International Journal of Botany Studies

International Journal of Botany Studies ISSN: 2455-541X, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12 www.botanyjournals.com Volume 2; Issue 1; January 2016; Page No. 38-59

Survey on medicinal in the flora of Jizan Region, Ahmed El-shabasy Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract The present study aims to assess medicinal plants in Jizan region comparing with total medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia Kingdom. The result revealed that there are 306 species present in the Kingdom with 11 endemic species on the other hand, there are 141 species in Jizan region which constitute about (46.08%) of total medicinal plants in the Kingdom with 5 endemic species with (45.45%). This study confirms on importance of medicinal plants protection because almost of them are rare or endangered species.

Keywords: flora, medicinal, discoveries

1. Introduction Saudi Arabia has a hot desert climate and rainfall is scarce in Man ever since his first appearance on Earth, has used most parts of the country. The flora of Saudi Arabia as well throughout his historical development as a source of as the other countries in the peninsula has been neglected for medicines. Medicinal plants have formed the basis of the a long time due to its arid climate. The first attempt to cover folkloric medicine which was the main source for new the flora of Saudi Arabia was in 1974 (Alfarhan et al., medicines discoveries (Newman et al., 2000) [67]. Herbal 1998). The flora of Saudi Arabia is one of the richest medicine has impacts on both world health and international biodiversity areas in the Arabian Peninsula and comprises trade. In terms of world health, traditional medicinal plants very important genetic resources of crop and medicinal continue to play a central role in the healthcare systems of plants. Approximately 850 species in 434 genera of 98 large proportions of the world's population (Akerele, 1988) families have been reported from the Jizan Region, which is [7]. By the middle of the nineteenth century at least 80% of about 37.18 % of the total species present in Saudi Arabia. all medicines were derived from plants. Then, after the (Miller and Cope, 1996) [63]. scientific revolution which leads to development of the The percentage of endemic plants in the Kingdom is very pharmaceutical industry, the synthetic drugs dominated low. About 50 species (2%) are considered endemic to this (Gilani and Atta-ur-Rahman, 2005) [38]. country compared to 137 species (5.5%) of and 60 This is particularly true in developing countries, where species (5%) of Oman. However, there are about 152 traditional systems of medicine have a long and undetermined specimens deposited at various herbaria in the uninterrupted history of use. Recognition and development Kingdom and Britain. The number of endemic species in of the medicinal and economic benefits of traditional Saudi Arabia probably goes even higher as and when the medicinal plants is on the increase in both developing and nomenclatural status of the undetermined specimens has industrialized countries, although it varies greatly from been finalized. At present, most of the endemic species are region to region (Zhang, 1998) [94]. Herbal drugs are reported from the southwestern and northwestern highlands. prescribed widely because of their effectiveness, fewer side It is probably due to these regions' rich variety of habitats effects and are relatively low in cost (Odhav et al., 2010) [69]. and also its affordable degree of environmental stability Medicinal plants represent an important health and economic (Miller & Nyberg, 1991) [62]. component of biodiversity. It is essential to make the According to Al-Yahya, (1984) the Arabian peninsula is the complete inventory of the medicinal component of the flora birth place of herbal drugs, and the use of folk medicine has of any country for conservation and sustainable use. The existed there since time immemorial. However, traditional conservation of the threatened and endangered medicinal medicine, occupies a significant part of Saudi Arabia’s species in the wild is indispensable. The complete inventory heritage and it is widely practiced until now (Al-Essa et al., of the medicinal plant resources of Saudi Arabia is in 1998). According to Mossa et al. 1987 [64], the Kingdom of progress under the auspices of Medicinal, Aromatic and Saudi Arabia is gifted with a wide range of flora, consisting Poisonous Plant Research Center (MAPPRC) and the of a large number of medicinal herbs, shrubs and trees. Department of Pharmacognosy, the College of Pharmacy, The aim of this study is to make a survey on all medicinal King Saud University, Riyadh. There are 300 species from plants in the kingdom and determine the number, percentage the flora, representing 12% of the total species of the flora. and endemism of species present in the flora of Jizan. These 300 species, belonging to 72 families, were reported from 2250 species of Saudi flora (Mossa et al. 1987 and 2. Materials and Methods 2000) [64]. Literatures including, textbooks, journals, proceedings, periodicals and databases written in Medicinal Plants used to

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International Journal of Botany Studies treat human diseases in Arabian Pennisula and other parts of of species which are 32 and 20 in KSA flora as well as 11 the world were consulted for relevant information. and 12 in Jizan flora respectively. Dictionaries of English/ Arabic and Arabic/ English were The investigation for medicinal plant diversity within these also consulted for accuracy. families revealed that out of these 141 species(46.08%) are represented in the Jizan flora. the total number of endemic 3. Results species in the kingdom is 11and in Jizan flora is 5 (45.45%). The survey of literature showed that a total of 306 species Table (2) number of medicinal plants used for treatment for under 61 families as shown in table (1) and figure (1). each disease belonging to. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families have the highest number Table (3) Botanical information of all medicinal plants in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Table 1: Number of species per family

Family Name Number of species KSA Jizan 1 Acanthaceae 1 1 2 Agavaceae 0 2 3 Aizoaceae 1 0 4 Amaranthaceae 1 7 5 Apiaceae 10 0 6 4 4 7 Areaceae 0 1 8 Asclepidaceae 3 2 9 Asphodelaceae 1 1 10 Asteraceae 23 11 11 Balanitaceae 1 0 12 Boraginaceae 4 4 13 Brassicaceae 12 3 14 Burseraceae 1 1 15 Caeslpinaceae 1 1 16 Capparidaceae 3 10 17 Caryophyllaceae 0 1 18 Chenopodiaceae 7 2 19 Clusiaceae 1 0 20 Convolvulaceae 3 3 21 Cucurbitaceae 0 3 22 Cupressaceae 1 0 23 Ephedraceae 2 0 24 Euphorbiaceae 8 15 25 Fabaceae 14 8 26 Geraniaceae 0 1 27 Lamiaceae 20 12 28 Lauraceae 1 1 29 Liliaceae 2 0 30 Lythraceae 1 1 31 Malvaceae 0 4 32 Meliaceae 0 1 33 Mimosaceae 1 0 34 Molluginaceae 0 1 35 Moraceae 1 0 36 Moringaceae 0 1 37 Myrtaceae 3 1 38 Nyctaginaceae 0 1 39 Oleaceae 0 1 40 Onagraceae 1 0 41 Orobanchaceae 1 0 42 Papaveraceae 0 2 43 Plantaginaceae 2 0 44 Plumbiginaceae 0 2 45 Poaceae 5 1 46 Polygonaceae 4 4 47 Portulaceae 0 1 48 Ranunculaceae 3 0 49 Resedaceae 1 2 50 Rhamnaceae 1 1 39

International Journal of Botany Studies

51 Rosaceae 1 2 52 Rutaceae 1 1 53 Salvadoraceae 0 1 54 Sapotaceae 0 1 55 Solanaceae 7 8 56 Tamaricaceae 1 2 57 Tilliaceae 1 1 58 Typhaceae 0 1 59 Urticaceae 1 0 60 Zingerberaceae 4 0 61 Zygophyllaceae 0 6

