The American Law Institute

OFFICERS

DAVID F. LEVI, President ROBERTA COOPER RAMO, Chair of the Council LEE H. ROSENTHAL, 1st Vice President TERESA WILTON HARMON, 2nd Vice President WALLACE B. JEFFERSON, Treasurer PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, Secretary RICHARD L. REVESZ, Director STEPHANIE A. MIDDLETON, Deputy Director

COUNCIL

KIM J. ASKEW, DLA Piper US LLP, Dallas, TX JOSE I. ASTIGARRAGA, Reed Smith, Miami, FL DONALD B. AYER, McLean, VA SCOTT BALES, IAALS, Denver, CO JOHN H. BEISNER, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Washington, DC JOHN B. BELLINGER III, Arnold & Porter, Washington, DC AMELIA H. BOSS, Drexel University Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Philadelphia, PA EVAN R. CHESLER, Cravath, Swaine & Moore, New York, NY MARIANO-FLORENTINO CUELLAR, California Supreme Court, San Francisco, CA ALLISON H. EID, U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, Denver, CO IVAN K. FONG, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN KENNETH C. FRAZIER, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, Washington, DC STEVEN S. GENSLER, University of Oklahoma College of Law, Norman, OK DANIEL C. GIRARD, Girard Sharp LLP, San Francisco, CA ABBE R. GLUCK, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT

YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, CA ANTON G. HAJJAR, Chevy Chase, MD THOMAS M. HARDIMAN, U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, Pittsburgh, PA TERESA WILTON HARMON, Sidley Austin, Chicago, IL

iii NATHAN L. HECHT, Texas Supreme Court, Austin, TX WILLIAM C. HUBBARD, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, Columbia, SC SAMUEL ISSACHAROFF, New York University School of Law, New York, NY KETANJI BROWN JACKSON, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia, Washington, DC WALLACE B. JEFFERSON, Alexander Dubose & Jefferson LLP, Austin, TX GREGORY P. JOSEPH, Joseph Hage Aaronson LLC, New York, NY MICHELE C. KANE, The Walt Disney Company, Burbank, CA PAMELA S. KARLAN, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA HAROLD HONGJU KOH, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT CAROLYN B. KUHL, Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA DEREK P. LANGHAUSER, Office of the Governor, Augusta, ME CAROL F. LEE, Taconic Capital Advisors, New York, NY DAVID F. LEVI, Duke University School of Law, Durham, NC LANCE LIEBMAN*, Columbia Law School, New York, NY GOODWIN LIU, California Supreme Court, San Francisco, CA RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY GERARD E. LYNCH, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY LORI A. MARTIN, WilmerHale, New York, NY TROY A. MCKENZIE, New York University School of Law, New York, NY M. MARGARET MCKEOWN, U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, San Diego, CA JUDITH A. MILLER, Chevy Chase, MD

PATRICIA ANN MILLETT, U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Washington, DC JANET NAPOLITANO, University of California, Oakland, CA KATHRYN A. OBERLY, District of Columbia Court of Appeals (retired), Washington, DC KATHLEEN M. O'SULLIVAN, Perkins Coie, Seattle, WA STEPHANIE E. PARKER, Jones Day, Atlanta, GA STUART RABNER, New Jersey Supreme Court, Trenton, NJ ROBERTA COOPER RAMO**, Modrall Sperling, Albuquerque, NM DAVID W. RIVKIN, Debevoise & Plimpton, New York, NY DANIEL B. RODRIGUEZ, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL LEE H. ROSENTHAL, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX GARY L. SASSO, Carlton Fields, Tampa, FL ANTHONY J. SCIRICA, U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, Philadelphia, PA

iv MARSHA E. SIMMS, Weil, Gotshal & Manges (retired), New York, NY ROBERT H. SITKOFF, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA JANE STAPLETON, Christ's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England LAURA STEIN, The Clorox Company, Oakland, CA LARRY S. STEWART, Stewart Tilghman Fox Bianchi & Cain (retired), Miami, FL ELIZABETH S. STONG, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY CATHERINE T. STRUVE, University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, Philadelphia, PA JEFFREY S. SUTTON, U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, Columbus, OH SARAH S. VANCE, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA SETH P. WAXMAN, WilmerHale, Washington, DC STEVEN 0. WEISE, Proskauer Rose, Los Angeles, CA DIANE P. WOOD, U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, Chicago, IL

