured in ac- parable means on three sides which ex- cordance with the provisions of this tend to the full height of the load and section, with § 393.128, or in accordance which block against movement of the

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cargo in the direction for which there (i) One tiedown attached to both the is a containment wall or comparable vehicle chassis and the container chas- means, and sis; (ii) A minimum of two tiedowns are (ii) Two tiedowns installed length- required per vehicle stack; or wise, each securing one side of the con- (3)(i) Containment walls on two sides tainer to one of the vehicle’s side rails; which extend to the full height of the or load and which block against move- (iii) Two hooks, or an equivalent ment of the cargo in the forward and mechanism, securing both sides of the rearward directions, and container to the vehicle chassis at (ii) A minimum of three tiedowns are least as effectively as the tiedowns in required per vehicle stack; or the two previous items. (4) A minimum of four tiedowns per (4) The mechanisms used to secure vehicle stack. the rear end of a roll-on/roll off or hook (5) In addition to the requirements of lift container must be installed no paragraphs (c)(2), (3), and (4), the fol- more than two meters (6 ft 7 in) from lowing rules must be satisfied: the rear of the container. (i) Vehicles used to transport flat- (5) In the event that one or more of tened or crushed vehicles must be the front stops or lifting devices are equipped with a means to prevent liq- missing, damaged or not compatible, uids from leaking from the bottom of additional manually installed tiedowns the vehicle, and loose parts from fall- must be used to secure the container to ing from the bottom and all four sides the vehicle, providing the same level of of the vehicle extending to the full securement as the missing, damaged or height of the cargo. incompatible components. (ii) The means used to contain loose parts may consist of structural walls, § 393.136 What are the rules for secur- sides or sideboards, or suitable cov- ing large boulders? ering material, alone or in combina- (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this tions. section are applicable to the transpor- (iii) The use of synthetic material for tation of any large piece of natural, ir- containment of loose parts is per- regularly shaped rock weighing in ex- mitted. cess of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb.) or with a vol- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 ume in excess of 2 cubic-meters on an FR 35834, June 22, 2006] open vehicle, or in a vehicle whose sides are not designed and rated to con- § 393.134 What are the rules for secur- tain such cargo. ing roll-on/roll-off or hook lift con- (2) Pieces of rock weighing more than tainers? 100 kg (220 lb.), but less than 5,000 kg (a) Applicability. The rules in this sec- (11,000 lb.) must be secured, either in tion apply to the transportation of accordance with this section, or in ac- roll-on/roll-off or hook lift containers. cordance with the provisions of (b) Securement of a roll-on/roll-off and §§ 393.100 through 393.114, including: hook lift container. Each roll-on/roll-off (i) Rock contained within a vehicle and hook lift container carried on a ve- which is designed to carry such cargo; hicle which is not equipped with an in- or tegral securement system must be: (ii) Secured individually by tiedowns, (1) Blocked against forward move- provided each piece can be stabilized ment by the lifting device, stops, a and adequately secured. combination of both or other suitable (3) Rock which has been formed or restraint mechanism; cut to a shape and which provides a (2) Secured to the front of the vehicle stable base for securement must also by the lifting device or other suitable be secured, either in accordance with restraint against lateral and vertical the provisions of this section, or in ac- movement; cordance with the provisions of (3) Secured to the rear of the vehicle §§ 393.100 through 393.114. with at least one of the following (b) General requirements for the posi- mechanisms: tioning of boulders on the vehicle. (1)

