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Red Rock and Saylorville Reservoirs Des Moines River, Iowa

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Red Rock and Saylorville Reservoirs Des Moines River, Iowa Donna Schulze Lutz February 2013 Annual Report Water Quality Studies— Red Rock and Saylorville Reservoirs Des Moines River, Iowa Contracts: W912EK-09-D-0001 W912EK-09-D-0002 Department of the Army Rock Island District Corps of Engineers Rock Island, Illinois 61201 Annual Report Water Quality Studies— Red Rock and Saylorville Reservoirs Des Moines River, Iowa Donna Schulze Lutz Assistant Scientist January 9, 2012–December 3, 2012 Submitted to Department of the Army Rock Island District Corps of Engineers Rock Island, Illinois 61201 Contracts: W912EK-09-D-0001 W912EK-09-D-0002 Environmental Engineering Section Department of Civil Engineering Engineering Research Institute Iowa State University, Ames Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex, maritial status, disability or status as a U.S. veteran. Inquires can be directed to the Director of Equal Opportunity and Diversity, 3680 Beardshear Hall, 515-294-7612. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BASIN CHARACTERISTICS 7 3. PROJECT SCOPE 9 4. HISTORY OF THE DATABASE 14 5. PARADOX DATABASE: RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING (DMRWQN) 30 6. FIELD OPERATIONS 33 6.1. Sampling Stations 33 6.2. Sampling Methods 33 6.3. Field Analyses 34 6.4. Safety 34 7. LABORATORY ANALYSES 36 7.1. Participating Laboratories 36 7.2. Quality Assurance 36 7.3. Analytical Methods 37 8. DISCUSSION OF DATA 43 8.1. Data Presentation 43 8.2. Water Quality Standards and Criteria 57 8.2.1. Federal 57 8.2.2. State 60 8.2.3. Compilation of Standards and Criteria 62 8.3. Iowa Water Quality 72 8.3.1. Iowa’s Ambient Water Monitoring Program 72 8.3.2. Recent Assessments 74 Saylorville Reservoir 75 Red Rock Reservoir 79 8.4. Weather Conditions 86 8.5. River Discharge 89 8.6. Reservoir Elevation 100 iv Page 8.7. Sampling Depth 101 8.8. Water Temperature 104 8.9. Suspended Solids 107 8.10. Turbidity 111 8.11. Secchi Disk and Transparency Tube Depths 112 8.12. Dissolved Oxygen 113 8.13. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Carbonaceous) 115 8.14. Carbon Dioxide and pH 116 8.15. Alkalinity 117 8.16. Hardness 119 8.17. Specific Conductance 120 8.18. Total Organic Carbon 120 8.19. Ammonia Nitrogen 122 8.20. Un-ionized Ammonia Nitrogen 124 8.21. Nitrite Plus Nitrate Nitrogen 125 8.22. Organic Nitrogen 129 8.23. Total Nitrogen 132 8.24. Total Phosphate and Orthophosphate 133 8.25. Dissolved Silica 135 8.26. Loading 136 8.27. Heavy Metals 159 8.28. Additional Inorganic Constituents 166 8.29. Ion Balances 166 8.30. Mineral Standard 167 8.31. Chlorophyll 167 8.32. Cyanobacteria and Microcystin 172 8.33. Fecal Coliform and Escherichia coli Bacteria 175 8.33.1. Introduction 175 8.33.2. Criteria and Standards 176 8.33.3. Results from Monitoring in 2012 177 River and Reservoir Samples 177 Beach Samples 179 Quality Control 190 v Page 8.34. Pesticides in Fish 190 8.34.1. Introduction 190 8.34.2. Selected Pesticide Parameters 191 8.34.3. Sampling Program 194 8.34.4. Results from Monitoring in 2012 196 Uniformity of Fish Samples 196 Results Compared to Standards and Criteria 199 Pesticides in Carp Results 199 Pesticide Scan by EPA 203 8.35. Mercury in Fish 203 8.35.1. Introduction 203 8.35.2. Historical Data (1984–1994) 205 8.35.3. Recent Data (2004–2005) 205 8.35.4. Data from 2009–2012 206 8.36. Gas Saturation and Fish Kills 206 8.36.1. Introduction 206 8.36.2. Gas Pressure Data for the Period of Record 212 Upstream from Saylorville Dam (Station 1) 216 Downstream from Saylorville Dam (Station 5) 216 At Red Rock Reservoir in the Main Basin (Station 8S) 216 Below Red Rock Dam (Station 9) 217 8.36.3. Recent Gas Pressure Results 224 8.37. Trophic State Indices 224 8.37.1. TSI (Chlorophyll) 226 8.37.2. TSI (Phosphorus) 226 8.37.3. TSI (Secchi) 226 8.37.4. TSI Deviations 228 8.38. Water Quality Index 228 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 230 10. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC REFERENCES 231 vi Page 11. RELATED PUBLICATIONS 245 Journal Articles (by Project Personnel) 245 Journal Articles (by Others Using DMRWQN Data) 245 Theses 246 Annual Reports 247 Conference Proceedings 251 Undergraduate Student Papers 253 12. DISTRIBUTION 254 APPENDIX A: TABLES AND PLOTS FOR CONTRACT PERIOD 256 A1. Sampling dates and equivalent week numbers. 