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1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory: Volume 3: Ohio's Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs

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1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory: Volume 3: Ohio's Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs Ohio Water Resource Inventory Volume 3: Ohio's Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs Division of Surface Water Robert D. Davic Ph.D. Dale Eicher Jeff DeShon 1996 State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 1049 1800 WaterMark Drive Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149 1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory: Volume 3: Ohio's Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs Ohio EPA Technical Bulletin MAS/1997-10-2 Robert D. Davic Ph.D. Dale Eicher Jeff DeShon Jan 31, 1997 State Of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Surface Water Monitoring and Assessment Section 1685 Westbelt Drive Columbus, Ohio 43228 http://www.epa.ohio.gov 1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory Introduction A. Background. Section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires each state to report on the water quality of its lakes/ponds/reservoirs that are classified under State Water Quality Standards. In addition, Section 314 of the Act (Clean Lakes Program) re- quires each state to report on the overall condition of its public lakes including trophic state, impaired/threatened uses, impact from toxic chemicals, and status and trends of water quality. This report is submitted to fulfill these requirements and revises the 1980, 1982, 1988, 1990, 1992, and 1994 State of Ohio 305(b) lake water quality inventory reports. This report also summarizes data collected by the Ohio EPA in 1993, 1994, and 1995 for Section 314 Lake Water Quality Assessment grants (see Appendix I). This report also restates the Ohio Lake Condition Index (Ohio EPA 1988a, 1990b; Davic and DeShon, 1989). The Ohio Lake Condition In- dex (LCI) was developed by the Ohio EPA for the 1988 305(b) reporting cycle, and is used in this report to: 1) determine if Ohio’s public lakes are meeting Clean Water Act goals of fishable and swimmable waters, (2) determine the extent that Ohio’s lakes are meeting designated uses under Ohio Water Quality Standards, (3) document temporal changes in the status of lake water quality, and (4) classify the overall ecosystem condition of Ohio’s inland lakes. Federal guidance for the 305(b) report requires that lakes be classified into one of five possible use attainment categories: (1) insufficient data, (2) full use attain- ment, (3) full use attainment, but threatened, (4) partial use, non- attainment, and (5) impaired use, non-attainment. Many of Ohio’s lakes have multiple uses and may show partial use support or impairment for one use but full use for another. For this report, each lake was assessed for all possible uses, whether or not those uses are currently being realized. For each of Ohio’s 446 public lakes, separate use assessments were made for: (1) aquatic life use support, (2) recreational use sup- port, (3) public drinking water supply use support and (4) fish tissue consumption use support. 1 Volume III: Ohio’s Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs The methodology used to determine attainment of designated uses has been modified for this 1996 report in response to federal 305(b) guidance that lakes found to have “partial” use attainment must be reported as being “impaired.” This guidance was not followed in previous versions of the Ohio 305(b) report, i.e., partial use lakes were not considered to be “impaired,” but were ranked between full use and impaired use attainment. As such, in their previous reports to Congress (1990 to 1994) the US EPA misidentified the total number of “impaired” lakes in Ohio. In order to eliminate confusion in the use of the concept of “impaired” use, the Ohio EPA has, for this 1996 305(b) update, adopted the US EPA guidance that “partial” use lakes are to be reported as having “impaired” use attainment. A revised LCI use attainment flow chart is presented in Appendix A of this 1996 report. Using this revised procedure, all lakes meeting the criteria of “partial” and “impaired” use attainment meet the US EPA definition of having an “impaired” condition. A revised use attainment summary for Ohio’s 446 lakes is provided in Appendix H of this 1996 report. To allow for long term consistency in the reporting of use attainment, all historical data have been revised to reflect the changes in the Appendix A flow chart. Impairment of a use, either “partial” or “impaired” condition, does not necessarily mean that the lake cannot be used for that activity, nor that a public health hazard exists. Both partial use and impaired use lakes represent high priority lakes in need of more intensive study to determine the severity of the problem, to identify problem causes and sources, and to develop lake and watershed restoration alternatives (i.e., Section 314 Phase I Diagnostic and Feasibility projects). Conversely, lakes judged to have full use attainment need to have lake and watershed “protection” plans developed and implemented to insure that the higher quality water resource is maintained over time. All lake data used to generate this volume of the 1996 305(b) Report are stored on computer diskettes that are available from the Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water, 1800 Watermark Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43266–0149, (614) 728–3388. 