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Avocado Production in Home Gardens Revised

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Avocado Production in Home Gardens Revised AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN HOME GARDENS Author: Gary S. Bender, Ph.D. UCCE Farm Advisor Avocados are grown in home Soil Requirements gardens in the coastal zone of A fine sandy loam with good California from San Diego north drainage is necessary for long life to San Luis Obispo. Avocados and good health of the tree. It is (mostly Mexican varieties) can better to have deep soils, but also be grown in the Monterey – well-drained shallow soils are Watsonville region, in the San suitable if irrigation is frequent. Francisco bay area, and in the Clay soils, or shallow soils with “banana-belts” in the San Joaquin impermeable subsoils, should not Valley. Avocados are grown successfully in be planted to avocados. Mulching avocados frost-free inland valleys in San Diego County with a composted greenwaste (predominantly and western Riverside County, but attention chipped wood) is highly beneficial, but should be made to locating the avocado tree manures and mushroom composts are usually on the warmest microclimates on the too high in salts and ammonia and can lead to property. excessive root burn and “tip-burn” in the leaves. Manures should never be added to Climatic Requirements the soil back-fill when planting a tree. The Guatemalan races of avocado (includes varieties such as Nabal and Reed) are more Varieties frost-tender. The Hass variety (a Guatemalan/ The most popular variety in the coastal areas Mexican hybrid which is mostly Guatemalan) is Hass. The peel texture is pebbly, peel is also very frost tender; damage occurs to the color is at ripening, and it has excellent flavor fruit if the winter temperature remains at 30°F and peeling qualities. Fruit can be size- for four hours. Guatemalan/ Mexican hybrids picked (8 oz or larger) as early as January in that are mostly Mexican, such as Fuerte, are a San Diego. Fruit maturity is delayed in the little more tolerant of frost, showing damage more northern counties; Hass is usually not at 27°F after four hours. The Mexican types, harvested until April or May in Santa Barbara such as Zutano and Bacon are more tolerant, and September or October in Watsonville. indicating damage at 24 – 26°F for four hours. The Hass season extends into August in San The Mexicola variety is the most frost Diego; if fruit is stored longer on the tree it tolerant, staying hearty into the low 20°s. often becomes rancid when ripening. Avocados are also sensitive to wind, which The Reed and Fuerte are also very popular in can cause fruit drop and defoliation. Trees home gardens. Reed sets fruit well when no should be located in protected areas. other avocados are nearby. Fuerte, however, Avocados become un-productive (poor fruit often requires an avocado tree with an “A” set and excessive fruit drop) if temperatures type flower nearby to set a good crop. “A” exceed 100°F for long periods of time. flowers are a characteristic of Hass, Gwen, Avocados also set fruit poorly if daytime Reed and Topa Topa. The harvest season for temperatures in the spring remain below 70°F Reed is July-October. The harvest season for for extended periods. Fuerte is November-June. Fuerte is alternate bearing and an inconsistent producer. (For imported from Guatemala. Research is more information on pollenizers and currently being conducted with West Indian pollination, please refer to “Pollination selections developed in Israel that have been Facts” at the end of this publication). reported to have tolerance to salinity. West Indian or West Indian hybrids may have A new variety, “Lamb Hass”, appears to potential for rootstocks in the future, but only consistently set more fruit than Hass. The in frost-free locations. season is later; fruit does not appear to be ready for harvest until May in San Diego. It Irrigation has not been determined how late the fruit Irrigation is by far the most important will hang on the trees. cultural operation. It is important for the grower to know both frequency of irrigation Bacon is the most frost tolerant of the and how much water to apply during an popular varieties, but has a short season. irrigation event. Frequent and relatively Fruits are harvested December-January in shallow irrigation (water penetrating at least San Diego and May-June in Watsonville. If 16” to 20” deep in the soil) are recommended Bacons are left on the tree too long the fruit on San Diego’s sandy loam soils on the develops a breakdown in the tissue and rot at hillsides. Heavier soils require less frequent the blossom end. irrigation, but it is important that the shallow feeder roots not become excessively