Index

A Bombs, 261, 263, 265, 269 Abandonment, 300–301 Boulder beach, 229–242 Acts, 363, 364 Boulders, 27, 275, 277–279, 281–287, 321–323 Aeolian deposits (sand dunes), 45 Boulder screes, 204, 360 Agriculture, 153–164 British period, 352 Air masses, 11 British rule, 337 Allopatric, 336 Bronze age, 349 Amphiphytes, 189 Buskett, 98 Aquatic invertebrates, 179 Aquatic plants, 179, 188 Area of Ecological Importance, 134, 157 C Area of High Landscape Value, 157 Calanque, 215 Areas of ecological importance, 193 Calcrete, 46, 186 Attard member, 34–35 Caliche, 31 Azure Window, 289–301 Capital, 374 Cart-ruts, 95, 103–116 Cart tracks, 349 B Cave and fissure fills, 45 Badlands, 176 Cave collapse, 312–313 Bajda Ridge, 54, 327, 334 Cave-dwellers, 91–100 Banquettes, 208–210, 223 Caves, 91, 94, 98, 99, 130, 154, 169, 305–315 Basin, 59 Christianity, 325–340 Bays, 27 Circular embayments, 312 Beach classification, 213–226 Clay slopes, 193, 360 Beaches, 27, 63, 169, 175, 176, 204, 207, 208, 213–226, 279, 327 Cliff, 56, 57, 59, 63, 69, 154, 167–178, 193–195, 204, 206, 207, 213, Beach management, 213–226 215–218, 221, 222, 230, 261, 262, 265, 266, 269, 276–281, 287, Beach morphology, 213– 226 306, 317–323, 360 Berm, 198, 199 Cliff-face settlements, 95 Berwin Sinkhole, 292 Cliff retreat, 305–315 Bingemma Basin, 129 Climate, 11 Binġemma Valley, 56 Clustering, 9–16 Biophilia, 290 Coastal defences, 349 Biodiversity, 203–211, 374 Coastal development, 343–355 Bird sanctuary, 266 Coastal lagoon, 252–254 Blata l-Bajda, 330, 348 Coastal wetlands, 245–258 Block detachment, 229 Coast roads, 353 Block slides, 169, 172, 305 Codes, 364 Block sliding, 312 Cohesion, 9–16 Blue clay, 26, 27, 29, 31, 40, 54, 59, 61, 119, 130, 137, 138, 153, 167, Collapse, 291, 294, 296 169–172, 174–176, 193–197, 203–210, 215, 218, 221, 222, 262, Collapse sinkholes, 129–138 263, 265, 311, 332, 360 Conglomerate, 36–39 Blue Hole, 292 Conglomerate bed, 26, 207, 347 Blue spaces, 290 Conservation, 359–371

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 381 R. Gauci and J. A. Schembri (eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of the Maltese Islands, World Geomorphological Landscapes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15456-1 382 Index

