KOALA FOOD TREES IN THE CLARENCE EUCALYPT IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Developed and designed by Caragh Heenan

First edition 2019

This project has been assisted by the New South Wales Government through its Environmental Trust and Saving Our Species Eucalypt descriptions replicated with permission from the Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust (Sydney NSW) via PlantNET at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/, 2019

Eucalypt images* replicated with permission from the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (Director of National Parks and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra ACT) via EUCLID at http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org:8080/euclid/data/02050e02-0108-490e-8900- 0e0601070d00/media/Html/index.htm, 2019 * unless specified otherwise Eucalypt and koala distribution mapped with data from the Atlas of Living website at http://www.ala.org.au, 2019

Atlas of Living Australia occurrence download at https://doi.org/10.26197/5d52464984c73 (Eucalyptus), https://doi.org/10.26197/5d5a1cd11026f (Angophora, Corymbia) and https://doi.org/10.26197/5d65bf0135089 (Koala) accessed August 2019.

Data record providers accessed through the ALA website include: Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet representing the State of NSW Australia's Virtual Herbarium Australian Seedbank Partnership Questagame OZCAM (Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums) Citizen Science - ALA Website

Please refer to the individual DOI links for more information on providers and record download information.

“ If we want to guarantee this animal a future, in this country, and make sure that it’s here in viable numbers for future generations we have to put what knowledge we have into play… now! ”

~ Dr Stephen Phillips, Biolink Ecological Consultants Eucalypts as Food and Habitat 1

There are approximately 99 species of eucalypt that are found within the Clarence Valley, and over 600 species across Australia. Of the 99 local species, only a few are eaten by koalas, with 200 to 500 grams of leaves consumed per koala per day.

Koalas do not normally need to drink water, but rather fulfil their requirements via their food intake, as eucalypt leaves contain more than 55 % water. However, the role of eucalypts extends beyond being a food and water resource, as they also provide important shelter and protection from predators. Since European settlement, approximately 80 % of koala habitat has been cleared Australia wide. Koalas are able to move through a continuous canopy in remnant bushland, but land clearance poses a problem with koalas being forced to come to ground, and this behaviour shift is increasing their risk of attack by domestic and feral dogs. Protecting your local koalas from dogs is an important part of their conservation and can be achieved by confining domestic dogs in a secure and fenced outdoor area or keeping them inside, as well as taking part in a feral dog control program.

The Clarence Valley is home to a low density koala population, where individuals defend home ranges that are approximately 20 hectares in size. Consequently, large areas of good quality habitat are required to sustain a stable breeding population. Good quality koala habitat must be composed of preferred koala food trees as the dominant species, with a trunk diameter of greater than 30 cm in order to be palatable.

We need your help to preserve koala food trees in the Clarence Valley. Planting more koala food trees will also help to supporting future koala populations. We hope that this guide will help you on that journey.

Koala Food Tree Classifications 3

In the Clarence Valley, there are several eucalypts that are considered to be more vital as food than other species. These are generally known as primary or preferred koala food trees (PKFT’s). Known preferred koala food tree species found within the Clarence Valley include (1), E. biturbinata * (1) (see E. punctata), E. blakelyi (1), E. conica (1), E. dealbata (1), E. major (1), E. melliodora (1), E. microcorys (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), E. moluccana (1, 2), E. nicholii (1), E. propinqua (1, 2, 3, 5), E. robusta (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and E. tereticornis (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

Preferred koala food tree species are marked in this guide with a koala face for easy recognition of their importance for planting. Species that are not marked are classed as either secondary or supplementary species.

Other eucalypts that are not preferred but still eaten as part of the diet are known as secondary koala food trees (SKFT’s). Supplementary species (SSP’s) are those that are not necessarily fed upon by koalas, but are used as shelter, for the water stored in their leaves, for medicinal digestive purposes, or another integral component of koala habitat. Often these belong to the genus Eucalyptus, but can also be species within the closely related genera of Angophora and Corymbia, as well as other additional non-related species. While this booklet focuses on the broad term of eucalypt, other unrelated supplementary species are omitted from the booklet, as eucalypts are considered the limiting resource. These include, but are not limited to, species within the genera Acacia, Allocasuarina, Alphitonia, Banksia, Bursaria, Callitris, Casuarina, Cinnamomum, Endiandra, Glochidion, Lophostemon, and Melaleuca (5).