COUNCIL EMERITI

KENNETH S. ABRAHAM, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, Wisconsin Supreme Court (retired), Madison, WI PHILIP S. ANDERSON, Little Rock, AR SUSAN FRELICH APPLETON, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, MO SHEILA L. BIRNBAUM, Dechert LLP, New York, NY ALLEN D. BLACK, Fine, Kaplan and Black, Philadelphia, PA MICHAEL BOUDIN, U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit, Boston, MA WILLIAM M. BURKE, Shearman & Sterling (retired), Costa Mesa, CA ELIZABETH J. CABRASER, Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, San Francisco, CA GERHARD CASPER, Stanford University, Stanford, CA EDWARD H. COOPER, University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI N. LEE COOPER, Maynard, Cooper & Gale, Birmingham, AL GEORGE H. T. DUDLEY, Dudley Newman Feuerzeig, St. Thomas, U.S. VI CHRISTINE M. DURHAM, Utah Supreme Court (retired), Salt Lake City, UT CONRAD K. HARPER, New York, NY D. BROCK HORNBY, U.S. District Court, District of Maine, Portland, ME MARY KAY KANE, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, CA CAROLYN DINEEN KING, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Houston, TX CAROLYN B. LAMM, White & Case, Washington, DC

v DOUGLAS LAYCOCK, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA; Michigan State University College of Law, East Lansing, MI PIERRE N. LEVAL, U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, New York, NY BETSY LEVIN, Washington, DC HANS A. LINDE, Venice, CA MARTIN LIPTON, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, New York, NY

MYLES V. LYNK, District of Columbia Office of Disciplinary Counsel, Washington, DC MARGARET H. MARSHALL, Choate Hall & Stewart, Boston, MA JOHN J. MCKETTA III, Graves, Dougherty, Hearon & Moody, Austin, TX ROBERT H. MUNDHEIM, Shearman & Sterling, New York, NY HARVEY S. PERLMAN, University of Nebraska College of Law, Lincoln, NE ELLEN ASH PETERS, Connecticut Supreme Court (retired), Hartford, CT MARY M. SCHROEDER, U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, Phoenix, AZ ROBERT A. STEIN, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN MICHAEL TRAYNOR***, Cobalt LLP, Berkeley, CA BILL WAGNER, Wagner McLaughlin, Tampa, FL WILLIAM H. WEBSTER, Milbank LLP, Washington, DC HERBERT P. WILKINS, Concord, MA

*Director Emeritus

* * President Emeritus ***President Emeritus and Chair of the Council Emeritus

Vi RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD TORTS: LIABILITY FOR ECONOMIC HARM

REPORTER WARD FARNSWORTH, University of Texas School of Law, Austin, TX

ADVISERS FORTUNATO P. BENAVIDES, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, Austin, TX MAX W. BERGER, Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann, New York, NY MARGOT BOTSFORD, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Boston, MA ELLEN M. BUBLICK, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Tucson, AZ ELIZABETH J. CABRASER, Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, San Francisco, CA PETER CANE, Christ's College, Cambridge, England DENISE L. COTE, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, New York, NY WILLIAM B. DAWSON, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Dallas, TX SANDER L. ESSERMAN, Stutzman, Bromberg, Esserman & Plifka, Dallas, TX JAY M. FEINMAN, Rutgers Law School, Camden, NJ BRUCE FELDTHUSEN, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law, Common Law Section, Ottawa, ON, Canada PARKER C. FOLSE III, Susman Godfrey, Seattle, WA MARK P. GERGEN, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA VICTOR P. GOLDBERG, Columbia Law School, New York, NY SPENCER HOSIE, Hosie McArthur, San Francisco, CA RALPH A. JACOBS, Drake Speciale, Philadelphia, PA ANDREW KULL, University of Texas School of Law, Austin, TX JOHN J. MCKETTA III, Graves, Dougherty, Hearon & Moody, Austin, TX KEN OLIPHANT, University of Bristol Law School, Bristol, England WILLIAM CHARLES POWERS, JR., University of Texas School of Law, Austin, TX TERESA WYNN ROSEBOROUGH, Home Depot, Atlanta, GA CATHERINE M. SHARKEY, New York University School of Law, New York, NY STUART H. SINGER, Boies, Schiller & Flexner, Fort Lauderdale, FL KATHLEEN SMALLEY, Locke Lord, Los Angeles, CA JANE STAPLETON, Christ's College, Cambridge, England GUY MILLER STRUVE, Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York, NY STEPHEN D. SUGARMAN, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, CA FRANK SULLIVAN, JR., Indiana University, Robert H. McKinney School of Law, Indianapolis, IN SAMUEL A. THUMMA, Arizona Court of Appeals, Division One, Phoenix, AZ JON S. TIGAR, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, Oakland, CA ROBERT C. WALTERS, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Dallas, TX