Fig 1: Shows number of species per family

Table 2: Number of species per each disease in KSA and Jizan flora

Disease belonging to KSA Jizan 1 Circulatory system 19 11 2 Digestive system 30 28 3 Genital system 2 4 4 Muscular system 2 1 5 Nervous system 16 10 6 Respiratory system 11 15 7 Skeletal system 0 2

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International Journal of Botany Studies

7 Urinary system 7 4 8 Anti-inflammatory 6 3 9 Anti-cancer 2 0 10 Anti-parasite 4 2 11 Anti-viral 1 0 12 antifungal 3 2 13 Antimicrobial 40 25 14 Antioxidant 2 0 15 Bee, mosquito and snake control 0 3 16 Ear 1 0 17 Eye 1 3 18 Fever 1 4 19 Hair 1 1 20 Headache 0 1 21 Skin 9 12 22 Stimulant 1 1 23 Sun stroke 0 1 24 Tooth 6 6

Table 3: Botanical information of all medicinal plants in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Local Scientific name Family Part used Medical uses References name Abutilon pannosum (G. Whole Akbar and Al- 1 - Malvaceae Antimicrobial Forst.) Schlecht. plant Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Haemorrhae, colds, Acacia arabica L. Whole Vanessa et al., 2 - Fabaceae diarrhoea, scurvy and plant 2012 dysentery. Acalypha fruticosa used for treating bee Shubashini, et 3 - Euphorbiaceae Leaves Forssk.(Jizan) stings al.,2010 used Acalypha indica L. for the cure from 4 - Euphorbiaceae whole herb Yusuf, 1994 (Jizan) bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma Achillea strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 5 - Asteraceae whole herb biebersteinii Afan. activity Yahya(2011) Central nervous Achillea Whole Akbar and Al- 6 - Asteraceae system stimulation fragrantissima L. plant Yahya(2011) and antimicrobial astringent, diuretic, Mossa et al., whole herb alterative, antiperiodic 1987 and purgative. Achyranthes stomachache, bowel 7 Mahwat Amaranthaceae aspera L (Jizan) Leaves complaints piles, boils Watt, 1962 and skin eruptions. abortion and labor Nadkarni, 1954 roots pains used in bones Adenium arabicum whole herb dislocations, painful 8 Balf. (endemic) Adnah; Apocynaceae Shahina, 1994 and bark joints, wounds and (Jizan) skin infections Adenium obesum Whole Akbar and Al- 9 L. Aden Apocynaceae Antimicrobial plant Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Aerva javanica. El-Ghazali et 10 (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Towaim Amaranthaceae Whole herb Tooth ache al., 2010 Schult (Jizan) Aerva lanata (L.) diuretic and Mossa et al., 11 Juss. ex Al-Athlab Amaranthaceae whole herb demulcent 1987 Schult.(Jizan) El-Ghazali et 12 Albizzia lebbeck L Lebbeck Mimosaceae Phloem Anthelmintic al., 2010 Analgesic Alhagi graecorum 13 Aqool Fabaceae whole herb Anti-tussine, Anti Hoseeini, 1955 Boiss haemorrhoides, Anti- 41

International Journal of Botany Studies

rheumatic, Aphrodisiac, Diuretic and Laxative Alhagi maurorum Antioxidant, Ahmad et al., 14 Al-Agool Fabaceae Leaves Medic. Antinociceptive 2000 Central nervous Alkanna orientalis Whole Akbar and Al- 15 - Boraginaceae system stimulation (L.) Boiss. (Jizan) plant Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Allium Alamri and 16 ampeloprasum - Liliaceae Leaves Antimicrobial Moustafa var. porrum L. (2012) Aloe vera (L.) As laxative, in Asphodelaceae Whole Syed et al., 17 Burm. f. - asthma, peptic ulcers plant 1996 and diabetes Alpinia galangal used against kidney Ahsan, et al., 18 - Zingeberaceae rhizomes L. stones 1990 Kirtikar and against rheumatism Alpinia roots and Basu, 2001; 19 - Zingeberaceae and children officinarum L. rhizomes Srividya et al., whooping cough 2010 diuretic, strangury, blood purifier and Chopra et al., whole herb Amaranthus Kaf for the treatment of 1956 20 Amaranthaceae caudatus L. (Jizan) Almehana piles used as an Leaves Watt, 1962 abortifacient antipyretic, diuretic, Chopra et al., whole herb laxative, stomachic 1956 Amaranthus 21 Da’ad Amaranthaceae given in gonorrhea spinosus L. (Jizan) Yusuf et al., root and in constipation 1994 and jaundice antipyretic, alexiteric, diuretic, Chopra et al., emollient, Amaranthus viridis 1956 and 22 Shae Amaranthaceae whole herb expectorant, L. (Jizan) Yusuf et al., laxative, stomachic. 1994 leucorrhoea and leprosy Ambrosia Abdallah et 23 - Asteraceae Whole plant relieve spasms. maritima L. al., 1991 Amygdalus Akbar and Al- 24 - Rosaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Arabica L. Yahya(2011) Cardiac stimulation Anabasis Akbar and Al- 25 - Chenopodiaceae Whole plant and lower blood articulate L. Yahya(2011) pressure Anabasis setifera El-Ghazali et 26 Himd Chenopodiaceae Leaves Biliousness Moq al., 2010 El-Ghazali et Facilitate maternity Anastatica Khaf- al., 2010 27 Brassicaceae Whole herb hierochunticaL. Maryam Rhamy and El- Anti-diabetic activity Ridi, 2002 Central nervous Akbar and Al- 28 Anchusa milleri L. - Boraginaceae Whole plant system stimulation Yahya(2011) Andrachne aspera used in eye problems Spreng. var. Mossa et al., 29 Kamas Euphorbiaceae whole herb and for eye glandulosa A.Rich. 2000 wash (Jizan) Antimycobactetial, Antifungal, Anethum Jirovetz, et al., 30 Dill Apiaceae whole herb insecticides, graveolens L. 2003 psychoactive and Hallucinogenic Anthemis Akbar and Al- 31 - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial melampodina L. Yahya(2011) Anthemis Akbar and Al- 32 - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial pseudocotula L. Yahya (2011) 33 Anvillea garcinii nougd Asteraceae Whole plant colds, diabetes, El-Hassany et 42

International Journal of Botany Studies

L. digestive problems, al., 2004 gastro-intestinal troubles, indigestion, pulmonary affections. Argemone Akbar and Al- 34 Mexicana L. Argemonia Papaveraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Argemone strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 35 ochroleuca Sweet - Papavaraceae whole herb activity Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Arnebia hispidissima Srivastava, et 36 Kohaeel Boraginaceae Whole plant relieve fever (Lehm.) DC. al., 1999 (Jizan) Artemisia Akbar and Al- 37 abyssinica L. - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) digestive Artemisia herba- disorders, abdominal Le Floc’h E. 38 Chih Asteraceae flowery tips alba L. pain, colic and liver 1983 failure Artemisia sieberi used as an Yaseen, et al., 39 - Asteraceae Leaves Besser anthelmintic. 2012 Swellings, Asphodelus Basal Al- Seeds, bulk El-Ghazali et 40 Liliaceae Anthelmintic and fistulosus L. Himaar and flowers al., 2010 Stomach ache Asphodelus colds, haemorrhoids Abdel-Mogib 41 tenuifolius L. Broque Asphodelaceae seeds and used for and Basaif, (Jizan) rheumatic pain 2002 Astragalus atropilosus Akbar and Al- 42 - Fabaceae Leaves relieve backpain. (Hochst.) Bunge Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Astragalus sieberi Akbar and Al- 43 - Fabaceae Whole plant lower blood pressure L. Yahya (2011) Astragalus treat leukemia and 44 spinosus Vahl. katad Fabaceae Whole plant promote wound Bedir, 2000 (Jizan) healing Atractylis carduus Akbar and Al- 45 - Asteraceae Whole plant Cardiac depression L. Yahya(2011) Azadirachta Indica Aly and Bafeel 46 neem Meliaceae Whole plant Antifungal A. (Jizan) (2010) treatment of different ailments Balanites such as syphilis, aegyptiaca (L.) JP and Manju 47 - Balanitaceae Whole plant jaundice, liver and Del (2010) spleen problems,