The classification of species into the categories of primary, secondary or supplementary species generally conforms to mathematical models; which are in turn based on soil nutrition and palatability. It should be noted, however, that no differentiation is made between the secondary and supplementary species in this guide. Those that are not marked as a preferred koala food tree are used to varying degrees.

Why is it of interest to categorise primary versus secondary koala food trees at a council scale? Identifying PKFT’s and understanding the influence of soil nutrition, water availability and palatability allows forest and woodland areas to be categorised in terms of their importance as koala habitat and therefore help to guide management decisions and wildlife protection programs.

What does all this mean for the landholder that wishes to identify koala habitat and eucalypts for planting? Preferred koala food trees are those that koalas require in their diet and should be prioritised for planting, or retaining in the landscape. Koalas will, however, feed on a range of species so a varied mix of primary, secondary and supplementary species within koala habitat is therefore important — plus, mixed plantings benefit the diversity of flora and fauna at a larger scale as well! We hope this guide will help Clarence Valley residents to identify local koala food trees and also plant preferred koala food trees to supplement koala habitat. We need your help to protect this iconic species!

* Eucalyptus biturbinata is not included in this booklet per se as morphology for the species was considered within the natural variation of E. punctata (var. didyma), differing by the retention of the outer operculum and the preference for more fertile soils (7). See the entry for E. punctata for this version of the guide.

1. Pers. Comm. (Biolink Ecological Consultants 2019); 2. Southern Clarence ARKS: Aspects of the Distribution and Abundance of Koalas 1952 – 2017 (Biolink Ecological Consultants 2018); 3. State Environmental Planning Policy No 44 - Koala Habitat Protection (NSW Government 1995); 4. Recovery Plan for the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (NSW Government 2008); 5. A review of koala tree use across New South Wales (NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, 2018); 6. Australian Koala Foundation National Koala Tree Planting List (Mitchell D, 2015); 7. Field Guide to Eucalypts Volume 1: South-eastern Australia Second Edition (Brooker & Kleinig 1999).

Koala Food Tree Classifications 4 Distribution 5 Species record maps are shown for the Clarence Valley, which is located in the north- east of New South Wales, Australia

e.g. Eucalyptus tereticornis

Distribution records were The numbered triangle obtained from the Atlas 20 m represents tree height for the species of Living Australia.

To the left is a koala habitat map, which is based on classifications applied by Biolink Ecological Consultants to the Vegetation Map for the Northern Rivers CMA (1999), with koala sightings from the Atlas of Living Australia overlaid.

Within the Clarence Valley, there are very few large patches of primary koala habitat (where preferred koala food trees are the dominant stratum of the vegetation community) and secondary koala habitat (where the preferred koala food trees are sub-dominant species). As a result, many koalas are relying on small patches of vegetation and individual trees for habitat. Planting preferred koala food trees and protecting remaining patches is integral to their survival.

Koala records (CVC Register) Koala records (ALA) Primary koala habitat Secondary koala habitat

Koalas in the Clarence 6 Identification of Eucalypts 7

The identification of eucalypts can be a tricky beast and the different morphological components of the plant have varying reliability in assisting with a positive identification, where external features are very susceptible to seasonal and intra-population variability. In general, highly reliable characters include the number of divided opercula in the developing flower bud, the staminal inflexion, ovule row numbers and seed shape; however these characters generally require close examination and dissection of the flowers or fruits and are therefore not covered here. Of medium reliability are the number of buds, flower colour and bark type; and of low reliability are leaf colour and bark colour.

To assist yourself in obtaining an identification, when selecting plant material, always choose typical leaves, which often found at the crown of the tree rather than the lower limbs. Mixed species stands can grow a variety of juvenile leaf shapes and are generally quite different to adult leaves. Collect fruits from the tree itself, as those on the ground may not belong to the tree in question.

It is important to note that some eucalypts are able to form hybrids, which requires genetic compatibility and synchronous flowering times between two species. Hybridism is frequently reported in regrowth trees or disturbed areas. Hybrids can complicate the identification of specimens and so observing the other eucalypts in the stand where you collect the specimen may help to shed light on the individual in question. A hybrid that is sometimes observed in the Clarence Valley is Eucalyptus tereticornis x robusta, a hybrid between Forest Red Gum and Swamp Mahogany.

Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora 9

The term eucalypt refers largely to the genus Eucalyptus, however it can also be used broadly to include the closely related genera Angophora and Corymbia, with representatives present in the Clarence Valley. Other genera in the eucalypt group that are not locally relevant include the Stockwellia, Allosyncarpia, Eucalyptopsis and Arillastrum.

Many species that were formally placed within Eucalyptus have been reclassified to the Corymbia genus. The confusion resulted in the fact that they are visually quite similar, and have some shared characters. There are, however, three main features that the observer can look for to clarify which genus a sample belongs, including leaf arrangement, flower morphology and flower arrangement.

Eucalyptus Corymbia Angophora

Adult leaves alternate Adult leaves alternate Adult leaves opposite

Flowers do not have a cap Flowers have a cap (operculum) Flowers have a cap (operculum) (operculum), but rather has woody which falls off as the flowers open which falls off as the flowers open and petals

Flowers occur in corymbs, a Flowers occur in corymbs, a Flowers occur in umbellasters, a structure where flower stalks arise structure where flower stalks arise group of flowers (with the terminal from different levels on the stem from different levels on the stem bud ending in a flower) more or but all flowers finish in more or but all flowers finish in more or less arising from the one point less the same plane less the same plane

Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora 10

Smooth Stringybark

Among koala food tree eucalypts in the Clarence Valley there are two primary types of bark — smooth and rough.

Smooth barks are those where the dead layer of bark sheds to expose a new layer of living bark each year. Within the smooth barks, the colouration can be uniform or mottled, with bark flaking off in ribbons Scribbles (particularly around the trunk), slabs or flakes. A characteristic that can Box aid identification includes scribbles caused by insect larvae (as in Eucalyptus racemosa).

Rough barks are those for which the outer layer of dead bark dries out annually but does not shed, leaving fibres that accumulate over the years. These rough bark fibres can be loosely intertwined as in stringybarks or more tightly adherent as in the boxes and peppermints. In addition, there are several species of rough bark that are infused Ribbons with gum exudates which harden, resulting in ironbark. Ironbark

For some species the bark is consistent up the full length of the tree, but for others the bark has a different basal characteristic (known as half-barked).

Bark 12 Leaves 13

Adult leaf shape has poor reliability for identification, and leaf size is even less useful. Many eucalypts have similar shaped leaves and size. One factor that can be useful is the tendency for leaves to be discolorous (the upper face is darker and greener than the lower) or concolorous (the same colour on both surfaces).

Eucalypts are favoured by koalas because of the oil glands in the leaves. For most animals, eucalypts are poisonous, however the koala has a large caecum which allows it to digest the oils in matured trees. The oil glands can be observed in fresh leaves when held up towards the sun (lower leaf facing the sun) to allow light to shine through the leaf, visible as white, yellow, or green rounded structures.

Falcate

Cordate Lanceolate Acuminate Tapering to a point Elliptic

Orbicular Ovate

* Leaf images included in the identification guide generally represent the juvenile form, rather than the adult form.

Buds and Flowers 15

Floral architecture to observe includes the individual flower buds or flowers themselves and their arrangement on the branchlets. A group of flowers arising from the one point is known as an umbellaster, the number of which can be used to differentiate species. The shape of the developing bud and flower can assist in eucalypt identification.

Flower buds have a cap structure that covers the stamens and ovary during their development, known as the operculum, which is made up of an inner (united petals) and an outer (united sepals) layer. The operculum sheds in most species during development and the site of detachment is visible as a scar. However, some species have lost the outer operculum through evolution and therefore have a smooth bud with no scar.

Calyptra / Stigma Operculum Anther Stamen Style Filament (No Scar) Scar Placentum Hypanthium

Clavate Fusiform Rostrate BUD FLOWER Club- Spindle- Beaked shaped shaped

Ethel Aardvark

Flowering periods are presented as codes on a month by month basis over the period of a year, with data courtesy of EUCLID. Shading with dark green indicates that flowering has been recorded in that month. No specification is made to local Clarence Valley flowering and therefore the charts are indicative only.