6/13/97 2 1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory B. Inventory of Ohio’s Public Lakes According to information provided by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, there are approximately 50,000 lakes and small ponds in Ohio with a total surface area of about 200,000 acres (ODNR, unpubl.). About 2200 of these lakes are 5 acres or greater with a total surface area of 134,000 acres (ODNR, 1980). These 2,200 lakes include both public and private lakes. The USEPA estimated (from an elec- tronic file generated from 1:100,000 scale maps) that Ohio has 5,130 lakes totaling 188,461 acres (USEPA 1991). The difference in number of lakes estimated by USEPA and ODNR is likely related to numerous small ponds (high number, small acreage) not detected on the 1:100,000 scale maps. For this 1996 reporting cycle, 446 public lakes more than 5 acres have been identi- fied. These 446 public lakes have a total surface area of 118,909 acres. A summary of classified uses for all of Ohio’s public and private lakes, ponds, and reservoirs is shown in Table 1. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation, manages 63 lakes found in 74 public parks. These parks and lakes receive visits from millions of Ohioans each year. Table 1. Summary atlas of classified uses for Ohio’s lakes, ponds, and reservoirs (includes public and private lakes of all sizes). ================================================================== Classified Size Classified for Use Use (acres) REC Primary Contact Use 200,000 1 EWH Aquatic Life Uses 193,903 2 PWS Public Water Supply 118,909 3 SRW State Resource Water 118,909 3 ================================================================== 1 Estimated from ODNR (1982), both public and private lakes, all sizes. Lakes are not specifically given a primary contact recreation use in OAC Chapter 3745-1, but this use is assumed. 2 Does not include upground reservoirs, which are exempt from EWH use. 3 Only includes public lakes over 5 acres. 3 Volume III: Ohio’s Public Lakes, Ponds, & Reservoirs Map 1. Distribution of Ohio lakes by type of lake (top) and by surface area in acres (Bottom). Lake Types Natural Lakes Dug Out Impoundments Upground Reservors Lake Surface Area 118 5 - 10 acres 164 10.1-50 acres 117 50.1-500 acres 46 500.1-12,700 acres 6/13/97 4 1996 Ohio Water Resource Inventory A complete listing of Ohio’s 446 public lakes is provided in Appendix B of this report. Private lakes and public lakes less than 5 acres surface area are not in- cluded in this volume due to a general lack of information. For the purposes of this report, public lakes are defined as those lakes/ponds/reservoirs, including upground reservoirs, where: (1) public access to the water is either owned, man- aged or leased by a public entity (i.e., federal, state, county, or municipal govern- ment agencies; park districts; conservation districts), or (2) the lake water is regu- lated by the Ohio EPA as a primary or secondary public drinking water supply. For the purposes of the CWA Section 314 program, “Significant Public Lakes” are defined as those public lakes that are freely open to the public for recreation. Sig- nificant public lakes are eligible for possible funding under the Clean Water Act Section 314 Clean Lakes Program, which is administered in Ohio by the Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water. For this 1996 update, 345 (112,281 acres) of Ohio’s 446 public lakes greater than 5 acres were identified as “Significant Public Lakes.” Sig- nificant Public Lakes are listed in Appendix B as recreational use lakes. As of 1996, six of Ohio’s 345 significant public lakes have been involved in the Section 314 Clean Lakes Program. For the State of Ohio Water Inventory, stream impoundments not locally recog- nized as lakes (e.g., low head dams) are classified under impounded stream seg- ments. The condition of these impounded stream segments can be found in Ap- pendix A of Volume I of the 1996 305(b) Report. An inventory of Ohio’s wetlands, which often include open water, is being developed by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Two–hundred seventy-nine (62.6%) of Ohio’s 446 public lakes are dammed im- poundments, 86 (19.3%) are upground reservoirs, 57 (12.7%) are dug-out lakes, and 24 (5.4%) are natural glacial lakes (Map 1). Table 2 lists the number and total acres of Ohio’s public lakes by size classes.
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