epilepsy, yellow fever Akbar and Al- 48 Bassia muricata L. - Amaranthaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Belpharis ciliaris Shook Toothache and skin El-Ghazali et 49 Acanthaceae whole herb L. Aldabb wounds al., 2010 Blyttia fruticulosa Akbar and Al- 50 - Apocynaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Holm et 51 Brassica rapa L. - Brassicaceae Whole plant As aphrodisiac al.,1997 purgative, anthelmintic, whole herb antisiphilitic, emmenagogue and Cadaba farinose Mossa et al., Asaf Capparidaceae aperient. 52 Forssk (Jizan). 1987 a remedy for dysentery, fever, Leaves cough and lungs problem 43

International Journal of Botany Studies

Calandula Central nervous Begum et al., 53 - Asteraceae Whole plant micrantha L. system stimulation 2005 Calligonum Anti-inflammatory Kamil, et al., 54 comosum L’ Her. Arta’a Polygonaceae whole herb and anti-ulcer action 2000 (endemic) Psoriasis, Calotropis procera Leishmaniasis, and El-Ghazali et 55 Oshar Asclepiadaceae Latex Ait. (Jizan) skin infections al., 2010

Capparis antiseptic, anti- Al-Shanwani, 56 cartilagnia Decne. Shafallah, Capparidaceae whole herb inflammatory, 1996 (Jizan) laxative anthelmintic, analgesic, Capparis deciduas aphrodisiac, Ageel, et al., 57 (Forssk.) Edgew Tandhab, Capparidaceae whole herb carminative, 1986 (Jizan) diaphoretic, emmenagogue and laxative. analgesic, anthelmintic, whole herb emmenagogue, aperient, Capparis spinosa tonic and diuretic. Mossa et al., 58 L. (endemic)) Kabar Capparidaceae rheumatism and 1987 (Jizan) paralysis, and also for the root treatment of enlarged spleen and tubercular glands Caralluma Central nervous Akbar and Al- 59 penicillata (Defl.) - Apocynaceae Whole plant system stimulation Yahya (2011) N.E. Br. (Jizan) Caralluma sinaica Vanessa et al., 60 Ded Elkalba Capparidaceae Whole plant Antiprotozoal (Decne) (Jizan) 2012 athelmintic, Carissa edulis Vahl antiscorbutic, Batanouny, 61 Symb. Bot. Karisa Arm Apocynaceae whole herb astringent, stomachic 1999 (Jizan) and toothace. Sanamakka Laxative and urinary El-Ghazali et 62 Cassia italica Mill Caesalpinaceae Whole herb h tract purifier al., 2010 Akbar and Al- 63 Cassia senna L. - Fabaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) treatment of diarrhoea Celosia trigyna L. Leaves and 64 Trgana Amaranthaceae and for excessive Watt, 1962 (Jizan) flower menstruation Centauria sinaica Central nervous Akbar and Al- 65 - Asteraceae Whole plant L. system depression Yahya (2011) Chenopodium Leaves and El-Ghazali et 66 album L. Atrah Chenopodiaceae Postnatal problems fruits al., 2010 (Jizan) Chenopoidum Cytotoxic, Awaad et al., 67 Al-Zorbaih Chenopodiaceae Whole plant murale L. Hypotensive 2008 Chrozophora Akbar and Al- 68 - Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial oblique L. Yahya(2011) Chrozophora oblongifolia (DC.) antimicrobial, Batanouny, 69 Tannoum Euphorbiaceae whole herb A. Juss. ex Spreng. cathartic and emetic 1999 (Jizan) depurative and Mossa et al., Chrozophora whole herb purgative 1987 70 plicata (Vahl) A. Tanoom Euphorbiaceae used for the cure Vanessa et al., Juss. Leaves of leprosy 2012 Cinnamon Ruberto, et al., 71 Cinnamon Lauraceae whole herb antimicrobial zellanicum L. 2000 Citrullus Leaves and Analgesic, skin El-Ghazali et 72 Hunzal Cucurbitaceae colocynthis L. fruits infections al., 2010 44

International Journal of Botany Studies

(Jizan) Clematis simensis to treat rheumatic Akbar and Al- 73 - Ranunculaceae Leaves Fresen. pain. Yahya (2011) Clematis wightiana Cardiac depression Akbar and Al- 74 - Ranunculaceae Whole plant L. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Cleome Mossa et al., 75 amblyocarpa Khunayzah Capparidaceae whole herb antimicrobial. 1987 Baratte and Murb. Cleome arabica L. Zafrah- Chaieb and 76 Capparidaceae whole herb bechic and a sedative. (endemic)) Amal Boukhris, 1998 Cleome brachycarpa Vahl Appetizer and Al-Shanwani, 77 Birbran Capparidaceae whole herb ex DC. carminative 1996 (Jizan) Cleome chrysantha anthelmintic, Mossa et al., 78 Decne. Safaira’a Capparidaceae whole herb antiseptic 1987 (endemic)) carminative, anthelmintic, Cleome viscosa L. antiseptic, sudorific, Mossa et al., 79 Om-Hanif Capparidaceae whole herb (Jizan) irritant, acric, 1987 rubefacient and vesicant Clutia lanceolata Mossa et al., 80 Laukh Euphorbiaceae whole herb hypoglycaemic Forssk. (Jizan) 2000 Commicarpus grandiflorus (A. strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 81 - Nyctaginaceae whole herb Rich.) Standley activity Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Commiphora Anticancer and Anti- Yaseen, et al., 82 - Poaceae Whole plant africana L. infammatory 2012 Antimicrobial, Commiphora antiseptic, astringent, myrrha (Nees) Yaseen, et al., 83 Myrrha Burseraceae resins carminative, Engl. (Jizan) 2012 disinfectant and

expectorant Commiphora Akbar and Al- 84 - Burseraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial opobalsamum L. Yahya(2011) Convolvulus Leaves and Foot cracking El-Ghazali et 85 arvensis L. Olaique Convolvulaceae fruits al., 2010 (Jizan) Convolvulus Diallo et al., 86 fatmensis G. Al-Oleeq Convulvulaceae Leaves Anti-inflammatory 1999 Kunze Convolvulus Akbar and Al- 87 - Convolvulaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial hystrix L. Yahya (2011) Convolvulus Akbar and Al- 88 - Convolvulaceae Whole plant Cardiac depression oxyphyllus L. Yahya (2011) Convolvulus Akbar and Al- 89 pilosellifolius - Convolvulaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Desr. (Jizan) Conyza Akbar and Al- 90 bonariensis L. Khoa Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Conyza dioscoridis Ain Hoffmann et 91 Asteraceae Leaves Epilepsy in children (L.) Desf alkatkot al., 1993 Central nervous Conyza incana L. system depression, Akbar and Al- 92 - Asteraceae Whole plant (Jizan) cardiac stimulation Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Coriandrum treating flatulence, Lo Cantore, et 93 Coriander Apiaceae whole herb sativum L. diarrhoea and colic. al., 2004 used for liver problems and Cornulaca Amer et al., 94 Had Chenopodiaceae leaves jaundice, as a monacantha Del. 1974 hepatic and a purgative. 45