For example, the flowering chart for Eucalyptus tereticornis is shown below, where flowering has been recorded in all months except for March and December.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Flowering Periods 16 Fruits 17

Once a flower has been fertilised, it enlarges to form a fruit containing the seeds surrounded by the woody hypanthium. At the upper ridge of the hypanthium is an outgrowth of tissue in the form of a ring or plate known as the disc. The disc itself may be exserted (raised above the level of the scar), level, or enclosed (depressed or sunken). The roof of the ovary will split in most species to form retracting valves, which may also be exserted or enclosed. The number of valves is representative of the number of ovary chambers and their retraction during drying allows the seed to be released for dispersal.

Exserted Enclosed Valves

Disc

Enclosed Level Exserted Hypanthium

The shape of the fertilised fruit hypanthium can assist in eucalypt identification.

Campanulate Conical Pyriform Turbinate Bell-shaped Cone-shaped Pear-shaped Top-shaped

Cylindrical Urceolate Ovoid Globose Rod-shaped Urn-shaped Egg-shaped Ball-shaped

Fruits 18

Bark smooth, shedding in small scales, pink, grey or cream. Juvenile leaves ovate or elliptic, to 12.5 cm long, 6.5 cm wide. Adult leaves lanceolate, 9–17 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, apex acute or acuminate, base acute, ± glabrous, discolorous, regularly penniveined; 10– 25 mm long. Peduncles 7–18 mm long, glabrous or hispid; pedicels 4–10 mm long, glabrous or hispid. Buds ovoid or globose, 5–7 mm long, 5– 6 mm diam. Petals 3–4 mm wide, 3–4 mm long. Hypanthium strongly ribbed. Fruit ovoid or campanulate, sometimes apically narrowed, 9–15 mm long, 12–15 mm diam.; disc depressed. 30 m On deep sandy soils or sandy soils on sandstone.

Limited Occurrence Images for subspecies Angophora costata subsp. costata J F M A M J J A S O N D

Angophora costata • Smooth-barked Apple 20 Angophora floribunda • Rough-barked Apple 21

Bark persistent, grey, shortly fibrous. Juvenile leaves broad-lanceolate or narrow-elliptic, to 9 cm long, 3.5 cm wide. Adult leaves lanceolate, 8 –12 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apex acute, base acute; petiole 8–12 mm long. 15–30 mm long, glabrous or rarely hispid, discolorous, regularly penniveined; pedicels 4–9 mm long, glabrous or hispid. Buds ovoid or globose, 4–7 mm long, 5–7 mm diam. Petals 3–4 mm wide, 3 –4 mm long. Hypanthium ribbed. Fruit ovoid or globose, often apically narrowed, 7–10 mm long, 8– 10 mm diam.; disc flat, obscured by rim of 30 m hypanthium.

Usually on deep alluvial sandy soils.

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Bark persistent to smaller branches, red-brown or grey-brown, tessellated, peeling above. Juvenile leaves disjunct, lanceolate to broad- lanceolate, peltate at early stages, with simple hairs. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–16 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, green, dull or glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete, 17–30 mm long; pedicels terete, 9–14 mm long. Buds clavate to pyriform, 9–11 mm long, 5–6 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical or conical (slightly rostrate), shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit urceolate, 12–20 mm long, 10–15 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed.

30 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on low fertility sand or sandstone. C. intermedia is similar to C. gummifera but differs in fruit shape, winged seed and smooth barked smaller branches. J F M A M J J A S O N D

Corymbia gummifera • Red Bloodwood 22 Corymbia henryi • Large-leaved Spotted Gum 23

Bark smooth throughout, grey to red-brown or pink, shedding in small polygonal flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 15–28 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, green, semi-glossy, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 3-flowered; peduncle terete, 8–25 mm long; pedicels terete to angular, 3–4 mm long. Buds ovoid or obovoid, 10–13 mm long, 4 –6 mm diam., scar usually absent; calyptra conical, as long and wide as hypanthium. Fruit ovoid or urceolate, often wrinkled, 12–20 mm long, 10–16 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed. 30 m In dry sclerophyll woodland or forest on sandy soils.

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Bark persistent, red-brown or grey-brown, tessellated. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate, peltate at very early stages, lacking simple hairs. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–15 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete, 10–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–14 mm long. Buds ovoid to pyriform, 6–8 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical or conical, shorter and narrower than hypanthium. Fruit ovoid or urceolate, sometimes white-scurfy, 12– 20 mm long, 10–15 mm diam.; disc depressed;

30 m valves enclosed.