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Each boulder must be placed with its (2) The aggregate working load limit flattest and/or largest side down. of the tiedowns must be at least half (2) Each boulder must be supported the weight of the boulder. on at least two pieces of hardwood (3) The tiedowns must pass over the blocking at least 10 cm × 10 cm (4 center of the boulder and must be at- inches × 4 inches) side dimensions ex- tached to each other at the intersec- tending the full width of the boulder. tion by a shackle or other connecting (3) Hardwood blocking pieces must be device. placed as symmetrically as possible (f) Securement of a non-cubic shaped under the boulder and should support boulder—with an unstable base. In addi- at least three-fourths of the length of tion to the requirements of paragraphs the boulder. (b) and (c) of this section, each boulder must be secured by a combination of (4) If the flattest side of a boulder is chain tiedowns as follows: rounded or partially rounded, so that (1) One chain must surround the top the boulder may roll, it must be placed of the boulder (at a point between one- in a crib made of hardwood timber half and two-thirds of its height). The fixed to the deck of the vehicle so that working load limit of the chain must the boulder rests on both the deck and be at least half the weight of the boul- the timber, with at least three well- der. separated points of contact that pre- (2) Four chains must be attached to vent its tendency to roll in any direc- the surrounding chain and the vehicle tion. to form a blocking mechanism which (5) If a boulder is tapered, the nar- prevents any horizontal movement. rowest end must point towards the Each chain must have a working load front of the vehicle. limit of at least one-fourth the weight (c) General tiedown requirements. (1) of the boulder. Whenever practicable, Only chain may be used as tiedowns to the angle of the chains must not exceed secure large boulders. 45 degrees from the horizontal. (2) Tiedowns which are in direct con- [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 tact with the boulder should, where FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] possible, be located in valleys or notches across the top of the boulder, Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body and must be arranged to prevent sliding across the rock surface. Components, Wheels, Steer- (d) Securement of a cubic shaped boul- ing, and Suspension Systems der. In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, SOURCE: 53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, unless the following rules must be satisfied: otherwise noted. (1) Each boulder must be secured in- § 393.201 Frames. dividually with at least two chain tiedowns placed transversely across the (a) The frame or chassis of each com- vehicle. mercial motor vehicle shall not be cracked, loose, sagging or broken. (2) The aggregate working load limit (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab of the tiedowns must be at least half or the body of the vehicle to the frame the weight of the boulder. must not be loose, broken, or missing. (3) The tiedowns must be placed as (c) The frame rail flanges between closely as possible to the wood block- the axles shall not be bent, cut or ing used to support the boulder. notched, except as specified by the (e) Securement of a non-cubic shaped manufacturer. boulder—with a stable base. In addition (d) Parts and accessories shall not be to the requirements of paragraphs (b) welded to the frame or chassis of a and (c) of this section, the following commercial motor vehicle except in ac- rules must be satisfied: cordance with the vehicle manufactur- (1) The boulder must be secured indi- er’s recommendations. Any welded re- vidually with at least two chain pair of the frame must also be in ac- tiedowns forming an ‘‘X’’ pattern over cordance with the vehicle manufactur- the boulder. er’s recommendations.

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(e) No holes shall be drilled in the top (b) Adjustable axles. Adjustable axle or bottom rail flanges, except as speci- assemblies shall not have locking pins fied by the manufacturer. missing or disengaged. (c) Leaf springs. No leaf spring shall [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 be cracked, broken, or missing nor FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] shifted out of position. § 393.203 Cab and body components. (d) Coil springs. No coil spring shall be cracked or broken. (a) The cab compartment doors or (e) Torsion bar. No torsion bar or tor- door parts used as an entrance or exits sion bar suspension shall be cracked or shall not be missing or broken. Doors broken. shall not sag so that they cannot be (f) Air suspensions. The air pressure properly opened or closed. No door regulator valve shall not allow air into shall be wired shut or otherwise se- the suspension system until at least 55 cured in the closed position so that it psi is in the braking system. The vehi- cannot be readily opened. EXCEPTION: cle shall be level (not tilting to the left When the vehicle is loaded with pipe or or right). Air leakage shall not be bar stock that blocks the door and the greater than 3 psi in a 5-minute time cab has a roof exit. period when the vehicle’s air pressure (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab gauge shows normal operating pres- or the body of the vehicle to the frame sure. shall not be loose, broken, or missing. (g) Air suspension exhaust controls. (c) The hood must be securely fas- The air suspension exhaust controls tened. must not have the capability to ex- (d) All seats must be securely mount- haust air from the suspension system ed. of one axle of a two-axle air suspension (e) The front bumper must not be trailer unless the controls are either missing, loosely attached, or pro- located on the trailer, or the power truding beyond the confines of the ve- unit and trailer combination are not hicle so as to create a hazard. capable of traveling at a speed greater than 10 miles per hour while the air is [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 78 exhausted from the suspension system. FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] This paragraph shall not be construed to prohibit— § 393.205 Wheels. (1) Devices that could exhaust air (a) Wheels and rims shall not be from both axle systems simulta- cracked or broken. neously; or (b) Stud or bolt holes on the wheels (2) Lift axles on multi-axle units. shall shall not be elongated (out of [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 round). FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] (c) Nuts or bolts shall not be missing or loose. § 393.209 Steering wheel systems. (a) The steering wheel shall be se- § 393.207 Suspension systems. cured and must not have any spokes (a) Axles. No axle positioning part cracked through or missing. shall be cracked, broken, loose or miss- (b) Steering wheel lash. (1) The steering. All axles must be in proper align- ing wheel lash shall not exceed the fol- ment. lowing parameters:

