Movement Disorders Following Cerebrovascular Lesions In
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A Case with Dyskinesia Induced by Pramipexole, Pregabalin And
DO I:10.4274/Tnd.63497 Case Report / Olgu Sunumu A Case with Dyskinesia Induced by Pramipexole, Pregabalin and Gabapentin After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Kardiyopulmoner Resusitasyon Sonrası Pramipeksol, Pregabalin ve Gabapentin Kullanımının Tetiklediği Diskinezi Olgusu Dürdane Aksoy, Betül Çevik, Volkan Solmaz, Semiha Gülsüm Kurt, Orhan Sümbül Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokat, Turkey Sum mary Drug-induced dyskinesias can be seen occasionally in clinical practice. Here we present a 70-year-old patient who developed a noticeable dyskinesia after the use of pramipexole, gabapentin, pregabalin respectively for his restless leg syndrome. Prior to this condition, he was hospitalized in intensive care unit for the myocardial infarction that required cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and he was discharged with no neurological deficits. The case presented here is a good example indicating the importance of being vigilant for drug-induced dyskinesias after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, even though everything else seems right. (Turkish Journal of Neurology 2013; 19:148-150) Key Words: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, dyskinesia, pramipexole, gabapentin, pregabalin Özet İlaç kullanımı sonrasında ortaya çıkan hareket bozuklukları klinik pratikte zaman zaman karşılaştığımız sorunlardır. Burada kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyon gerektiren bir miyokard enfarktüsünün ardından bir süre yoğun bakımda kalan, nörolojik defisiti kalmadan iyileşen ancak daha sonra huzursuz bacak sendromu tedavisi için başlanan pramipeksol, -
Vocal Cord Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Four Cases and a Review of the Literature
NEUROLOGICAL REVIEW SECTION EDITOR: DAVID E. PLEASURE, MD Vocal Cord Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Four Cases and a Review of the Literature Maaike M. van der Graaff, MD; Wilko Grolman, MD, PhD; Erik J. Westermann, MD; Hans C. Boogaardt; Hans Koelman, MD, PhD; Anneke J. van der Kooi, MD, PhD; Marina A. Tijssen, MD, PhD; Marianne de Visser, MD, PhD e describe 4 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and glottic nar- rowing due to vocal cord dysfunction, and review the literature found using the following search terms: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron disease, stri- dor, laryngospasm, vocal cord abductor paresis, and hoarseness. Neurological Wliterature rarely reports vocal cord dysfunction in ALS, in contrast to otolaryngology literature (4%- 30% of patients with ALS). Both infranuclear and supranuclear mechanisms may play a role. Vocal cord dysfunction can occur at any stage of disease and may account for sudden death in ALS. Treat- ment of severe cases includes acute airway management and tracheotomy. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(11):1329-1333 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neu- (VCAP), it is potentially life threatening, as rodegenerative disease characterized by fea- a predominance of vocal cord adduction re- tures indicative of both upper and lower sults in glottic narrowing or even occlu- motor neuron degeneration. Initial manifes- sion. Assessment by an otolaryngologist is tations usually include weakness in the bul- then of the highest priority. Stridor is a well- bar region or weakness of the limbs. Progres- known symptom in multiple system atro- sive weakness leads to increasing disability phy and may also incidentally occur in other and respiratory insufficiency, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases.8-10 Laryngo- death. -
Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple System Atrophy: an Update
ReviewSection Article Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple System Atrophy: an Update Abstract the common parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) from PD. In his review provides an update on the diagnosis a clinicopathologic study1, primary neurologists (who Tand therapy of multiple system atrophy (MSA), a followed up the patients clinically) identified only 25% of sporadic neurodegenerative disorder characterised MSA patients at the first visit (42 months after disease clinically by any combination of parkinsonian, auto- onset) and even at their last neurological follow-up (74 nomic, cerebellar or pyramidal symptoms and signs months after disease onset), half of the patients were still and pathologically by cell loss, gliosis and glial cyto- misdiagnosed with the correct