In coastal forests on soils of medium fertility.

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Corymbia intermedia • Pink Bloodwood 24 Corymbia maculata • Spotted Gum 25

Bark smooth throughout, powdery, white, grey or pink, often spotted, shedding in small polygonal flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–21 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, green, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 3-flowered; peduncle terete, 5–20 mm long; pedicels terete, 3–7 mm long. Buds ovoid, 10–11 mm long, 6–7 mm diam., scar usually absent; calyptra hemispherical or rostrate, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit ovoid or slightly urceolate, 10–14 mm long, 9–11 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed. 45 m In open forest on somewhat infertile and drier sites on shales and slates.

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Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches or throughout, grey to grey-brown, thick, shortly fibrous, smooth above, grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic, crenulate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 5–12 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, green to grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete, 2–8 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–3 mm long. Buds ovoid or shortly fusiform, 3–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, ± rostrate, shorter than to as long as and narrower than hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or campanulate, 3–5 mm long, 3–5 mm diam.; disc flat; 20 m valves rim-level or exserted.

In sclerophyll woodland on sandy soils of medium fertility on granite. Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus acaciiformis • Wattle-leaved Peppermint 26 Eucalyptus acmenoides • White Mahogany 27

Bark persistent throughout, grey to red-brown, thin, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 8–12 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, green, glossy, strongly discolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered or more; peduncle angular, 6–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–6 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 5–7 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, at least as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 4–8 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc depressed or flat, narrow; valves enclosed or rim-level. 30-50 m In wet sclerophyll forest or woodland on deeper soils of moderate fertility and regular moisture.

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Bark persistent on full trunk, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky (‘box’), smooth above, grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 9–15 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide, grey-green to glaucous, dull, discolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 10–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–5 mm long. Buds cylindrical or fusiform, glaucous, 10–18 mm long, 4–7 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit cylindrical or urceolate, 6– 15 mm long, 5–10 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed. 25 m In grassy or sclerophyll woodland on a range of soils, usually of higher fertility; chiefly on western Limited slopes. Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus albens • White Box 28 Eucalyptus amplifolia • Cabbage Gum 29

Bark smooth, white or grey to red-brown or green, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9– 20 cm long, 1.5–4.5 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 11- to c. 20- flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 5–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–8 mm long. Buds fusiform, 9–20 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or elongate acute, longer than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4–6 mm long, 5–8 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

30 m In grassy woodland on deeper, loamy soils, usually on low sites or along watercourses.

Images for subspecies Eucalyptus amplifolia subsp. amplifolia J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey to grey-brown, shortly fibrous (‘peppermint’), smooth above, white or grey, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9–18 cm long, 1–2. 5 cm wide, green, glossy to semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters > 11-flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 10–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 4–6 mm long. Buds clavate, 3–5 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical, shorter and as wide as hypanthium. Outer stamens often infertile. Fruit conical to campanulate, 5–6 mm long, 5–6 mm diam.; disc flat; valves enclosed or rim-level. 30-45 m

In wet or dry sclerophyll forest on moderately to highly fertile loamy soils in wet areas.

Images for subspecies Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus andrewsii • New England Blackbutt 30 Eucalyptus bancroftii • Orange Gum 31

Bark smooth, patchy grey, salmon and orange, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 8–20 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle 4-angled, 5–20 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds cylindrical or conical, 10–15 mm long, 4–6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra elongate obtuse, longer than and narrower or as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or conical, 7– 9 mm long, 8–9 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

30 m In dry sclerophyll woodland on sandy soils in low, swampy sites.