International Journal of Botany Studies

Cressa cretica L. Central nervous Akbar and Al- 95 Naduoh Convolvulaceae Whole plant (Jizan) system depression Yahya (2011) Cucumis Shree Akbar and Al- 96 prophetarum L. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Elzeeb Yahya (2011) (Jizan) antioxidant, anti- Chattopadhyay inflammatory et al., 2004 antiplatelet, roots and antimicrobial and Shagufta et Curcuma longa L. Pasupu Zingiberaceae 97 rhizomes cholesterol lowering al.,2010 activity Antiarthritic, Phani and Antilipidemic Ashok, 2009 Central nervous Cutandia Akbar and Al- 98 - Poaceae Whole plant system stimulation memphitica L. Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial prevent Cymbopogon El-Kamali et 99 El-lemad Poaceae Whole plant skin problems and schoenanthus L. al., 2002 used for anorexia Cynodon dactylon El-Ghazali et 100 L. Thail Poaceae Whole herb Stop wound bleeding al., 2010 (Jizan) Cynanchum Al- Leaves and Insecticide, Kumaraswamy 101 Asclepiadaceae acutum L. Modeed stems parasiticide 2002 Dactyloctenuium El-Ghazali et 102 Bahma Poaceae Whole herb Wound sepsis aegyptium L. al., 2010 Datura innoxia in the preparation of 103 Binj Solanaceae whole herb Everist, 1974 Mill. (Jizan) drugs used in insanity, Datura metal L. fever, asthma, leaves, roots 104 syn. D. fastusa L. Binj Solanaceae diarrhoea, skin Watt, 1962 and seeds (Jizan) diseases and cerebral complications used in rheumatism, Datura stramonium Binj- leaves and asthma, cough, Begum et al., 105 Solanaceae L. (Jizan) Daturah seeds bronchitis, earache 2005 and hair-fall Delonix elata (L.) leaves and Mosquito control Marimuthu et 106 Ranf Fabaceae Gamble (Jizan) seeds agent al., 2012 Fegl Diplotaxis acris Antidiabetic, wound 107 Algabal Brassicaceae Leaves Paerkh, 2008 (Forssk) Boiss healing

Hashem and 108 Diplotaxis harra L. harra Brassicaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Saleh, 1999 Dipterygium analeptic, asthmatic Al-Shanwani, 109 glaucum Decne. Alqa Capparidaceae whole herb and used in asthma 1996 (Jizan) Dracaena ombet used for treating Vanessa et al., 110 Kotschy & Peyr. Azef Agavaceae Resin haemorrhage, skin 2012 (Jizan) infections. Ducrosia ismaelis Akbar and Al- 111 - Apiaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya(2011) Ecbolium viride Vanessa et al., 112 (Forssk.) Alston. Khoseer Acanthaceae Leaves treating skin rashes. 2012 (Jizan) Echinops galalensis Akbar and Al- 113 - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Akbar and Al- 114 Echinops hussoni L. - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Echinops Shook Splenic diseases and El-Ghazali et 115 Asteraceae Whole herb spinosissimus Turra. Algamal sore throat al., 2010 Central nervous Echinosciadium Akbar and Al- 116 - Apiaceae Whole plant system stimulation arabicum L. Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 117 Echium horridum L. - Boraginaceae Whole plant lower blood pressure Yahya(2011) 118 Emex spinosa (L.) Hambaaz Polygonaceae leaves for the cure of Vanessa et al., 46

International Journal of Botany Studies

Campd. (Jizan) dyspepsia and 2012 (endemic)) biliousness, and to stimulate appetite Central nervous Ephedra alata L. Akbar and Al- 119 - Ephedraceae Whole plant system stimulation (female) Yahya(2011) and antimicrobial Ephedra alata L. Akbar and Al- 120 - Ephedraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial (male) Yahya(2011) Central nervous Epilobium hirsutum Akbar and Al- 121 - Onagraceae Whole plant system depression and L. Yahya(2011) antimicrobial El-Ghazali et 122 Eruca sativa L Rocka Brassicaceae Seeds Ringworm al., 2010 Eryngium foetidum fevers and chills, Vanessa et al., 123 cilantro Apiaceae whole herb L. vomiting, diarrhea 2012 Eucalyptus camaldulensis El-Ghazali et 124 Khafour Myrtaceae Whole herb Abortion and perfume Dehnh al., 2010 (Jizan) strong antiseptic and Delaquis, et al., 125 Eucalyptus dives L. eucalyptus Myrtaceae whole herb anti-viral properties. 2002 Eucalyptus globules Aly and Bafeel 126 - Myrtaceae Whole plant Antifungal L. (2010) Euphorbia Arabica Hochst. Used in skin Al-Shanwani, 127 - Euphorbiaceae whole herb And Steud. Ex infections 1996 Anders (Jizan) Euphorbia cuneata sedative, Mossa et al., 128 Al-Baky Euphorbiaceae whole herb Vahl (Jizan) antimicrobial 2000 Euphorbia Akbar and Al- 129 - Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial cyparissioides L. Yahya (2011) Euphorbia used to remove warts Mossa et al., 130 dracunculoides Yaktin Euphorbiaceae fruits from the skin 1987 Lam. Euphorbia anthelmintic, whole herb Al-Shanwani, granulata Forssk. Lebbein Euphorbiaceae diuretic, purgative 131 1996 (Jizan) Latex used as purgative Anthelmintic, cathartic and a Euphorbia Mossa et al., 132 Emaiah Euphorbiaceae whole herb remedy for helioscopia L. 1987 rheumatism and neuralgia antiasthmatic, Euphorbia hirta L. febrifuge, narcotic 133 - Euphorbiaceae whole herb Yusuf, 1994 (Jizan) and used in asthma and bronchitis Euphorbia peplus for the lowering of Mossa et al., 134 Khaneez Euphorbiaceae whole herb L. blood pressure 1987 Eczema, wound Euphorbia retusa 135 Ghazalah Euphorbiaceae Latex healing and Yusuf, 1994 Forssk. (endemic) antileishmaniasis Euphorbia used in coughs, schimperiana Saibarisodi asthma, ear pains, 136 Euphorbiaceae whole herb Rahman, 2002 Scheele (endemic) s skin infections and (Jizan) snake bites Euphorbia used in fevers and Al-Shanwani, 137 scordifolia Jacq. Rummid Euphorbiaceae whole herb constipation 1996 (Jizan) used as a remedy for Euphorbia Terasina- Al-Shanwani, 138 Euphorbiaceae whole herb fever terracina L. harmal 1996 and paralysis Euryops arabicus Cardiac stimulation Akbar and Al- 139 - Asteraceae Whole plant Steud. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Fagonia bruguieri Blood and heart El-Ghazali et 140 Shika'a Zygophyllaceae Leaves Prod. (Jizan) tonic al., 2010 Fagonia indica El-Ghazali et 141 Showaika Zygophyllaceae Whole herb Gout Burm. (Jizan) al., 2010 47