259 Time of Collection 260 Cloud Cover 261 Ice Cover 262 River Flow 263 Lake Elevation 265 Water Temperature 267 Sampling Depth 270 Suspended Solids 271 Turbidity 273 Secchi Depth 275 Transparency Tube Depth 277 Dissolved Oxygen 279 Oxygen Gas Saturation 282 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 284 pH 286 Carbon Dioxide 289 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity 290 Total Alkalinity 291 Calcium Hardness 294 Total Hardness 295 Specific Conductance 298 Total Organic Carbon 300 Ammonia Nitrogen 302 vii Page Un-ionized Ammonia 305 Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen 306 Organic Nitrogen 309 Total Nitrogen 311 Total Phosphate 313 Total Phosphorus 315 Orthophosphate 316 Orthophosphorus 319 Dissolved Silica 321 Suspended Solids Transport 323 Ammonia Nitrogen Transport 325 Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen Transport 327 Organic Nitrogen Transport 329 Total Nitrogen Transport 331 Total Phosphate Transport 333 Soluble Cadmium 335 Soluble Copper 336 Soluble Lead 337 Soluble Mercury 338 Chloride 339 Potassium 340 Sodium 341 Sulfate 342 Chlorophyll a 343 Chlorophyll b 344 Chlorophyll c 345 Pheophytin a 346 Corrected Chlorophyll a 347 Fecal Coliform 349 Escherichia coli 351 Total Gas Saturation 353 Nitrogen Gas Saturation 354 P 356 viii Page Nitrogen Gas 357 Oxygen Gas 358 Barometric Pressure 359 TSI (Chlorophyll) 360 TSI (Phosphorus) 362 TSI (Secchi) 364 Water Quality Index 366 APPENDIX B: LONG-TERM MONTHLY MEAN DATA 1967–2012 367 B.1. Introduction 368 B.2. Monthly Mean Data 368 B1. Minimum and maximum record monthly means established in the long-term database during the 2012 water year. 370 B2. Minimum and maximum record annual means established in the long-term database during the 2012 water year. 371 River Flow 373 Lake Elevation 379 Water Temperature 381 Suspended Solids 389 Turbidity 395 Transparency Tube Depth 401 Secchi Disk Depth 407 Dissolved Oxygen 409 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 417 pH 423 Total Alkalinity 431 Calcium Hardness 437 Total Hardness 443 Specific Conductance 449 Total Organic Carbon 455 Ammonia Nitrogen 461 ix Page Un-ionized Ammonia Nitrogen 467 Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen 473 Organic Nitrogen 479 Total Nitrogen 485 Total Phosphate 491 Orthophosphate 497 Dissolved Silica 503 Suspended Solids Transport 509 Ammonia Nitrogen Transport 515 Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen Transport 521 Organic Nitrogen Transport 527 Total Nitrogen Transport 533 Total Phosphate Transport 539 Chlorophyll a (corrected) 545 Fecal Coliform Bacteria 553 Escherichia Coliform Bacteria 559 Total Gas Saturation 569 Nitrogen Gas Saturation 569 TSI (Chlorophyll) 571 TSI (Phosphorus) 573 TSI (Secchi) 575 Water Quality Index 577 x LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1. Des Moines River watershed by 8-digit hydrological unit code (HUC) (from IDNR 2000 Unified Watershed Assessment). 8 Fig. 2. Location map for sampling points on the Des Moines River, the Raccoon River, and the Saylorville and Red Rock reservoirs. 12 Fig. 3. Precipitation and air temperature at the city of Des Moines, compared with normal, for the 2012 water year (from the National Weather Service). 88 Fig. 4. Iowa nitrogen fertilizer use on corn and corn acres planted, 1964–2005. 127 Fig. 5. Control chart for ion balances performed during this contract period. 169 xiii LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Information on Saylorville and Red Rock dams and reservoirs from regulation manuals, Corps of Engineers. 2 2. Description of sampling stations. 10 3. History of the database—contract periods. 15 4. History of the database—sampling frequency. 17 5. History of the database—sampling station locations. 18 6. History of the database—sampling station activity. 20 7. History of the database—parameters. 22 8. History of the database—additional studies. 28 9. Structure of the five individual Paradox tables in the DMRWQM data set. 31 10. Duplicate sample, quality-assurance-control chart information, 2012 contract period. 38 11. Analysis of results from duplicate samples collected January 9, 2012, through December 3, 2012. 39 12. Spike-recovery, quality-control chart information, 2012 contract period. 40 13. Methods of analysis of water quality parameters. 41 14. Expected and extreme concentrations, significance, and notes for selected parameters. 44 15. Extreme values over the entire period of record for selected parameters, from Paradox data set. 48 16. Maximum and minimum values observed for each parameter for the period January 9, 2012, through December 3, 2012. 54 17. State of Iowa criteria for Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in class A waters. 59 18. Applicable state standards, EPA water quality criteria, FDA action levels, and EPA screening values. 63 19. Chronic criterion for ammonia in Iowa streams, early life stages present. 68 xiv Page 20. Chronic criterion for ammonia in Iowa streams, early life stages absent. 69 21. Violations of state water quality standards and/or EPA water quality criteria. 70 22. Summary of the draft 2012 (based on data 2008–2010), 2010 (based on data 2006– 2008), 2008 (based on data from 2004–2006), 2006 (based on data from 2004– 2005), and 2004 (based on data from 2002–2003), assessments of water quality along the Des Moines River Water Quality Network by the IDNR for Iowa’s Integrated Report to EPA [Clean Water Act Section 305(b)/303(d) requirement]. 83 23. Monthly precipitation versus 30-year normal, 2012 water year. 87 24. Long-term climatology at Des Moines, Iowa.
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