Vii

MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP

TORTS: LIABILITY FOR ECONOMIC HARM (as of March 31, 2018)

ROGER I. ABRAMS, Boston, MA SYLVIA FUNG CHIN, New York, NY MARC T. AMY, Abbeville, LA STEPHEN YEE CHOW, Boston, MA GLENN R. ANDERSON, Halifax, Canada DOUGLAS L. CHRISTIAN, Phoenix, AZ JOSE F. ANDERSON, Baltimore, MD GEORGE C. CHRISTIE, Durham, NC OWEN L. ANDERSON, Norman, OK TRACY CHRISTOPHER, Houston, TX JAMES K. ARCHBALD, Baltimore, MD BRADLEY G. CLARY, Minneapolis, MN LADY JUST. MARY ARDEN, London, England DAVID S. COALE, Dallas, TX RONALD G. ARONOVSKY, Los Angeles, CA ANNE E. COHEN, New York, NY TOM BAKER, Philadelphia, PA NEL B. COHEN, Brooklyn, NY JENNIFER S. BARD, Cincinnati, OH NILI COHEN, Tel Aviv, Israel WILLIAM T. BARKER, Chicago, IL MICHAEL B. COLGAN, Tampa, FL BARRY BARNETT, Houston, TX GEORGE W. CONK, New York, NY DABNEY DORSETT BASSEL, Fort Worth, TX HARRY CLAYTON COOK JR., McLean, VA KARL BAYER, Austin, TX JEFFREY 0. COOPER, Indianapolis, IN SHAWN J. BAYERN, Tallahassee, FL NINA CORTELL, Dallas, TX JAMES M. BECK, Philadelphia, PA JOHN G. CRABTREE, Key Biscayne, FL MARK A. BEHRENS, Washington, DC THOMAS L. CUBBAGE III, Washington, DC JOHN THEODORE BOESE, Washington, DC VICTORIA A. CUNDIFF, New York, NY LARRY L. BOSCHEE, Bismarck, ND RICHARD L. CUPP JR., Malibu, CA AMELIA H. BOSS, Philadelphia, PA EDWARD J. CURRIE JR., Jackson, MS DIANE F. BOSSE, Buffalo, NY CHRISTOPHER SCOTT D'ANGELO, Philadelphia, THOMAS H. BOYD, Minneapolis, MN PA PETER J. BOYER, Marlton, NJ JULIE A. DAVIES, Sacramento, CA STEVEN M. BRADFORD, Muscatine, IA MARY J. DAVIS, Lexington, KY SCOTT A. BRISTER, Austin, TX JOHN A. DAY, Brentwood, TN BRIAN P. BROOKS, Washington, DC DEBORAH A. DEMOTT, Durham, NC HARVEY G. BROWN JR., Houston, TX JOHN L. DIAMOND, San Francisco, CA MICHAEL K. BROWN, Walnut Creek, CA DARBY DICKERSON, Chicago, IL TIMOTHY W. BURNS, Madison, WI ANTHONY M. DILEO, New Orleans, LA WARRENT. BURNS, Dallas, TX DAN B. DOBBS, Tucson, AZ JOHN P. BURTON, Santa Fe, NM GORDON L. DOERFER, Boston, MA ROBERT L. BYER, Pittsburgh, PA JAMES B. DOLAN JR., Boston, MA ELISSA F. CADISH, Las Vegas, NV ALLAN G. DONN, Norfolk, VA STEPHEN CALKINS, Detroit, MI JAMES SHOLTO DOUGLAS, Brisbane, Australia DAVID N. CALVWLO, Houston, TX MATTHEW H. DUNCAN, Philadelphia, PA ELENA A. CAPPELLA, Philadelphia, PA MEREDITH J. DUNCAN, Houston, TX VINCENT P. CARDI, Morgantown, WV HOLLY A. DYER, Wichita, KS W. JONATHAN CARDI, Winston Salem, NC JUST. JAMES J. EDELMAN, Canberra, Australia JO CARRILO, San Francisco, CA JORDAN ELIAS, San Francisco, CA WLLIAM FRANK CARROLL, Dallas, TX SHELDON H. ELSEN, New York, NY ROBERT L. CARTER, Ottawa, L CRAIG T. ENOCH, Austin, TX JOHN HILL CAYCE, Fort Worth, TX SAMUEL ESTREICHER, New York, NY ROBERT P. CHARROW, Washington, DC HEIDI LI FELDMAN, Washington, DC JORDAN B. CHERRICK, Saint Louis, MO ARTHUR NORMAN FIELD, New York, NY E. B. CHILES IV, Little Rock, AR JLL FISCH, Philadelphia, PA