diagnosis in the other half plasmic inclusions in several brain and spinal cord being established on average 4 years after disease onset. structures. The term MSA was introduced in 1969 Mean rater sensitivity for movement disorder specialists although prior to this cases of MSA were reported was higher but still suboptimal at the first (56%) and last Gregor Wenning obtained an MD at the under the rubrics of striatonigral degeneration, olivo- (69%) visit. In 1998 an International Consensus University of Münster pontocerebellar atrophy, Shy-Drager syndrome and Conference promoted by the American Academy of (Germany) in 1991 and idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. In the late Neurology was convened to develop new and optimised a PhD at the University nineties, |-synuclein immunostaining was recognised criteria for a clinical diagnosis of MSA2, which are now of London in 1996. He received his neurology as the most sensitive marker of inclusion pathology in widely used by neurologists. -
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive Dyskinesia Tardive Dyskinesia Checklist The checklist below can be used to help determine if you or someone you know may have signs associated with tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders. Movement Description Observed? Rhythmic shaking of hands, jaw, head, or feet Yes Tremor A very rhythmic shaking at 3-6 beats per second usually indicates extrapyramidal symptoms or side effects (EPSE) of parkinsonism, even No if only visible in the tongue, jaw, hands, or legs. Sustained abnormal posture of neck or trunk Yes Dystonia Involuntary extension of the back or rotation of the neck over weeks or months is common in tardive dystonia. No Restless pacing, leg bouncing, or posture shifting Yes Akathisia Repetitive movements accompanied by a strong feeling of restlessness may indicate a medication side effect of akathisia. No Repeated stereotyped movements of the tongue, jaw, or lips Yes Examples include chewing movements, tongue darting, or lip pursing. TD is not rhythmic (i.e., not tremor). These mouth and tongue movements No are the most frequent signs of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive Writhing, twisting, dancing movements Yes Dyskinesia of fingers or toes Repetitive finger and toe movements are common in individuals with No tardive dyskinesia (and may appear to be similar to akathisia). Rocking, jerking, flexing, or thrusting of trunk or hips Yes Stereotyped movements of the trunk, hips, or pelvis may reflect tardive dyskinesia. No There are many kinds of abnormal movements in individuals receiving psychiatric medications and not all are because of drugs. If you answered “yes” to one or more of the items above, an evaluation by a psychiatrist or neurologist skilled in movement disorders may be warranted to determine the type of disorder and best treatment options. -
Neurological Disorders in Liver Transplant Candidates: Pathophysiology ☆ and Clinical Assessment
Transplantation Reviews 31 (2017) 193–206 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Transplantation Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/trre Neurological disorders in liver transplant candidates: Pathophysiology ☆ and clinical assessment Paolo Feltracco a,⁎, Annachiara Cagnin b, Cristiana Carollo a, Stefania Barbieri a, Carlo Ori a a Department of Medicine UO Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy b Department of Neurosciences (DNS), University of Padova, Padova, Italy abstract Compromised liver function, as a consequence of acute liver insufficiency or severe chronic liver disease may be associated with various neurological syndromes, which involve both central and peripheral nervous system. Acute and severe hyperammoniemia inducing cellular metabolic alterations, prolonged state of “neuroinflamma- tion”, activation of brain microglia, accumulation of manganese and ammonia, and systemic inflammation are the main causative factors of brain damage in liver failure. The most widely recognized neurological complications of serious hepatocellular failure include hepatic encephalopathy, diffuse cerebral edema, Wilson disease, hepatic myelopathy, acquired hepatocerebral degeneration, cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism and osmotic demyelination syndrome. Neurological disorders affecting liver transplant candidates while in the waiting list may not only sig- nificantly influence preoperative morbidity and even mortality, but also represent important predictive factors for post-transplant neurological manifestations. -
Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia: Underpinnings of Neuronal Death in the Cerebellum