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Farsetia El-Ghazali et 142 aegyptiaca Turra Jarbaa Brassicaceae Whole herb Rheumatism al., 2010 (Jizan) Farsetia Central nervous Akbar and Al- 143 longisiliqua Decne - Brassicaceae Whole plant system depression Yahya (2011) (Jizan) relieves digestive problems, increases lactation, relaxes spasms, reduces inflammation, Feoniculum Kwon, et al., 144 Fennel Apiaceae whole herb Antimicrobial, used vulgare L. 2002 for skin disorders, used for conjunctivitis and used for blepharitis of the eye Akbar and Al- 145 Ficus salicifolia L. - Moraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Forsskalea El-Ghazali et 146 Lussaique Urticaceae Whole herb Ulcers tenacissima L. al., 2010 Francoeuria Swellings and El-Ghazali et 147 crispa Forssk Githgath Asteraceae Whole herb antiinflammation al., 2010 (Jizan) Geranium relieve pain. Vanessa et al., 148 trilophum Boiss. - Geraniaceae Whole plant 2012 (jizan) Glinus lotoides L. Akbar and Al- 149 Om Tafaa Molluginaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial (Jizan) Yahya (2011) Glycyrrhiza glabra Vanessa et al., 150 - Fabaceae Rhizomes treating muscle pain. L. 2012 Grewia tenax Central nervous Akbar and Al- 151 (Forssk.) Fiori Khadar Tiliaceae Whole plant system depression Yahya(2011) (Jizan) and antimicrobial Haloxylon Anti-diabetic; smog El-Ghazali et 152 Ramath Chenopodiaceae Whole herb salicornicum Moq and used for cold al., 2010 Mahshid et Whole herb In liver diseases Haplophylum al.,2011

tuberculatum - Rutaceae used as a sedative 153 (Frossk) A. Juss Leaves and strengthen weak Ali et al., 2001 muscles. Heliotropium arbainense lower blood pressure Akbar and Al- 154 Ramram Boraginaceae Whole plant Fresen., Mus. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Senckenb. (Jizan) Heliotropium Akbar and Al- 155 - Boraginaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial digynum L. Yahya (2011) Heliotropium Akbar and Al- 156 - Boraginaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial europaeum L. Yahya (2011) Hibiscus Akbar and Al- 157 micranthus L. f. Raein Malvaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) anti-hypertension, Hibiscus reduce the testicular Amin and 158 sabdariffa L. karkeda Malvaceae Whole plant damage and Hamza, 2006 (Jizan) ameliorate the drop in sperm quality as a remedy for Hyoscyamus Mossa et al., 159 As-sakran Solanaceae whole herb asthma, toothache muticus L. 1987 and sea sickness Hyoscyamus Babekh Mossa et al., 160 Solanaceae whole herb stimulant pusillus L. safaree 2000 Central nervous Hypericum Akbar and Al- 161 - Clusiaceae Whole plant system depression chrysostrictum L. Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Hyphaene Cardiac stimulation Akbar and Al- 162 Doom Arecaceae Whole plant thebaica (L.) and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) 48

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Mart., Hist. (Jizan) Indigofera Vanessa et al., 163 articulata Gouan. - Fabaceae Roots relieve toothache 2012 (Jizan) Jasonia candicans Cardiac stimulation Akbar and Al- 164 - Asteraceae Whole plant L. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Jatropha curcas L. used in wounds, Mossa et al., 165 Kharat Euphorbiaceae Leaves (Jizan) eczyma and scabies 2000 Jatropha glauca treatment of chronic Mossa et al., 166 Medjasche Euphorbiaceae whole herb Vahl (Jizan) skin diseases 2000 Central nervous Juniperus Akbar and Al- 167 - Cupressaceae Whole plant system stimulation polycarpos L. Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial antipyretic, Lantana camara Fernanda et 168 - Lamiaceae Whole plant antimicrobial and L. (Jizan) al, 2005 antimutagenic Lavandula coronopifolia Poir; Mossa et al., 169 Dikta Lamiaceae whole herb antibacterial L. stricta Del. 2000 (Jizan) useful for urine retention and Lavandula dentata Mossa et al., 170 Dhurm Lamiaceae flowers removal of stones L. 2000 from kidney and ureter Lavandula given in headache Mossa et al., 171 pubescens Decne. Attan Lamiaceae Leaves and cold 2000 (Jizan) antiseptic, Lavandula antispasmodic, Mossa et al., 172 stoechas subsp. lavender Lamiaceae whole herb digestive , 2000 Stoechas expectorant and antiasthmatic Lawsonia inermis Aly and Bafeel 173 Henna Lythraceae Whole plant Antifungal L. (Jizan) (2010) lower blood pressure Lepidium aucherii Akbar and Al- 174 - Brassicaceae Whole plant and cardiac L. Yahya(2011) stimulation Central nervous Akbar and Al- 175 Lepidium draba L. - Brassicaceae Whole plant system stimulation Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Lepidium sativum Aly and Bafeel 176 Rashad Lauraceae Whole plant Antifungal L. (Jizan) (2010) Leptadenia pyrotechnica Akbar and Al- 177 Markh Asclepiadaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial (Forssk.)Decne. Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Limonium axilllare Central nervous Akbar and Al- 178 (Forssk.) Kuntze Kattaf Plumbaginaceae Whole plant system depression Yahya (2011) (Jizan) and antimicrobial Lindenbergia Akbar and Al- 179 - Orobanchaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial sinaica L. Yahya (2011) Lycium shawii Mossa et al., 180 Awsag Solanaceae Fruits Mouth ulcers Roem. and Schult. 2000 used in Maerua crassifolia Mossa et al., 181 Sarh Capparidaceae leaves toothache and Forssk. (Jizan) 1987 intestinal diseases Maerua oblongifolia Mossa et al., 182 Maru Capparidaceae whole herb hypocholesterolemic (Forssk.) A. Rich 1987 (endemic) (Jizan) Malva parviflora Laxative and El-Ghazali et 183 L. Khobaiza Malvaceae Whole herb promotes hair al., 2010 (Jizan) growth Marrubium used for the Nadkarni, 184 Frasyoon Lamiaceae whole herb vulgare L. treatment of coughs 1954 49

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and chronic bronchitis, dyspepsia, jaundice amenorrhoea, rheumatism and hepatitis used for making a Matricaria aurea Vanessa et al., 185 - Asteraceae Flowers tea for all stomach (Loel.) Sch.-Bip. 2012 ailments. Diuretic, scabies lumbago, Flowers, Melilotus lactogogue, boils, Saganuwan, 186 Iklilulmalik Fabaceae stem and officinalis wounds, oedemas, 2010 root insomnia and colic