lx DAVID A. FISCHER, Columbia, MO REX S. HEINKE, Los Angeles, CA JUDITH K. FITZGERALD, Pittsburgh, PA KATHERINE J. HENRY, Washington, DC THOMAS M. FLANAGAN, New Orleans, LA DONALD H. J. HERMANN, Chicago, L EDWARD H. FLEISCHMAN, New York, NY WILLIAM C. HEUER, Uniondale, NY JOSEPH Z. FLEMING, Miami, FL JAMES C. HO, Dallas, TX SUSAN S. FORTNEY, Fort Worth, TX RICHARD ANTHONY HODYL JR., Chicago, L C. ALLEN FOSTER, Washington, DC DAVID A. HOFFMAN, Philadelphia, PA VERNON L. FRANCIS, Philadelphia, PA ROGER F. HOLMES, Anchorage, AK THEODORE H. FRANK, Washington, DC ANDREW M. HORTON, Portland, ME STEVEN I. FRIEDLAND, Greensboro, NC DAVID HRICIK, Macon, GA DANIEL FRIEDMANN, Tel Aviv, Israel C. STEPHEN HSU, Beijing, China ANNE GARDNER, Fort Worth, TX WLLIAM C. HUBBARD, Columbia, SC MARVIN GARFINKEL, Philadelphia, PA EDWIN E. HUDDLESON, Washington, DC FAITH E. GAY, New York, NY BARRY HUNSAKER JR., Houston, TX MARK ERIC GEBAUER, Harrisburg, PA BRIAN J. HUNT, Chicago, IL R. JAMES GEORGE JR., Austin, TX RICHARD H. HUNTER, St. Croix, Virgin Islands E. DUNCAN GETCHELL JR., Richmond, VA MICHAEL JOHN HUTTER JR., Albany, NY SHUBHA GHOSH, Syracuse, NY DAVID W. ICHEL, Miami, FL LLEWELLYN J. GIBBONS, Toledo, OH JOHN E. IOLE, Pittsburgh, PA DONALD G. GIFFORD, Baltimore, MD J. RUSSELL JACKSON, Saint Louis, MO ISRAEL GILEAD, Jerusalem, Israel JACK B. JACOBS, Wilmington, DE DONALD WAYNE GLAZER, Newton, MA ROBERT A. JAMES, San Francisco, CA SHARON L. GLEASON, Anchorage, AK MARTHA HILL JAMISON, Houston, TX JONATHAN IAN GLEKLEN, Washington, DC KIRK C. JENKINS, Olympia Fields, L MARTIN GLENN, New York, NY RICHARD GIBBS JOHNSON, Cleveland, OH JAMES H. GOETZ, Bozeman, MT ROLAND K. JOHNSON, Fort Worth, TX PHILIP S. GOLDBERG, Washington, DC VINCENT R. JOHNSON, San Antonio, TX ROBERT A. GOODIN, San Francisco, CA KENNETH C. JOHNSTON, Dallas, TX WENDY J. GORDON, Boston, MA GREGORY G. JONES, Tampa, FL DAVID M. GOSSETT, Washington, DC PAUL F. JONES, Buffalo, NY MARVIN L. GRAY JR., Seattle, WA EMMA COLEMAN JORDAN, Washington, DC OSCAR S. GRAY, Baltimore, MD ALLAN KANNER, New Orleans, LA MICHAEL D. GREEN, Winston Salem, NC LIZA LONA KARSAI, Chicago, IL JEFFREY J. GREENBAUM, Newark, NJ RICHARD B. KATSKEE, Washington DC NORMAN L. GREENE, New York, NY MATTHEW I. KATZ, Burlington, VT MICHAEL GREENWALD, Philadelphia, PA GREGORY C. KEATING, Los Angeles, CA BETSY J. GREY, Phoenix, AZ MICHAEL J. KEATING, Saint Louis, MO CHARLES E. GRIFFIN, Ridgeland, MS ROBERT R. KEATINGE, Denver, CO JOHN J. GROGAN, Philadelphia, PA HUGH RICE KELLY, Houston TX DAVID GRUNING, New Orleans, LA KENNETH C. KETTERING, Short Hills, NJ TRACY RAFFLES GUNN, Tampa, FL DAVID R. KEYES, Austin, TX PETER E. HALLE, Washington, DC EVELYN V. KEYES, Houston TX KENDYL T. HANKS, Austin, TX JEFF KICHAVEN, Los Angeles, CA SCOTT W. HANSEN, Milwaukee, WI MARK R. KILLENBECK, Fayetteville, AR BEN H. HARRIS III, Mobile, AL NANCY S. KIM, San Diego, CA MICALYN SHAFER HARRIS, Ridgewood, NJ EDMUND W. KITCH, Charlottesville, VA RICHARD E. V. HARRIS, Piedmont, CA LEWIS N. KLAR, Edmonton, Canada ROBERT M. HART, Bronxville, NY ANDREW R. KLEIN, Indianapolis, IN PAUL T. HAYDEN, Los Angeles, CA DANIEL S. KLEINBERGER, Mendota Heights, MN STEVEN K. HAYES, Fort Worth, TX HELMUT KOZIOL, Vienna, Austria LINDA C. HAYMAN, New York, NY MICHAEL J. KRAMER, Albion, IN