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia: Underpinnings of Neuronal Death in the Cerebellum Hiroshi Mitoma 1,* , Mario Manto 2,3 and Aasef G. Shaikh 4 1 Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan 2 Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium; [email protected] 3 Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium 4 Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44022, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Ethanol consumption remains a major concern at a world scale in terms of transient or irreversible neurological consequences, with motor, cognitive, or social consequences. Cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to ethanol, both during development and at the adult stage. In adults, chronic alcoholism elicits, in particular, cerebellar vermis atrophy, the anterior lobe of the cerebellum being highly vulnerable. Alcohol-dependent patients develop gait ataxia and lower limb postural tremor. Prenatal exposure to ethanol causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), characterized by permanent congenital disabilities in both motor and cognitive domains, including deficits in general intelligence, attention, executive function, language, memory, visual perception, and commu- nication/social skills. Children with FASD show volume deficits in the anterior lobules related to sensorimotor functions (Lobules I, II, IV, V, and VI), and lobules related to cognitive functions (Crus II and Lobule VIIB). Various mechanisms underlie ethanol-induced cell death, with oxidative stress and Citation: Mitoma, H.; Manto, M.; Shaikh, A.G. Mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress being the main pro-apoptotic mechanisms in alcohol abuse and Ethanol-Induced Cerebellar Ataxia: FASD. -
Clinical Manifestation of Juvenile and Pediatric HD Patients: a Retrospective Case Series
brain sciences Article Clinical Manifestation of Juvenile and Pediatric HD Patients: A Retrospective Case Series 1, , 2, 2 1 Jannis Achenbach * y, Charlotte Thiels y, Thomas Lücke and Carsten Saft 1 Department of Neurology, Huntington Centre North Rhine-Westphalia, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Neuropaediatrics and Social Paediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; [email protected] (C.T.); [email protected] (T.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] These two authors contribute to this paper equally. y Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: Background: Studies on the clinical manifestation and course of disease in children suffering from Huntington’s disease (HD) are rare. Case reports of juvenile HD (onset 20 years) describe ≤ heterogeneous motoric and non-motoric symptoms, often accompanied with a delay in diagnosis. We aimed to describe this rare group of patients, especially with regard to socio-medical aspects and individual or common treatment strategies. In addition, we differentiated between juvenile and the recently defined pediatric HD population (onset < 18 years). Methods: Out of 2593 individual HD patients treated within the last 25 years in the Huntington Centre, North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), 32 subjects were analyzed with an early onset younger than 21 years (1.23%, juvenile) and 18 of them younger than 18 years of age (0.69%, pediatric). Results: Beside a high degree of school problems, irritability or aggressive behavior (62.5% of pediatric and 31.2% of juvenile cases), serious problems concerning the social and family background were reported in 25% of the pediatric cohort. -
Rest Tremor Revisited: Parkinson's Disease and Other Disorders
Chen et al. Translational Neurodegeneration (2017) 6:16 DOI 10.1186/s40035-017-0086-4 REVIEW Open Access Rest tremor revisited: Parkinson’s disease and other disorders Wei Chen1,2, Franziska Hopfner2, Jos Steffen Becktepe2 and Günther Deuschl1,2* Abstract Tremor is the most common movement disorder characterized by a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part. Since distinct diseases can cause similar tremor manifestations and vice-versa,itischallengingtomakean accurate diagnosis. This applies particularly for tremor at rest. This entity was only rarely studied in the past, although a multitude of clinical studies on prevalence and clinical features of tremor in Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor and dystonia, have been carried out. Monosymptomatic rest tremor has been further separated from tremor-dominated PD. Rest tremor is also found in dystonic tremor, essential tremor with a rest component, Holmes tremor and a few even rarer conditions. Dopamine transporter imaging and several electrophysiological methods provide additional