Constitution, 364 Għajn Ħadid, 329, 330 Continental quaternary deposits, 44–46 Għajn Ħadid Tower, 337 Coralline Limestone, 29 Għajn Melel Member, 41 Cosmogenic ray exposure dating, 171 Għar il-Kbir, 91, 93, 95–96, 98–100, 111–113, 114 Creeks, 69–77 Għar Lapsi Beds, 41 Għar Qawqla, 348 Globigerina limestone, 13, 14, 26, 27, 31, 36–39, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 88, D 119, 127, 130, 137, 138, 149, 156, 169, 172, 175, 176, 194, 198, Daħlet il-Fekruna, 325, 336 232, 318, 343–355, 360 Depressions, 121, 122 Globigerina limestone member, 346 Development planning act, 368 Globigerina Limestone plains, 59 Discontinuities, 229, 233, 234, 241, 263, 265 Globigerina members, 351 Dolines, 129 Ġnejna Valley, 56 Dune, 218, 314 Gorge, 61, 317, 318, 323 Dwejra, 129–138, 289–301 Government/legal notices, 363 Gozo, 57 Gozo Horst, 51, 57–59, 119 E Graben, 22, 24, 25, 49–64, 169, 215, 234, 305, 310, 318, 329 Early human settlements, 349 Grand Harbour, 26, 69–77, 121 Early settlers, 349 Grasslands, 360 Earth flows, 169 Great fault, 21, 22, 26–28, 51, 52, 56, 119, 124, 168, 169, 193, 198, Embayments, 215 327 Endogenic biomass, 187 Greensand, 31, 40–41, 312, 360 Environment, 359–371 Groups of rocks, 12 Ephemerality, 249 Erosion, 103–116 Erosional circular coves, 64 H Escarpment, 21, 27 Ħaġar Qim, 80–85, 89 EU Nature Directives, 367 Halophytes, 245–258 European Union (EU) membership, 367 Harbours, 69–77 Exogenic biomass, 187 Hard-grounds, 207 Exokarst, 179 Hazard, 273–287 Headland, 207, 230, 236, 277, 279, 284, 286, 287 Health, 290 F Holocene, 103–116, 346, 349 Fanglomerates, 31, 44 Holocene sea level, 344 Fault, 49–64, 167, 169, 173–175, 262, 263, 305, 317–319, 321–323 Horst, 49–64, 169, 234, 310, 329 Fault-bound circular coves, 64 Hydrodynamics, 184, 187 Faulting, 19–29, 310 Hydrology, 91–100, 193 Faults, 13, 205, 230, 232, 234–237, 239 Hydroperiod, 179–190, 245, 248, 251 Fetches, 213 Hydrophytes, 189 Fills, 31 Hypersaline, 254 Fluvial conglomerates, 31, 44 Foreshore, 193, 198, 200, 343–355 Fort Campbell, 335, 339 I Fortifications, 69–77, 351 Il-Kortin ta’ Għajn Żejtuna, 335 Fractures, 21 Il-Maqluba, 129 Freshwater lake deposits, 43 Il-Mara member, 36 Freshwater rockpools, 179–190 Il-Qawra, 129 Funerary site, 79, 81, 83, 88 Individual attachment, 291 Interferometric echosounders, 120 Islands, 11, 13–15 G Islets, 12, 333 Garrigue, 305, 307, 360 Ġebel Imbark Member, 41–43 Geodiversity, 375 J Geographical context, 9–16 Joints, 229, 232, 235 Geoheritage, 177 Geo-historical, 9–16 Geology, 19, 29 K Geomorphosites, 167 Karren, 179 Geosites, 129, 177 Karst, 49–64, 93, 95, 129, 130, 138, 154, 169, 170, 179–190, 317–323 Geosystem services, 375 Knights of St John, 349 Għadira Beds, 41 Kortin ta’ Għajn Żejtuna, 335 Index 383

L Mtarfa Member, 41 Landscapes stability, 141–151 Multibeam echosounders, 117, 120 Landslide, 127, 167–178, 207, 215, 261–270 Landsliding, 329 Land use, 9–16 N Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 117, 168 National ecological network, 367 Lateral spreads, 172 National environment policy, 368 Laws, 359–371 Natura 2000, 127, 153, 193, 269, 368, 377 Legal plans, 364 Natural habitat, 359–371 Legends, 134 Nature reserve, 134, 266 Limestone, 49–64 Neolithic, 79–89, 105, 264 Limestone dissolution, 179–190 Neolithic times, 349 L-Inħawi tal-Imġiebaħ u tal-Miġnuna, 335 North Malta Graben, 119 Location, 11–12 Nostalgia, 296–299 Lower conglomerate bed, 206 Notches, 195, 317, 323 Lower Coralline Limestone (LCL), 25, 26, 31–36, 45, 51, 56, 57, 59, NW Malta, 167–178 61, 63, 71, 82, 106, 119, 132, 137, 138, 169, 180, 194, 195, 199, 232, 235, 292, 318, 323, 348 Lower Globigerina Limestone, 22, 51, 61, 64, 75, 107, 138, 204–207 O Lower Globigerina Limestone Member (LGLM), 36–37, 232, 235, 347 Oligo-Miocene, 31–46 Low-rocky coast, 61 Overhangs, 330