dry. Zutano is a consistent producer, is somewhat (See attachment for amount of water a tree frost tolerant, but eating quality is only fair. uses on a daily basis in San Diego inland The harvest season is similar to Bacon. valleys.) Although the attached table shows Zutano appears to be a good pollenizer tree a historical quantity of water used by for Hass. avocados on a daily basis, avocados are not watered every day. Rather, the frequency of Gwen can be a heavy producer, but is very irrigation is determined by feel of the soil intolerant to cold, heat, wind or drought. (when a ball of soil starts to crumble in the Gwen has a rough pebbly skin like Hass, but hand) or by a tensiometer reading (usually does not turn evenly black at ripening as does 20cb to 25cb from a tensiometer set at 8” Hass. Gwen has a strong requirement for a below to the soil surface in the wetted pattern pollenizer variety; Zutano is often used for of the sprinkler). For instance, if the cross-pollination. tensiometer indicates that the soil reaches critical dryness in five days, and the chart Rootstocks indicates that trees are using about 30 gallons Mexican seedling rootstocks (Topa Topa, of water per tree per day, the grower would Zutano) are normally used as rootstocks due apply 5 x 30 gallons = 150 gallons per tree to good tolerance of cold soils. The Mexican during the irrigation event. A better way to seedling rootstocks do not have resistance to determine water use in real time is to log onto root rot or saline water. Clonal rootstocks the website www.avocado.org and get into such as Duke 7, Thomas, Barr Duke, Toro the CIMIS calculator under the “growers Canyon or D-9 have some resistance to root section”. By using the CIMIS weather rot. These rootstocks were selected from stations, one can estimate actual water use by survivor trees in groves in Southern a tree during the past week fairly accurately. California where other trees had died from the disease, or from promising seedlings 2 During peak water use months the soil should usually applied at the rate of 0.5 lbs. per tree be leached every 4 to 5 weeks. This permits per year, scattered on the soil in the wetted removal of salts from the root zone. A pattern and watered into the soil. leaching irrigation can be accomplished by Alternatively, zinc sulfate can be applied at the homeowner by letting the hose or the rate of about 3 – 4 lbs. per tree every five sprinkler run for 24 hours under the tree. years. Avocados are sensitive to salts and these must be kept in a dilute state. By reducing the In some situations, other elements may be salt uptake in the tree, less tip-burn occurs, lacking. Iron deficiency (causing sharp green which means that the tree does not have to veins against a yellow background between drop these leaves and grow new leaves the veins) is common in calcareous soils. during the early spring. More energy Iron, manganese, zinc and copper can be reserves are then available for fruit set and applied as a foliar spray in the late spring to fruit development. supply minor elements. Leaf analysis in the late summer/fall is done to determine which Irrigation is done predominantly through elements, if any, are lacking. mini-sprinkler systems. Drip irrigation can be used successfully but large trees should Some long-term studies have indicated that have at least 8 – 10 drippers under each tree, yield may be improved with applications of and output from the sprinklers must match phosphorous and potassium. tree use. Water use by the tree is controlled by factors in the environment (sunlight, A basic fertilizer schedule used for mature temperature, humidity, wind speed and length trees in farm advisor trials is as follows: of wind run), therefore changing an irrigation Early February: 6 lbs. triple 15 (15- system to drip does not necessarily “save” 15-15) applied per tree. (equals 0.90 water. lbs. actual nitrogen) June: 3 lbs. calcium nitrate (15.5-0-0) Fertilization applied per tree (equals 0.465 lbs. Nitrogen and zinc are the two elements most actual nitrogen) commonly required by the avocado. Nitrogen September: 3 lbs. calcium nitrate deficiency results in a general yellowing (15.5-0-0) (equals 0.465 lbs. actual color in the foliage. Nitrogen is applied nitrogen). though the use of commercial chemical Total actual nitrogen for the year:1.83 fertilizers and manures. Rates of application lbs. are from a quarter pound (young trees) to 1.5 Recent research has indicated that yield in – 2.0 lbs. (mature trees) of actual nitrogen per Hass avocado may be boosted somewhat by tree per year. Fertilizers most commonly an extra application of nitrogen (0.25 lb. used are calcium ammonium nitrate, actual N/tree) in April and November.
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