Mentha Analeptic and Al-Shanwani, 187 lavendulacea Niena’a Lamiaceae whole herb carminative 1996 Willd. a remedy for cough Mentha longifolia Mossa et al., 188 Naana Lamiaceae Leaves and breathing (L.) L. 2000 problem Mentha Niena’a analeptic, appetizer, Al-Shanwani, 189 microphylla C. barri- Lamiaceae whole herb carminative 1996 Koch niena’a Mesembryanthemu Akbar and Al- 190 - Aizoaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial m crystallinum L. Yahya (2011) Momordica Akbar and Al- 191 balsamina L. Madoda Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Morettia Akbar and Al- 192 - Brassicaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial parviflora L. Yahya (2011) Analgesic, Moringa peregrina Abdominal pain, Habb Miier and 193 (Forsk) Fiori Moringaceae Seeds Burns, Constipation, Elyasar Morris (1989) (Jizan) Febrifuge, Laxative and Headache Nepeta deflersiana Antimicrobial and as Mossa et al., 194 Schweinf. ex Firuwak Lamiaceae whole herb a tranquillizer 2000 Hedge (endemic) Leaves and Chopra et al., 195 Nerium oleander L Dafla Apocynaceae Used in skin diseases roots 1956 useful in nasal polypi, nasal catarrh, headach, chronic Nicotiana rustica Tobacco Nadkarni, 196 Al-tabag Solanaceae giddiness, L. snuff 1954 fainting, rheumatic swellings and skin diseases General aliments, carminative, mucolytic, ulcers, mange diabetes, antidote, asthma, hypertension, Habbatus Saganuwan, 197 Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Whole plant hepatoprotective, sauda 2010 anti obesity, migraine, headache, haemorrhoid, tinea capitis, tinea pedis and expel radents

Notoceras bicorne Akbar and Al- 198 - Brassicaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Ochradenus With high Shabana et al., 199 arabicus L. Kardey Resedaceae whole herb hypoglycaemic 1990 (Jizan) effects Ochradenus Back pain and El-Ghazali et 200 Ghorzaa Resedaceae Whole herb baccatus Del. fistula, strong al., 2010 and 50

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(Jizan) antimicrobial Miller, 1984 activity Ocimum used in parasitic skin 201 americanum L. Sims Lamiaceae Leaves Dastur, 1977 diseases (Jizan) 202 treatment of cough, Ocimum basilicum fever, ringworms, L. Rahan Lamiaceae leaves internal piles, Dastur, 1977 (jizan) diarrhoea and kidney disorders snake-bites and Ocimum whole herb Shajrat-az- scorpion sting Chopra et al., 203 tenuiflorum L., Lamiaceae zir used in cough and 1956 syn. O. sanctum L. Leaves bronchitis Aesthetic, liver diseases, thrush, dental caries, 204 Olea europaea L. oesophageal

ssp. cuspidata Oil, leaves swelling, ulcers, Saganuwan, Athm oleaceae (Wall. ex G. Don) and bark oedemas, wound 2010

Ciferri. (Jizan) demulcent,

emollient, cholagogue, calculi and diabetes. Akbar and Al- 205 Ononis serrate L. - Fabaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) used in asthma, Origanum cough, indigestion, Mossa et al., 206 majorana L. Bardakush Lamiaceae whole herb rheumatism and 2000 (Jizan) headache Origanum Antitussive, Srivastava et 207 Al-Barda Lamiaceae Leaves syriacum L. anti-inflammatory al., 1996 Oriranum treating tooth decay, Soylu, et 208 syriacum var. oregano Lamiaceae whole herb gum infections, and al.,2006 bevanii L. coughs Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) used as a remedy Mossa et al., 209 Shakab Lamiaceae Flowers Schweinf. ex Penz. for sun-stroke 2000 (Jizan) Panicum turgidum El-Ghazali et 210 Tammam Poaceae Whole herb Eye infection Forssk. al., 2010 Pergularia El-Ghazali et 211 Gholfa Asclepiadaceae Whole herb Skin diseases tomentosa L. al., 2010 Periploca aphylla Vanessa et al., 212 - Asclepiadaceae Whole plant Antiprotozoal L. 2012 Petroselinum used against kidney Ahsan, et al., 213 - Apiaceae seeds crispum L. stones 1990 Petroselinum used against kidney Ahsan, et al., 214 - Apiaceae seeds sativum L. stones 1990 Phyllanthus Taralandi Mossa et al., 215 maderaspatensis Euphorbiaceae Leaves used for headache hindi 1987 L. (Jizan) used in Kirtikar and 216 Physalis minima L. - Solanaceae whole herb gonorrhoea and Basu (1980) earache Picris abyssinica Akbar and Al- 217 - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Central nervous system stimulation, Picris cyanocarpa Akbar and Al- 218 Hozan Asteraceae Whole plant lower blood pressure (Jizan) Yahya(2011) and cardiac stimulation As anti- Pimenta dioica inflammatory, Al-Rehaily et 219 (L.) Merr - Myrtaceae Whole plant analgesic and al., 2002

antipyretic 220 Pituranthus - Apiaceae Whole plant lower blood pressure Akbar and Al- 51

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triradiatus L. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Plantago Renal diseases and El-Ghazali et 221 ammplexicaulis Rabal Plantaginaceae Whole herb urinary tract purifier al., 2010 Cav used as a laxative, an emollient, Plantago ovata demulcent and 222 Geneima Plantaginaceae Seeds Gupta, 1982 Forssk.. astringent, particularly in chronic colitis. Plectranthus Shar strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 223 asirensis J.R.I Lamiaceae whole herb Elkrood activity Yahya (2011) Wood (Jizan) Plectranthus Shaar Khaled et al., 224 barbatus Andres Lamiaceae Leaves used as a deodorant. Elkrood 2000 (Jizan) Plectranthus a remedy for Khaled et al., 225 cylindraceus Khurub Lamiaceae whole herb sore throat 2000 Hochst. ex Benth. Plectranthus the treatment of sore Mossa et al., 226 tenuiflorus (Vetke) Shaar Lamiaceae whole herb throat 2000 Agnew Pluchea arabica treating boils, skin Vanessa et al., 227 (Boiss.) Qaiser & - Asteraceae Whole plant sores 2012 Lack rheumatic pain, dysmenorrhea, Plumbago carbuncles, Chiu and 228 zeylanica L. - Plumbiginaceae Whole plant contusion of the Chang, 2003 (Jizan) extremities, ulcers and elimination of intestinal parasites Polycarpaea repans (Forssk.) Used as an antidote Vanessa et al., 229 Rokeka Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Aschers. & against snake bites. 2012 Schweinf. (Jizan) Polygonum Abu-Zalaf, used in stomach Al-Shanwani, 230 argyrocoleum Polygonaceae Whole herb Qorda’b troubles 1996 Steud. ex Kunze Portulaca El-Ghazali et 231 Regla Portulacaceae Whole herb Anti-inflamation oleracea L (Jizan) al., 2010 Prosopis juliflora Vanessa et al., 232 - Fabaceae Whole plant Antiprotozoal L. 2012 Prunus amygdalus Begum et al., 233 - Rosaceae Whole plant As aphrodisiac (L.) Batsch. (Jizan) 2005 Psiadia punctulata Branches Vanessa et al., 234 (DC.) Vatke Fotaa Asteraceae relieve muscle pain. and stems 2012 (Jizan) Psoralea plicata Akbar and Al- 235 - Fabaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Pulicaria arabica lower blood pressure Akbar and Al- 236 - Asteraceae Whole plant L. and antimicrobial Yahya (2011) Pulicaria guestii strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 237 - Astreaceae whole herb Rawi activity Yahya (2011) Central nervous Pulicaria undulate Akbar and Al- 238 Gathgath Asteraceae Whole plant system depression L. (Jizan) Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Anticancer and Anti- Yaseen, et al., 239 Raetam ratam L. - Fabaceae Whole plant infammatory 2012 Reseda muricata El-Ghazali et 240 Danban Resedaceae Fruit Menstruation tonic Presl al., 2010 Rhanterium Akbar and Al- 241 - Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial epapposum L. Yahya (2011) Rhazya stricta Leaves and Rheumatism and El-Ghazali et 242 Harmal Apocynaceae Decne. flowers Allergy al., 2010 Rheum palmatum roots and Ushimaru et 243 - Polygonaceae antimicrobial L. rhizomes al., 2007 52