M P Magħlaq fault, 25, 56, 57, 63, 80, 81, 119 Palaeogeography, 118, 121 Magħlaq member, 32–33 Palaeo-landforms, 117 Malta Escarpment, 118 Palaeo-landscape, 117, 127 Malta fungus, 363 Palaeo-shore platforms, 121 Maltese Wall Lizard, 366 Palaeosinkholes, 131, 136 Maps, 9, 16 Palaeosoils, 141–151 Maqluba, 129–138 Paleochristian tombs, 333 Maquis, 134, 135, 305, 360 Paleo-shorelines, 349 Marfa Peninsula, 53 Palimpsest, 9 Marfa Ridge, 53 Park, 167, 169, 173, 177, 305–315 Marine high-stand deposits, 46 Pelagian spur, 19, 20 Marine protected area, 193 Perched aquifer, 92, 96 Marine terraces, 121, 127 Phosphorite pebble bed, 347 Marine transgression, 120 Phrygana, 360 Maritime jurisdiction, 14–15 Pill-boxes, 339 Marsamxett Harbour, 70, 121 Pits, 349 Mass movement, 312, 329 Plains, 59 Media, 291, 295 Plans, 368–370 Megalithic, 79–89 Plateau, 169, 171, 195, 265, 335, 339 Mellieħa Ridge, 54, 129, 327 Plateaux, 26, 56, 58, 59, 180, 305–315, 325–340 Mellieħa Valley, 54, 327 Platform, 230 Member, 330 Policies, 364 Mġiebaħ Bay, 325, 327, 337, 339 Pools, 248, 251, 256 Micro-tidal, 344, 346 Primary legislation, 364 Middle ages, 349 Propagules, 187, 245 Middle Globigerina Limestone, 59, 64, 195, 198, 204, 233 Public policy, 364 Middle Globigerina Limestone Member (MGLM), 37, 56, 347 Pwales Valley, 54–55 Military geography, 261 Military land use, 325–340 Mistra Bay, 327, 334, 336 Q Mistra Coastal Military Battery, 340 Qala Faults, 58 Mistra Valley, 327 Qammieħ Beds, 43 Mixed sand, 329 Qawra, 129, 136–138 Miżieb Mean Sea Level aquifer, 335 Quaternary, 31 Miżieb syncline, 327 Quaternary deposits, 43–46 Miżieb Valley, 54, 325 Mnajdra, 80–85, 89 Modern conflict archaeology, 337 R Monument, 79–89 Rabat-Dingli plateau, 37, 38, 40, 43, 56, 59, 129, 153 Monumental site, 79, 81 Rabat Plateau Beds, 41 384 Index