X WILLIAM P. KRATZKE, Memphis, TN CHARLES H. MOELLENBERG JR., Pittsburgh, PA MICHAEL I. KRAUSS, Arlington, VA DOUGLAS K. MOLL, Houston, TX JANE KREUSLER-WALSH, West Palm Beach, FL JAMES S. MOODY JR., Tampa, FL KURT KUHN, Austin, TX JENNIFER M. MOORE, Albany, NY ANDREW KULL, Austin, TX NANCY J. MOORE, Boston, MA PETER B KUTNER, Norman, OK OLIVIER PIERRE MORETEAU, Baton Rouge, LA EDWARD LABATON, New York, NY JULIET M. MORINGIELLO, Harrisburg, PA ARTHUR B. LABY, Camden, NJ CHARLES R. A. MORSE, New York, NY STEVEN C. LAIRD, Fort Worth, TX JIM A. MOSELEY, Dallas, TX IRIS LAN, New York, NY JONATHAN M. MOSES, New York, NY SYBIL H. LANDAU, New York, NY EDWARD M. MULLINS, Miami, FL BARRY S. LANDSBERG, Los Angeles, CA GARY MYERS, Columbia, MO JOSEPH H. LANG JR., Tampa, FL JOHN C. NEIMAN JR., Birmingham, AL OTHNI J. LATHRAM, Montgomery, AL RICHARD L. NEUMEIER, Boston, MA JOHN P. LAVELLE JR., Philadelphia, PA VIRGINIA E. NOLAN, del Mar, CA PAUL A. LEBEL, Williamsburg, VA JOEL W. NOMKIN, Phoenix, AZ MICHAEL J. LEECH, Philadelphia, PA HARRIET O'NEILL, Austin, TX SETH R. LESSER, Rye Brook, NY DAVID G. OWEN, Columbia, SC LAWRENCE C. LEVINE, Sacramento, CA JERRY RICHARD PALMER, Topeka, KS JEFFREY S. LEVINGER, Dallas, TX SIR GEOFFREY PALMER, Wellington, New Zealand ADAM J. LEVITT, Chicago, L DAVID F. PARTLETT, Atlanta, GA ERIKA F. LIETZAN, Columbia, MO R. ASHBY PATE, Birmingham, AL LEWIS J. LIMAN, New York,NY STEPHEN PATRICK PATE, Houston TX JOSEPH W. LITTLE, Gainesville, FL BRIAN J. PAUL, Indianapolis, IN DAVID A. LOGAN, Bristol, RI ROBERT S. PECK, New York, NY KYLE D. LOGUE, Ann Arbor,MI ROBERT H. PEMBERTON, Austin TX THAD