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the treatment of Ricinus communis scrofulous sores, Mossa et al., 244 Kharwah, Euphorbiaceae whole herb L. (Jizan) boils and rheumatic 1987 swellings Rosa abyssinica Akbar and Al- 245 Aball Rosaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Lindley (Jizan) Yahya (2011) Rosmarinus El-Gayyar, et 246 rosemary Lamiaceae whole herb antifungal officinalis L. al., 2001 Rumex nervosus L. used in skin diseases Mossa et al., 247 Aathrab Polygonaceae roots (jizan) and skin burns 2000 sedative, Rumex pictus Mossa et al., 248 Hamsees Polygonaceae whole herb spasmogenic and Forssk. 2000 antimicrobial Rumex steudelii remedy for 249 Hochst. ex A. Tabal Polygonaceae whole herb abdominal pains due Watt, 1962 Rich. (Jizan) to intestinal worms Toothache and Whole herb nausea and to Rumex vesicarius Nadkarni, Hammaad Polygonaceae promote appetite 250 L (Jizan) 1954 for the cure of Seeds dysentery Scarlet fever, Arabic El- Leaves and headaches, heart Ezmirly and 251 Ruta chalpensis L. Rutaceae shathap stem conditions and Wilson, 1980 measles Salsola imbricate Vanessa et al., 252 Kha’reet Chenopodiaceae Whole herb Anthelmintic L. (Jizan) 2012 Salvadora persica Vanessa et al., 253 Miswak Salvadoraceae whole herb Used as a toothbrush L. (Jizan) 2012 used in gastro- intestinal whole herb disorders, diarrhoea, 254 Salvia aegyptiaca gonorrhoea and Mossa et al., Ghashba Lamiaceae L. (Jizan) hemorrhoids 1987 help in removing a Seeds foreign body from the eye Salvia lanigera L. Carminative and Al-Shanwani, 255 Jurayba Lamiaceae whole herb (Jizan). used in indigestion 1996 used for the cure of toothache, Mossa et al., 256 Salvia spinosa L. Harsha Lamiaceae Seeds gonorrhoea and 1987 urithritis Sansevieria ehrenbergii used for treating Vanessa et al., 257 Salaf Agavaceae Leaves Schweinf. ex blisters 2012 Baker (Jizan) Central nervous Savignya system stimulation Akbar and Al- 258 - Brassicaceae Whole plant parviflora L. and cardiac Yahya (2011) stimulation Schimpera arabica Akbar and Al- 259 - Brassicaceae Whole plant Cardiac stimulation L. Yahya (2011) Schweinfurthia pterosperma (A. Akbar and Al- 260 - Sapotaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Rich.) A. Braun Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Seidletzia Akbar and Al- 261 rosmarinus Bunge - Chenopodiaceae Leaves Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) ex Boiss. Senecio asirensis used for treating Vanessa et al., 262 Boulos & J. R. I. Pedaa Asteraceae Leaves fevers. 2012 Wood (Jizan) Senna alexandrina Leaves and Stimulant laxative Kinnunen, 263 Sana Fabaceae Mill (Jizan). fruits and cathartic. 1993 Senna italica Mill. Sana Leaves and for elephantiasis and Galal et al., 264 Fabaceae (Jizan) mekki fruits ophthalmic diseases 1985 53

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Sisymbrium irio L. relieve cold and Vanessa et al., 265 - Brassicaceae Seeds (Jizan) fever. 2012 Solanum careens Akbar and Al- 266 - Solanaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial L. Yahya (2011) Solanum forskalii used for treating Al-Shanwani, 267 Nashbah Solanaceae whole herb Dunal (Jizan) ulcers 1996 Alamri and Solanum incanum Aeen 268 Solanaceae Fruits Antimicrobial Moustafa L. (Jizan) Elbagar (2012) used in jaundice, fever, gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, heart Solanum nigrum Enab- Perwaiz et al., 269 Solanaceae whole herb diseases, L. (Jizan) Alzeeb 1995 inflammation, edema, mastitis and hepatic cancer used in fevers, Solanum asthmas, coughs, in Bankum- Al-Shanwani, 270 surattense Burm. Solanaceae whole herb sexual diseases and Bakini 1996 f. (Jizan) to promote female fertility Solenostemma Rheumatic pains, Stepanovic et 271 argel (Del.) Al-Argal Solanaceae Leaves cough al., 2003 Hayne. Sonchus oleraceus Leaves and Promotes El-Ghazali et 272 Uddaid Asteraceae L. (jizan) flowers menstruation al., 2010 Stachys Sp. Aff. strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 273 - Lamiaceae whole herb Schimperi Vatke activity Yahya (2011) Akbar and Al- 274 Suaeda vera L. - Chenopodiaceae Whole plant Cardiac stimulation Yahya (2011) treat toothache, respiratory disorders, Syzygium Vanessa et al., 275 clove Lythraceae whole herb inflammation, and aromaticum L. 2012 gastrointestinal disorders. Headache, jaundice, Tamarindus indica Tamr Saganuwan, 276 Caesalpiniaceae Fruits antihypertensive and L. (Jizan) Handi 2010 antiemetic Central nervous Tamarix system depression, Akbar and Al- 277 - Tamaricaceae Whole plant amplexicaulis L. cardiac stimulation Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Tamarix aphylla Leaves and Wound infection and El-Ghazali et 278 Al-Athl Tamaricaceae L. (Jizan) roots Stomach ache al., 2010 Tamarix nilotica Leaves and El-Ghazali et 279 Tarfaa Tamaricaceae Leg varices Ehrenb (Jizan) seed's oil al., 2010 Central nervous Taverniera Akbar and Al- 280 - Fabaceae Whole plant system stimulation lappacea L. Yahya (2011) and antimicrobial Tephrosia lower blood pressure Akbar and Al- 281 apollinea Del. - Fabaceae Whole plant and cardiac Yahya (2011) (jizan) stimulation Tephrosia nubica lower blood pressure ssp. arabica Akbar and Al- 282 - Fabaceae Whole plant and cardiac (Boiss.) Gillet. Yahya (2011) stimulation (Jizan) Teucrium oliverianum Ging. Mossa et al., 283 Qassapa Lamiaceae Whole herb Diabetes and Benth. 2000 (endemic) treat liver disease, Teucrium polium jaundice, diabetes, Ljubuncic et 284 Jaada Lamiaceae whole herb L. fertility problems al, 2005 and cancer. used as anti-diabetic Teucrium yemense Rechal Sattar et al., 285 Lamiaceae whole herb and in kidney Defl. (Jizan) Fatima 1995 problems