Steering wheel diameter Manual steering system Power steering system

406 mm or less (16 inches or less) ...... 51 mm (2 inches) ...... 108 mm (41⁄4 inches). 457 mm (18 inches) ...... 57 mm (21⁄4 inches) ...... 121 mm (43⁄4 inches). 483 mm (19 inches) ...... 60 mm (23⁄8 inches) ...... 127 mm (5 inches). 508 mm (20 inches) ...... 64 mm (21⁄2 inches) ...... 133 mm (51⁄4 inches). 533 mm (21 inches) ...... 67 mm (25⁄8 inches) ...... 140 mm (51⁄2 inches). 559 mm (22 inches) ...... 70 mm (23⁄4 inches) ...... 146 mm (53⁄4 inches).

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(2) For steering wheel diameters not 395.26 ELD data automatically recorded. listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section 395.28 Special driving categories; other driv- the steering wheel lash shall not ex- ing statuses. ceed 14 degrees angular rotation for 395.30 ELD record submissions, edits, anno- tations, and data retention. manual steering systems, and 30 de- 395.32 Non-authenticated driver logs. grees angular rotation for power steer- 395.34 ELD malfunctions and data diag- ing systems. nostic events. (c) Steering column. The steering col- 395.36 Driver access to records. umn must be securely fastened. 395.38 Incorporation by reference. (d) Steering system. Universal joints APPENDIX A TO SUBPART B OF PART 395— and ball-and-socket joints shall not be FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALL worn, faulty or repaired by welding. ELECTRONIC LOGGING DEVICES (ELDS) The steering gear box shall not have AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 504, 31133, 31136, 31137, loose or missing mounting bolts or 31502; sec. 113, Pub. L. 103–311, 108 Stat. 1673, cracks in the gear box or mounting 1676; sec. 229, Pub. L. 106–159 (as added and brackets. The pitman arm on the steer- transferred by sec. 4115 and amended by secs. ing gear output shaft shall not be 4130–4132, Pub. L. 109–59, 119 Stat. 1144, 1726, loose. Steering wheels shall turn freely 1743, 1744); sec. 4133, Pub. L. 109–59, 119 Stat. through the limit of travel in both di- 1144, 1744; sec. 108, Pub. L. 110–432, 122 Stat. rections. 4860–4866; sec. 32934, Pub. L. 112–141, 126 Stat. (e) Power steering systems. All compo- 405, 830; sec. 5206(b), Pub. L. 114–94, 129 Stat. 1312, 1537; and 49 CFR 1.87. nents of the power system must be in operating condition. No parts shall be SOURCE: 33 FR 19758, Dec. 25, 1968, unless loose or broken. Belts shall not be otherwise noted. frayed, cracked or slipping. The system EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to shall not leak. The power steering sys- part 395 appear at 66 FR 49874, Oct. 1, 2001. tem shall have sufficient fluid in the reservoir. Subpart A—General [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] § 395.1 Scope of rules in this part. (a) General. (1) The rules in this part PART 394 [RESERVED] apply to all motor carriers and drivers, except as provided in paragraphs (b) PART 395—HOURS OF SERVICE OF through (x) of this section. (2) The exceptions from Federal re- DRIVERS quirements contained in paragraphs (l) and (m) of this section do not preempt Subpart A—General State laws and regulations governing Sec. the safe operation of commercial 395.1 Scope of rules in this part. motor vehicles. 395.2 Definitions. (b) Driving conditions—(1) Adverse 395.3 Maximum driving time for property- driving conditions. Except as provided in carrying vehicles. 395.5 Maximum driving time for passenger- paragraph (h)(3) of this section, a driv- carrying vehicles. er who encounters adverse driving con- 395.7 [Reserved] ditions, as defined in § 395.2, and can- 395.8 Driver’s record of duty status. not, because of those conditions, safely 395.10 [Reserved] complete the run within the maximum 395.11 Supporting documents. driving time or duty time during which 395.12 [Reserved] driving is permitted under § 395.3(a) or 395.13 Drivers declared out of service. 395.15 Automatic on-board recording de- § 395.5(a) may drive and be permitted or vices. required to drive a commercial motor 395.16–19 [Reserved] vehicle for not more than two additional hours beyond the maximum al- Subpart B—Electronic Logging Devices lowable hours permitted under § 395.3(a) (ELDs) or § 395.5(a) to complete that run or to 395.20 ELD applicability and scope. reach a place offering safety for the oc- 395.22 Motor carrier responsibilities—In cupants of the commercial motor vehi- general. cle and security for the commercial 395.24 Driver responsibilities—In general. motor vehicle and its cargo.

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