G. LONG, Birmingham, AL HARVEY S. PERLMAN, Lincoln, NE RALPH R. MABEY, Salt Lake City, UT STEPHEN R. PERRY, Philadelphia, PA WILLIAM CULLEN MACDONALD, New York, NY TIMOTHY J. PETUMENOS, Anchorage, AK GERARD N. MAGLIOCCA, Indianapolis, IN FRANK A. PFIFFNER, Anchorage, AK SOLANGEL MALDONADO, Newark, NJ KRISTINA PICKERING, Las Vegas, NV NEAL S. MANNE, Houston, TX JEFFREY M. POLLOCK, Princeton NJ CORY E. MANNING, Columbia, SC DAVID J. PORTER, Pittsburgh, PA COLIN P. MARKS, San Antonio, TX SUSAN POSER, Chicago, L JAMES C. MARTIN, Pittsburgh, PA EDWARD M. POSNER, Philadelphia, PA MIQUEL MARTIN-CASALS, Girona, Spain MATTHEW CHRISTOPHER POWERS, Austin TX MARY MASSARON, Bloomfield Hills, MI KAREN S. PRECELLA, Fort Worth, TX ALBERT J. MATRICCIANI JR., Baltimore, MD POLLY J. PRICE, Atlanta, GA CHARLES W. MATTHEWS, Dallas, TX J. DAVID PRINCE, Saint Paul, MN JOSEPH MICHAEL MATTHEWS, Coral Gables, FL ROBERT L. RABIN, Stanford, CA JAMES T. MCCARTT, Houston, TX MARGARET JANE RADIN, Ann Arbor, MI DAVID MCGOWAN, San Diego, CA RICHARD J. R. RALEIGH JR., Huntsville, AL PAUL E. MCGREAL, Omaha, NE CAREY R. RAMOS, New York, NY JAMES A. MCKENNA, Hallowell, ME HUGH M. RAY, Houston, TX BENJAMIN C. MCMURRAY, Salt Lake City, UT BERNARD D. REAMS JR., San Antonio, TX WILLIAM J. MCNICHOLS, Norman, OK TERRANCE G. REED, Alexandria, VA MICHAEL J. MEEHAN, Tucson, AZ JOE R. REEDER, Washington DC MARK S. MELODIA, New York, NY WILLIAM L. REYNOLDS, Baltimore, MD CHAD C. MESSIER, St Thomas, Virgin Islands JANET LEACH RICHARDS, Austin, TX KEVIN H. MICHELS, Ewing, NJ SALLY M. RIDER, Tucson AZ ELIZABETH S. MILLER, Waco, TX ROBERT J. RIDGE, Pittsburgh, PA