clues for tremor differential diagnosis. New evidence from neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies has broadened our knowledge on the pathophysiology of Parkinsonian and non-Parkinsonian tremor. Large cohort studies are warranted in future to explore the nature course and biological basis of tremor in common tremor related disorders. Keywords: Tremor, Parkinson’s disease, Essential tremor, Dystonia, Pathophysiology Background and clinical correlates of tremor in common tremor re- Tremor is defined as a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory lated disorders. Some practical clinical cues and ancillary movement of a body part [1]. Making an accurate diagnosis tests for clinical distinction are found [3]. Besides, accu- of tremor disorders is challenging, since similar clinical mulating structural and functional neuroimaging, as well entities may be caused by different diseases. -
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 29 Due to Mutations in ITPR1: a Case Series and Review of This Emerging Congenital Ataxia Jessica L
Zambonin et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (2017) 12:121 DOI 10.1186/s13023-017-0672-7 RESEARCH Open Access Spinocerebellar ataxia type 29 due to mutations in ITPR1: a case series and review of this emerging congenital ataxia Jessica L. Zambonin1*, Allison Bellomo2, Hilla Ben-Pazi3, David B. Everman2, Lee M. Frazer2, Michael T. Geraghty4, Amy D. Harper5, Julie R. Jones2, Benjamin Kamien6, Kristin Kernohan1,4, Mary Kay Koenig7, Matthew Lines4, Elizabeth Emma Palmer8,9, Randal Richardson10, Reeval Segel11, Mark Tarnopolsky12, Jason R. Vanstone4, Melissa Gibbons13, Abigail Collins14, Brent L. Fogel15, Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Tracy Dudding-Byth16 and Kym M. Boycott1,4 Abstract Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 29 (SCA29) is an autosomal dominant, non-progressive cerebellar ataxia characterized by infantile-onset hypotonia, gross motor delay and cognitive impairment. Affected individuals exhibit cerebellar dysfunction and often have cerebellar atrophy on neuroimaging. Recently, missense mutations in ITPR1 were determined to be responsible. Results: Clinical information on 21 individuals from 15 unrelated families with ITPR1 mutations was retrospectively collected using standardized questionnaires, including 11 previously unreported singletons and 2 new patients from a previously reported family. We describe the genetic, clinical and neuroimaging features of these patients to further characterize the clinical features of this rare condition and assess for any genotype-phenotype correlation for this disorder. Our cohort consisted of 9 males and 12 females, with ages ranging from 28 months to 49 years. Disease course was non-progressive with infantile-onset hypotonia and delays in motor and speech development. Gait ataxia was present in all individuals and 10 (48%) were not ambulating independently between the ages of 3–12 years of age. -
Diagnostic Clues in Multiple System Atrophy
DO I:10.4274/Tnd.82905 Case Report / Olgu Sunumu Diagnostic Clues in Multiple System Atrophy: A Case Report and Literature Review Multisistem Atrofi Tanısında İpuçları: Bir Olgu Sunumu ve Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi Mehmet Yücel, Oğuzhan Öz, Hakan Akgün, Semai Bek, Tayfun Kaşıkçı, İlter Uysal, Yaşar Kütükçü, Zeki Odabaşı Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey Sum mary Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset, sporadic, progressive neurodegenerative disease. Based on the consensus criteria, patients with MSA are clinically classified into cerebellar (MSA-C) and parkinsonian (MSA-P) subtypes. In addition to major diagnostic criteria including poor response to levodopa, and presence of pyramidal or cerebellar signs (ataxia) or autonomic failure, certain clinical features or ‘‘red flags’’ may raise the clinical suspicion for MSA. In our case report we present a 67-year-old female patient admitted to our hospital due to inability to walk, with poor response to levodopa therapy, whose neurological examination revealed severe Parkinsonism, ataxia and who fulfilled all criteria for MSA, as rarely seen in clinical practice.(Turkish Journal of Neurology 2013; 19:28-30) Key Words: Multiple system atrophy, autonomic failure, diagnostic criteria Özet Multisistem atrofi (MSA) erişkin dönemde başlayan, ilerleyici, nedeni bilinmeyen sporadik nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. MSA kabul görmüş tanı kriterlerine göre klinik olarak serebellar (MSA-C) ve parkinsoniyen (MSA-P) alt tiplerine ayrılmaktadır. Düşük levadopa yanıtı, piramidal, serebellar bulguların (ataksi) ya da otonomik bozukluk olması gibi majör tanı kriterlerininin yanında “red flags” olarak isimlendirilen belirgin klinik bulgular ya da uyarı işaretlerinin olması MSA tanısı için klinik şüpheyi oluşturmalıdır. Olgu sunumunda 67 yaşında yürüyememe şikayeti ile polikliniğimize müracaat eden ve levadopa tedavisine düşük yanıt gösteren ciddi parkinsonizm bulguları ile ataksi bulunan kadın hasta MSA tanı kriterlerini tam olarak karşıladığı ve klinik pratikte nadir görüldüğü için sunduk. -
