The Damascus Document Malcolm Edwards

is said to reach the sea only further south, after Babylon’s attack on Tyre, then, was clearly the passing Hosah. It touches (the landward side siege of a mainland city. of) four cities on the way from “great Zidon” The island that the Tyrians occupied has been (v. 28), but does not “go out” at those places. destroyed and rebuilt repeatedly through the Yet if Tyre were the island, the border would centuries. If at 26:14 Ezekiel meant the island, his surely be counted as reaching the sea there. words have indeed failed. But, as I have shown, 2 Ezekiel’s description of Nebuchadrezzar’s the Tyre he describes was on the mainland. What siege makes no sense if against an island. He then can we determine of that original city, whose could not possibly raise a fort or mount against permanent utter removal Ezekiel so clearly pre- that rocky outcrop, then lying half a mile (800 dicted? Where was it? In the second part of this metres) away. Nor would axes, chariots or article we will look at some fascinating evidence horses be of use. Instead he would need ships, from satellite pictures that may well give us the or to make a causeway. But he had no navy, answer to this question. and neither strategy is mentioned by Ezekiel. (To be concluded)

The Damascus Document Malcolm Edwards

ONSIDERING the debate during the last its significance seems either to have been not fifty years about the non-Biblical writings properly appreciated or has been insufficiently Cof the Dead Sea Scrolls and their relevance expressed. to Christianity, it is surprising how little promi- nence has been given to the few scroll fragments Documents discovered found in caves 4 and 6, which are indisputably The story of the discovery of these writings is linked with later writings. Discovered in Cairo in briefly as follows. In 1897 Cambridge University 1897, these later writings are known today as the scholar Solomon Schechter, a student of ancient Damascus Document. writings, heard of the existence of a genizah (a The contents of these writings have an impor- storage room for old faded documents) in the Ben tant bearing on the identity of the writers of the Ezra Synagogue, in an old part of Cairo named Manual of Discipline and the Habakkuk Commentary, Fostat. He lost no time in travelling there, and found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls and thought amongst the writings he took away to examine by most of their editors to have been connected were some about a highly organised Jewish sect with the sect of the Essenes, whom some Scrolls who lived in Judea about 196 B.C. and who had experts believe to have been the true originators separated themselves from mainstream Judaism, of Christianity. Happily, very few modern Scrolls having differences in doctrine and practice. writers express this view with any confidence, Back in Cambridge, Schechter worked on the since there is nothing substantial in the non-Bibli- documents for some four years, after which he cal scrolls to suggest this other than the mention published his findings in two volumes entitled of the new covenant of Jeremiah 31. In every Documents of Jewish Sectaries, Volume 1 of which is other respect the Qumran writers were totally the most relevant to our consideration. He called Judaistic in belief and practice, and zealously it Fragments of a Zadokite Work. kept the Law of Moses with its associated ritual. The writings show that members of this par- Nevertheless, it is of some value to us to try to ticular sect were extremely pious, and claimed establish the identity of this particular Jewish sect to be living in what they termed ‘the age of and to discover in what period of history they wrath’. A leader had risen among them called lived. ‘the Teacher of Righteousness’, and he came into One of the first Scrolls editors to link the conflict with an opposing leader known as ‘the fragments from caves 4 and 6 with the Damascus Man of Scoffing’. This powerful adversary seems Document was the esteemed Israeli archaeolo- to have prevailed, resulting in the Zadokite sect gist Professor Eleazar Sukenik. In spite of this, having to escape to Damascus. The Testimony, July 2007 235 The writings were only copies of much earlier seems no longer valid. The latest findings at the scrolls, and date to about 150 B.C. They were writ- Qumran ruins is at variance with the original ten after the death of the Teacher of Righteous- conclusions of French archaeologist Roland de ness, whom the sect believed would eventually Vaux, who reported that the ruins were once an return as Messiah. Since this particular conflict Essene monastery in which many scrolls were was during the reign of the high priest Jonathan written and copied. (160-142 B.C.), some scholars identify him with the Man of Scoffing. Pottery workshop? Israeli Archaeologist Yishak Magen, who has The Zadokites more recently and more thoroughly excavated Knowing as we do that ‘Zadokites’ is the proper the site over a period of ten years, claims that the term for the sect of the Sadducees, the Damascus scrolls found in the Dead Sea caves have no con- Document strongly suggests that the two sects nection whatsoever with the Qumran buildings. were actually one and the same, and that the His conclusions are that the ruins were for some writers of the Manual of Discipline and the Habak- time a busy pottery factory, and that the so-called kuk Commentary in the Dead Sea collection were baths for ritual cleansing were actually tanks for Sadducean in origin rather than Essene. This the settlement of fragments of clay, excellent for particular group would qualify almost perfectly pottery, from the water that flows down into both in piety and practice, especially since the the site during heavy rains. The large quantity Dead Sea writings also speak of the new covenant of broken pottery unearthed at Qumran seems and also tell of a leader named the Teacher of to confirm these conclusions. Magen also claims Righteousness in bitter conflict with an adversary that what de Vaux took to be a scriptorium for called the Wicked Priest. scroll copying was nothing more than the pottery It is interesting that Schechter anticipated that workers’ eating place. the Zadokite sect of the Damascus Document It is now suggested, with much credence, that would have had some written rules of discipline, the Dead Sea Scrolls were actually written else- and the Manuel of Discipline qualifies well in where and placed in the caves by pious Jews en this respect. We must, of course, presume that route to the Masada fortress when fleeing from some time prior to Christ’s ministry the Zadokite the Romans during or after A.D. 70. This would ancestors of the Sadducees had returned from account for the scrolls lying there quite undis- Damascus and gradually acquired prominence turbed after the war, for the bodies of their pious in Judea and Jerusalem. custodians would have been amongst those of the We know that the Sadducees did not believe 900 odd Zealots who committed mass suicide at in the resurrection, and significantly there is no Masada rather than surrender to the encircling mention of the resurrection in the Damascus soldiers of the Roman Tenth Legion. Document, nor in the corresponding Qumran writings. The only brief mention of the resurrec- tion is in a hymn scroll found in Cave 1, but this Sources: may not have belonged to the Sadducees. The Dead Sea Scrolls, C. P. Thiede. The case for the Scroll writers’ occupation of Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, H. Shanks. the Qumran buildings as some kind of monastery Biblical Archaeology Review, Sept.-Oct. 2006.

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