xl CLIFFORD A. RIEDERS, Williamsport, PA MARY-CHRISTINE SUNGAILA, Costa Mesa, CA JAMES L. ROBERTSON, Jackson, MS WILLIAM SWADLING, Oxford, England CHRISTOPHER JOHN ROBINETTE, Harrisburg, PA SANDRA L. TABOR, Bismarck, ND REGINALD L. ROBINSON, Washington, DC EVAN M. TAGER, Washington, DC BLAKE ROHRBACHER, Wilmington, DE STEPHEN LYLE TATUM, Fort Worth, TX ANTHONY Z. ROISMAN, Montpelier, VT JOHN D. TAURMAN, Washington, DC KENNETH ROSS, Midway, UT WILLIAM H. THEIS, Winnetka, L ROBERT L. ROTHMAN, Atlanta, GA JAY TIDMARSH, Notre Dame, IN LINDA J. RUSCH, Seattle, WA BOWEN H. TUCKER, Chicago, IL ROBIN RUSSELL, Houston, TX MICHELLE M. UMBERGER, Madison WI TIMOTHY C. RUSSELL, Bryn Mawr, PA SJEF VAN ERP, Maastricht, Netherlands MICHAEL L. RUSTAD, South Burlington, VT DOMINICK VETRI, Eugene, OR MLES N. RUTHBERG, New York, NY VICTOR D. VITAL, Dallas, TX CHRISTOPHER LYNN SAGERS, Cleveland, OH EUGENE VOLOKH, Los Angeles, CA PABLO SALVADOR-CODERCH, Barcelona, Spain BLL WAGNER, Tampa, FL JOSEPH SANDERS, Houston, TX SEAN P. WAJERT, Philadelphia, PA ETTORE ARGEO SANTUCCI, Boston, MA NICHOLAS J. WALLWORK, Southborough, MA ELLIOT H. SCHERKER, Miami, FL RUTH WEDGWOOD, Washington, DC MWTON R. SCHROEDER, Paradise Valley, AZ JEFFREY G. WEIL, Philadelphia, PA VICTOR E. SCHWARTZ, Washington, DC MERLE WEINER, Eugene, OR ANTHONY J. SEBOK, New York, NY STEVEN 0. WEISE, Los Angeles, CA KARL E. SEIB JR., New York, NY THOMAS J. WELSH, Hartford, CT MARC M. SELTZER, Los Angeles, CA JERRY WERTHEIM, Santa Fe, NM SEAN B. SEYMORE, Nashville, TN JOSEPH A. WETCH JR., Fargo, ND STEPHEN M. SHEPPARD, San Antonio, TX CHRISTINA B. WHITMAN, Ann Arbor, MI M. MELVIN SHRALOW, Bryn Mawr, PA SIMON J. WHITTAKER, Oxford, England ERIC A. SHUMSKY, Arlington, VA JOHN SHEPARD WLEY JR., Los Angeles, CA BARBARA T. SICALIDES, Philadelphia, PA GARY L. WLSON, Minneapolis, MN MICHAEL N. SIMKOVIC, Great Neck, NY GERARD E. WIMBERLY JR., New Orleans, LA KENNETH W. SIMONS, Irvine, CA NICHOLAS J. WITTNER, East Lansing, MI REAGAN W. SIMPSON, Houston, TX JEROME T. WOLF, Kansas City, MO JOSEPH R. SLIGHTS III, Wilmington, DE WILLIAM A. WORTHINGTON, Houston TX DOUGLAS G. SMITH, Chicago, IL JENNIFER WRIGGINS, Portland, ME CRAIG SMYSER, Houston, TX RICHARD W. WRIGHT, Chicago, L CARL A. SOLANO, Philadelphia, PA THOMAS C. WRIGHT, Houston TX ROBERT A. SORIANO, Tampa, FL ERIC H. ZAGRANS, Cleveland, OH GIRARDEAU A. SPANN, Washington, DC BENJAMIN C. ZIPURSKY, New York, NY BRIAN F. SPECTOR, Miami, FL MICHAEL K. STEENSON, Saint Paul, MN KATHRYN A. STEPHENS, Minneapolis, MN ANN ELIZABETH STERNHELL-BLACKWELL, Saint Louis, MO LARRY S. STEWART, Miami, FL H. MARK STICHEL, Baltimore, MD ROBERT H. STIER JR., Portland, ME DAVID R. STRAS, Minneapolis, MN LEO E. STRINE JR., Wilmington, DE KEITH STRONG, Great Falls, MT ANDREW H. STRUVE, Irvine, CA PATRICK JAMES SULLIVAN, Encinitas, CA JOHN S. SUMMERS, Philadelphia, PA

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