THE MANAGEMENT of TREMOR Peter G Bain
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.72.suppl_1.i3 on 1 March 2002. Downloaded from THE MANAGEMENT OF TREMOR Peter G Bain *i3 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72(Suppl I):i3–i9 remor is defined as a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part.1 The Tformulation of a clinical diagnosis for an individual’s tremor involves two discrete steps2: c The observed tremor is classified on phenomenological grounds c An attempt is made to find the cause of the tremor by looking for aetiological clues in the patient’s history and physical examination and also, in some cases, by investigation. c PHENOMENOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TREMOR The phenomenological classification of tremor is determined by finding out: c which parts of the patient’s body are affected by tremor? c what types (or components) of tremor, classified by state of activity, are present at those anatomical sites? The following definitions are used to describe the various tremor components evident on exam- ination1: c Rest tremor is a tremor present in a body part that is not voluntarily activated and is completely supported against gravity (ideally resting on a couch) copyright. c Action tremor is any tremor that is produced by voluntary contraction of a muscle. It includes pos- tural, kinetic, intention, task specific, and isometric tremor: – Postural tremor is present while voluntarily maintaining a position against gravity – Kinetic tremor is tremor occurring during any voluntary movement. Simple kinetic tremor occurs during voluntary movements that are not target directed – Intention tremor or tremor during target directed movement is present when tremor amplitude increases during visually guided movements towards a target at the termination of that movement, when the possibility of position specific tremor or postural tremor produced at the beginning and end of a movement has been excluded – Task specific kinetic tremor—kinetic tremor may appear or become exacerbated during specific activities. -
Late-Onset Oro-Facial Dyskinesia in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2: a Case Report Floriana Giardina1†, Giuseppe Lanza2,3*† , Francesco Calì3 and Raffaele Ferri3
Giardina et al. BMC Neurology (2020) 20:156 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01739-8 CASE REPORT Open Access Late-onset oro-facial dyskinesia in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2: a case report Floriana Giardina1†, Giuseppe Lanza2,3*† , Francesco Calì3 and Raffaele Ferri3 Abstract Background: Genetic familiar causes of oro-facial dyskinesia are usually restricted to Huntington’s disease, whereas other causes are often missed or underestimated. Here, we report the case of late-onset oro-facial dyskinesia in an elderly patient with a genetic diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Case presentation: A 75-year-old man complained of progressive balance difficulty since the age of 60 years, associated with involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue over the last 3 months. No exposure to anti- dopaminergic agents, other neuroleptics, antidepressants, or other drugs was reported. Family history was positive for SCA2 (brother and the son of the brother). At rest, involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue were noted; they appeared partially suppressible and became more evident during stress and voluntary movements. Cognitive examination revealed frontal-executive dysfunction, memory impairment, and attention deficit. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed signs of posterior periventricular chronic cerebrovascular disease and a marked ponto-cerebellar atrophy, as confirmed by volumetric MRI analysis. A dopamine transporter imaging scan demonstrated a bilaterally reduced putamen and caudate nucleus uptake. Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) gene analysis revealed a 36 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansion, confirming the diagnosis of SCA2. Conclusions: SCA2 should be considered among the possible causes of adult-onset oro-facial dyskinesia, especially when the family history suggests an inherited cerebellar disorder.