Raised beach deposits, 43 Solution hollows, 179, 180 Raised beaches, 31 Solution pans, 179 Ras il-Fenek, 348 Solution pits, 179 Ras il-Griebeġ, 325, 327, 329, 334 Solution pools, 351 Ras il-Miġnuna, 327, 333 Solution sinkholes, 131 Rdum, 61, 63, 154, 169, 193, 195, 197, 215, 218, 261–270, 305, 312, Solution subsidence, 59, 95, 195 360 Solution subsidence structures, 61, 334 Rdum il-Bies, 327, 329, 333 South Malta horst, 119 Rdum Rxawn, 327, 329, 334 Spatial planning, 377 Regional stress fields, 19–29 Special Area of Conservation, 134, 193, 325–340, 367 Regulations, 363 Specially Protected Area, 157, 325 Ria, 61–63, 69–77, 121, 215 Speleothems, 31, 46 Ridge, 22, 26, 59, 121 Stacks, 317 Rifting, 20–26 Steppe, 138, 360 Rio declaration, 373 St Paul’s Islands, 325, 335, 366 Rockfall, 170, 172, 294, 319, 322, 331 Strategic plan for the environment and development, 368 Rock windows, 323 Strategies, 368–370 Rubble wall, 136, 153–164, 169, 361 Stratigraphy, 31–46 Rupestral community, 135, 138, 195 Structural regions, 49–59 Subduction, 19, 20 Sub-facies A, 37 S Sub-facies B, 37 Salinas, 332, 351 Sub-horizontal platforms, 331, 344 Saline marshlands, 245–258 Submerged landforms, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 127 Salt pans, 206, 207 Subsidence sinkholes, 129–138 Salvage, 299–300 Subsidiary or Secondary Legislation, 364 Sand dune, 31, 207, 208, 217–218, 246, 360 Succulent plants, 250 Sandy beaches, 203–211, 360 Sustainability, 373–378 San Leonardo beds, 46 Sustainable development, 373 Sannat Faults, 58 Sustainable Development Goals, 377 Scarps, 230, 232, 234–236, 239 Scree slopes, 61, 193, 215, 305, 329 Scrub, 360 T Sea arch, 289–301, 317, 319, 323 Tal-Pitkal Member, 41 Sea cave, 64, 317–323, 333 Target practice, 261–270 Seafloor, 117, 119–123, 127 Tat-Tomna Beds, 43 Sea level, 349 Tectonic forces, 13, 234 Sea-level rise, 117, 119–121, 127 Tectonics, 19–29 Seaward terminus, 345 Temple, 79–89 Sediment, 187–189, 198, 200, 207, 215, 217, 221, 245, 246, 248, 249, Temporary wetlands, 245–258 305, 313–314 Terminal lower globigerina hardground, 347 Sedimentary limestone, 31–46 Terraced fields, 155 Seed bank, 179–190 Terracing, 153–164 Seismic activity, 24, 25 Terra rossa, 96, 131, 141–151 Selmun, 348 Terrestrial vegetation, 179 Selmunett Wall Lizard, 336 Terriphytes, 189 Selmun Palace, 338, 340 Thematic analysis, 291 Semicircular coves, 63–64 Therapeutic landscape, 291, 300, 301 Shingle, 193–201, 327, 329 Tilting, 26 Shingle beaches, 193–201 Topophilia, 291, 298 Shore platform, 64, 69, 71, 72, 169, 176, 203–211, 215, 229–242, Topples, 172 330–332, 343–355 Tree cover, 360 Signatures, 273–287 Tree Reserve, 134 Sinkholes, 122, 127, 129–138 Troglodytic communities, 112 Sinkholes or dolines, 130 Troglodytism, 91–100 Site of Scientific Importance, 134, 157, 193 Tsunami, 273–287 Skerries, 12 Slides, 169 Slopes, 332 U Slope talus agglomerates and breccias, 45 UNESCO World Heritage Site, 289 Soil, 153–164 Upper Coralline Limestone (UCL), 13, 22, 25–27, 29, 31, 41–43, 51, Soilscapes, 141–151 52, 54, 58, 59–61, 63, 82, 95, 99, 105, 106, 113, 119, 129–131, Solastalgia, 299 149, 169, 170, 172, 174–176, 180, 194, 195, 197, 198, 204, 205, Solutional erosion, 181 218, 221, 262, 263, 265, 277, 305, 306, 309–312, 339, 360 Index 385

Upper Globigerina, 59 Water management, 91–100 Upper Globigerina Limestone, 58, 63, 138, 204, 205, 207, 233, 311, Water reservoirs, 132 330 Water supply, 92 Upper Globigerina Limestone Member (UGLM), 38–39, 64, 347 Waves, 213, 231, 235–237, 239, 241, 273–278, 284–287 Upper Globigerina Limestone plateau, 207 Well, 132 Wellbeing, 289–301 Wetlands, 246 V Wied il-Mielaħ, 299 Valley, 22, 26, 56, 120, 169, 180, 215, 245–247, 277–279, 305, 307, Woodland, 153–164, 360 325–340, 360 Victorian baths, 353 X Xagħra tal-Kortin, 326, 335, 336 W Xemxija tombs, 80, 83–84, 86, 87, 89 Wardija Ridge, 55 Xlendi member, 35–36 Watercourses, 58