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Practice Parameter for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Immunodeficiency
Practice parameter Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency Francisco A. Bonilla, MD, PhD, David A. Khan, MD, Zuhair K. Ballas, MD, Javier Chinen, MD, PhD, Michael M. Frank, MD, Joyce T. Hsu, MD, Michael Keller, MD, Lisa J. Kobrynski, MD, Hirsh D. Komarow, MD, Bruce Mazer, MD, Robert P. Nelson, Jr, MD, Jordan S. Orange, MD, PhD, John M. Routes, MD, William T. Shearer, MD, PhD, Ricardo U. Sorensen, MD, James W. Verbsky, MD, PhD, David I. Bernstein, MD, Joann Blessing-Moore, MD, David Lang, MD, Richard A. Nicklas, MD, John Oppenheimer, MD, Jay M. Portnoy, MD, Christopher R. Randolph, MD, Diane Schuller, MD, Sheldon L. Spector, MD, Stephen Tilles, MD, Dana Wallace, MD Chief Editor: Francisco A. Bonilla, MD, PhD Co-Editor: David A. Khan, MD Members of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters: David I. Bernstein, MD, Joann Blessing-Moore, MD, David Khan, MD, David Lang, MD, Richard A. Nicklas, MD, John Oppenheimer, MD, Jay M. Portnoy, MD, Christopher R. Randolph, MD, Diane Schuller, MD, Sheldon L. Spector, MD, Stephen Tilles, MD, Dana Wallace, MD Primary Immunodeficiency Workgroup: Chairman: Francisco A. Bonilla, MD, PhD Members: Zuhair K. Ballas, MD, Javier Chinen, MD, PhD, Michael M. Frank, MD, Joyce T. Hsu, MD, Michael Keller, MD, Lisa J. Kobrynski, MD, Hirsh D. Komarow, MD, Bruce Mazer, MD, Robert P. Nelson, Jr, MD, Jordan S. Orange, MD, PhD, John M. Routes, MD, William T. Shearer, MD, PhD, Ricardo U. Sorensen, MD, James W. Verbsky, MD, PhD GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and Aerocrine; has received payment for lectures from Genentech/ These parameters were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck; and has received research support from Genentech/ the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; the American College of Novartis and Merck. -
Rare Diseases in Mediaeval Europe
ISSN: 2643-4571 Dooms. Int J Rare Dis Disord 2020, 3:016 DOI: 10.23937/2643-4571/1710016 Volume 3 | Issue 1 International Journal of Open Access Rare Diseases & Disorders REVIEW ARTICLE Rare Diseases in Mediaeval Europe * Check for Dooms M updates Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Historical Archive University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium *Corresponding author: Dooms M, Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Historical Archive University Hospitals Leuven, KULeuven, HistArUz, Belgium Abstract el of an infirmarium/hospitium that could be a church. Besides medical treatment, these monasteries were Monastic rules made an end to infanticide and child neglect in the Middle-Ages by caring for children with (rare) disor- hostels for pilgrims and travelers, for the elderly and ders: Disabled and impaired citizens became part of daily homeless people. Benedict’s Rule admonished monks life. Historic, paleo-pathological, iconographic and genetic to care for the sick within the confines of the monas- research revealed several cases of acromegaly, achondro- tery (Mat 10:8). Later on the church started to oppose plasia, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Dupuytren’s contraction, goiter, Marfan syn- these medical practices as they feared it would distract drome, Paget’s disease and phenylketonuria. These obser- the clergy, living celibate and freed from all personal vations want to illustrate that diseases with a low prevalence possessions, from their spiritual activities. Taking care are not recent observations but already existed for many (caritas) of female patients and all the money involved centuries. in these activities was also not looked on favorably. In Keywords 1215 the Fourth Council of the Lateran (http://www. -
Making Modern Migraine Medieval: Men of Science, Hildegard of Bingen and the Life of a Retrospective Diagnosis
Med. Hist. (2014), vol. 58(3), pp. 354–374. c The Author 2014. Published by Cambridge University Press 2014 The online version of this article is published within an Open Access environment subject to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution licence <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/>. doi:10.1017/mdh.2014.28 Making Modern Migraine Medieval: Men of Science, Hildegard of Bingen and the Life of a Retrospective Diagnosis KATHERINE FOXHALL* University of Leicester, School of History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Abstract: Charles Singer’s retrospective diagnosis of Hildegard of Bingen as a migraine sufferer, first made in 1913, has become commonly accepted. This article uses Hildegard as a case study to shift our focus from a polarised debate about the merits or otherwise of retrospective diagnosis, to examine instead what happens when diagnoses take on lives of their own. It argues that simply championing or rejecting retrospective diagnosis is not enough; that we need instead to appreciate how, at the moment of creation, a diagnosis reflects the significance of particular medical signs and theories in historical context and how, when and why such diagnoses can come to do meaningful work when subsequently mobilised as scientific ‘fact’. This article first traces the emergence of a new formulation of migraine in the nineteenth century, then shows how this context enabled Singer to retrospectively diagnose Hildegard’s migraine and finally examines some of the ways in which this idea has gained popular and academic currency in the second half of the twentieth century. The case of Hildegard’s migraine reminds us of the need to historicise scientific evidence just as rigorously as we historicise our other material and it exposes the cumulative methodological problems that can occur when historians use science, and scientists use history on a casual basis. -
Problematizing Retrospective Diagnosis in the History of Disease*
PROBLEMATIZING RETROSPECTIVE DIAGNOSIS IN THE HISTORY OF DISEASE* Jon Arrizabalaga Department of History of Science Institución Milà i Fontanals, CSIC TWENTIETH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHY OF HUMAN DISEASE: A PRELIMINARY OUT- LINE FROM A SOCIO-CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE The perception of biomedical achievements in the last century has led most West- erners and those in the rest of the world under the influence of Western scientific cul- ture, to assume that their own representations of disease and of its causes are the most authentic, the «truest», on the assumption that such representations are the culmination of an historical process through which modern medical science gradually achieved a better understanding of these phenomena —in accordance with a mathematical image, so esteemed by Popperian philosophers of science, of scientific knowledge as asymp- totic to natural reality. Until well into the 1920s this idea was indisputable among historians of disease not least as a result of the «disciplinary» and, above all, legitimizing role with respect to modern medicine that History of Medicine had played after its institutionalization in German and Central European medical faculties during the late nineteenth century. The great impact that new laboratory medicine was having from the mid nineteenth century on the re-conceptualization of diseases had meant that the history of human diseases was reconstructed as a process of acquisition of knowledge and techniques leading to the present time in a linear, progressive and inexorable way. From the late nineteenth-century, the laboratory was presented in the historico-medical studies as the scenario where, definitively, medicine had succeeded in endowing itself with a method —the systematical resort to experimental research— reliable and rigorous, to ———— * This study has been partly funded by the research fellowship PB 98-0406-C02-02 of the DGESIC (Spanish Government).