54

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Thymbra spicata Nurdan et 286 thyme Lamiaceae whole herb antimicrobial subsp. Spicata L. al.,2009 Thymus decussates for Batanouny, 287 Za’atar Lamiaceae whole herb Benth. nausea 1999 antiseptic, anthelmintic, expectorant, carminative, whole herb diuretic, Leung, 1980 288 emmenogogue and Thymus vulgaris L. Za’atar Lamiaceae sedative besides used in veterinary medicine taken in whooping Vanessa et al., Leaves cough, bronchitis 2012 and colds lower blood pressure Torularia torulosa Akbar and Al- 289 - Apocynaceae Whole plant and cardiac L. Yahya (2011) stimulation Trachyspermum used against kidney Ahsan, et al., 290 - Apiaceae seeds ammi L. stones 1990 Tribulus Terrestris Renal colic El-Ghazali et 291 L. Shirshir Zygophyllaceae Leaves al., 2010 (Jizan) Trichodesma El-Ghazali et 292 africanum L. Hamham Boraginaceae Whole herb Cough and cold al., 2010 (Jizan) Trigonella Akbar and Al- 293 anguina L. Nafel Fabaceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Trigonella stellate El-Ghazali et 294 Girgas Fabaceae Whole herb Hair diseases Forssk. al., 2010 Central nervous Triumfetta system depression Akbar and Al- 295 - Tiliaceae Whole plant flavescens L. and cardiac Yahya (2011) stimulation Typha domingensis Akbar and Al- 296 Pardey Typhaceae Whole plant Cardiac depression (Pers.) Poir. Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Vernonia strong antimicrobial Akbar and Al- 297 schimperii L. Howar Asteraceae whole herb activity Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Leaves Used in ulcers used in rheumatic complaints, Whole herb dyspepsia, loss of Withania appetite, cough and Sem somnifera (L.) Solanaceae dropsy Dastur, 1977 298 Alfa’ar Dunal (Jizan) used for toning up the uterus of women roots for habitual miscarriage Xanthium Akbar and Al- 299 spinosum L. Shobet Asteraceae Whole plant Antimicrobial Yahya (2011) (Jizan) Zilla spinosa Leaves and Purgative but toxic El-Ghazali et 300 Shibrim Brassicaceae Prantl flowers at high doses al., 2010 Hepatoprotective, clears vision, digestive, aphrodisiac, Zingiber officinalis Saganuwan, 301 ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizome Gout, L. 2010 Rheumatism, Voice Clearnes, Sudorific, antipyretic, 55

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antisurbutic and food condiment

Antispasmotic, emollient, coughs, Zizyphus Saganuwan, 302 Zyzafun Rhamnaceae Whole plant sudorific, antipoison, nummularia L. 2010 laxation and skin eruption Ziziphus spina- Whole herb Duodenum and El-Ghazali et 303 Sidir Rhamnaceae chisti L. (Jizan) and bark stomach ache al., 2010 Diabetes and Zygophyllum Kais et al., 304 Retret Zygophyllaceae Whole plant cardiovascular album L. (Jizan) 2012 diseases Zygophyllum El-Ghazali et 305 coccineum L. Harm Zygophyllaceae Whole herb Anthelmintic al., 2010 (Jizan) Zygophyllum El-Ghazali et 306 Al-damran Zygophyllaceae Whole herb Ophthalmia simplex L. (Jizan) al., 2010

4. Discussion 5. Ageel AM, Parmar NS, Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al- The objective is to emphasize the importance of setting up Said MS, Tariq M. Anti-inflammatory activity of some conservation priorities, and sustained development of Saudi Arabian medicinal plants. 1986; 17(3-4):383-4 various medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Since part of the 6. Akbar S, Al-Yahya MA. Screening of Saudi plants for objectives of this compilation is to conserve plants phytoconstituents, pharmacological and antimicrobial biodiversity, there is need for all the ethnic and religious properties. Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism. groups of the world to know the plant biodiversity of one 2011; 23(2). another, because 15,000 plant species may face extinction 7. Akerele O. Medicinal plants and primary health care: an due to over harvesting and habitat loss (IUCN, 2007), agenda for action. Fitoterapia. 1998; 59:355-363. translating to the Earth losing at least one potential major 8. Alamri SA, Moustafa MF. Antimicrobial properties of 3 drug every two years (Robertson, 2008) [75]. Each species of medicinal plants from Saudi Arabia against some clinical plant lost to extinction represents not only the potential loss isolates of bacteria. Saudi Med J. 2012; 33(3):272-7. of life-saving cures for diseases such as cancer or acquired 9. Alfarhan AH, Chaudhary SA, Thomas J. Notes on the immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs), but also the loss of flora of Saudi Arabia (Third edition). J. King Saud Univ., possible protein-or vitamin-rich foods or more productive 1998; 10(1):31-40. and stable crops (Robertson, 2008) [75]. 10. Al-Essa MA, Al-Mehaidib A, Al-Gain S (1998). Parental Hence, to protect plant germplasm and ensure availability, awareness of liver disease among children in Saudi the public should be educated to the importance of the plants Arabia. Ann. Saudi Med., 18(1): 79-81. and all possible avenues should be used to encourage the 11. Al-Rehaily AJ, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA, Mossa JS, public to become acquainted with their medicinal uses and to Rafatullah S. Ethnopharmacologi-cal studies on allspice cultivate the plants on the farms and in gardens and flower (Pimenta dioica) in laboratory animals, Pharmaceutical pots for therapeutic uses. The use of the plants would Biology, 2002; 40:200-205. undoubtedly minimize the cost of treatment and limit side or 12. Al-Shanwani M. Plants used in Saudi folk medicine. toxic effects of orthodox medicines that are currently being Riyadh: King Abdul Aziz City for Science and used (Saganuwan, 2009) [77]. Technology. 1996. 13. Al-Yahya MA, Al-Meshal IA, Mossa JS, Al-Badr AB, 5. References Tariq M. Saudi plants. A phytochemical and biological 1. Abdallah OM, Ali AA, Itokawa H. "Cytotoxic acyivity of approach. Riyadh: King Saud University Press. 1990. sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Ambrosia 14. Al-Yahya MA. Kuwait: Proc III Int Conf Islamic maritima". Pharmazie. 1991; 46(60:472. Medicine. 1984; 349. 2. Abdel-Mogib M, Basaif SA. Two new naphthalene and 15. Ali BH, Bashir AK, Rasheed RA. Effect of traditional anthraquinone derivatives from Asphodelus tenuifolius. medicine plants Rhazya stricta, Bal- anitis aegyptiaca and Pharmazie. 57(4): from Asphodelus tenuifolius. Haplophylum tuberculatum on paracetamol-induced Pharmazie. 2002; 57(4). hepatotoxicity in mice, Phyto- therapy Research , 2001; 3. Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad P, Ahmed S. 15:598-603. Antimicrobial potency and synergistic activity of five 16. Aly MM, Bafeel SO. Screening for antifungal activities traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Journal of of some medicinal plants used traditionally in Saudi Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 2000; 22:173- Arabia. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 2010; 38:39-44. 176. 17. Amer MA, Dawidar AM, Fayez MB. Constituents of 4. Ahsan SK, Shah AH. Tanira MOM, Ahmad MS, Tariq local plants. XVII. The triterpenoid constituents of M, Ageel AM. Studies on some herbal drugs used against Cornulaca monacantha. Planta Med. 1974; 289. kidney stones in Saudi folk medicine. 1990; 61(5):435- 18. Amin A, Hamza AA. Effects of Roselle and Ginger on 438 cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Asian J. Androl. 2006; 8:607-612. 56

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