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Bark smooth, patchy white, grey to brown or red, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, dull grey- green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad -lanceolate, 8–16 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, green or grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered (rarely 11-flowered); peduncle terete or angular, 7–19 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–9 mm long. Buds fusiform, 8–14 mm long, 3–6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or elongate acute, longer than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4–7 mm long, 4–8 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted. 20 m In grassy woodlands on various usually moderately fertile soils.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus blakelyi • Blakely’s Red Gum 32 Eucalyptus bridgesiana • Apple-topped Box 33

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky, smooth grey above, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, orbiculate to ovate, cordate, glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 12– 20 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, green, semi- glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete to slightly angular, 7–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds ovoid, 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical to conical or rostrate, at least as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or conical, 5– 7 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted. 20 m In grassy woodland on drier sites, often shallower soils on slopes.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, 10–15 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, green, semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7- to ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 7–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–4 mm long. Buds ovoid or shortly fusiform, 6–8 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 6–9 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves exserted (at tips).

25 m In dry sclerophyll or grassy forest or woodland on loamy soils of moderate fertility.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus caliginosa • Broad-leaved Stringybark 34 Eucalyptus cameronii • Diehard Stringybark 35

Bark persistent throughout, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 6–9 cm long, 1.2–2 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous or slightly discolorous. Umbellasters 7–11- flowered or more; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 5–10 mm long. Buds sessile, shortly fusiform, 4–5 mm long, 2–2.5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or flattened- globose, 4–5 mm long, 5–7 mm diam.; disc slightly depressed; valves enclosed.

In wet or dry sclerophyll 40 m forest on ranges and escarpments to the east of the tablelands, on poorer shallower soils on shales.

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Bark persistent throughout, thin, grey to red- brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, falcate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 6–18 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 9–25 mm long; pedicels angular, 3–7 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 6–9 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical to rostrate, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 3–5-locular, 5–8 mm long, 5–9 mm diam.; disc ± flat, narrow; valves rim-level. 30 m In dry sclerophyll forest on shallower loamy soils on shales and slates.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus carnea • Thick-leaved White Mahogany 36 Eucalyptus conica • Fuzzy Box 37 Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky (‘box’), smooth above, grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, dull grey-green to dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, 7–12 cm long, 0.8–2.5 cm wide, grey-green, dull, concolorous. Conflorescence compound or simple; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete, 4–10 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–4 mm long. Buds clavate to shortly fusiform, 3–6 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, shorter than and narrower or as wide as hypanthium. Outer stamens infertile; anthers cuboid. Fruit conical, 5–7 mm long, 3–5 mm diam.; 20 m disc depressed; valves enclosed.

In grassy or sclerophyll woodland on light loamy Limited soils of medium fertility. Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent throughout, grey-black, ‘ironbark’. Juvenile leaves disjunct, linear to narrow-lanceolate, dull green to dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 7–15 cm long, 0.9–1.7 cm wide, green or grey-green, dull, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7–11- flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 4–12 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–6 mm long. Buds ovoid, clavate or shortly fusiform, 3–6 mm long, 2–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit hemispherical, cylindrical or ovoid, 3–7 mm long, 3–6 mm diam.; disc depressed or flat; valves enclosed or rim-level. 35 m In grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest on shallower or sandy soils of medium fertility.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus crebra • Narrow-leaved Red Ironbark 38 Eucalyptus dalrympleana • Mountain White Gum 39

Bark smooth or sometimes persistent on lower trunk (short stocking only), grey, fibrous-flaky, white, grey, pink or yellow above, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, orbiculate to elliptic or ovate, dull grey-green to dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow- lanceolate or lanceolate, 10–20 cm long, 1.5– 2.5 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 3–7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 3–8 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds ovoid, 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, ovoid or campanulate 5–8 mm long, 5–9 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves exserted.

40 m In grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest on loamy or sandy soils at higher elevations. Limited Emoke Occurrence Denes Images for subspecies Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark smooth, white and grey or grey-brown, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to ± orbiculate, glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad- lanceolate, 7–12 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, grey-green or glaucous, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered (rarely 11-flowered); peduncle terete or 4-angled, 7–12 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–5 mm long. Buds ovoid, glaucous, 7–10 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or elongate acute (obtuse), longer than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or cylindrical, 4–6 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; 15 m valves exserted.

In grassy woodland on skeletal soils usually on basic rocks. Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus dealbata • Tumbledown Gum 40 Eucalyptus dunnii • White Gum 41

Bark persistent, grey to grey-brown, fibrous- flaky, on lower trunk, smooth above, white or grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, orbiculate to ovate, cordate, dull grey- green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 13–20 cm long, 1.3–2.5 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7- flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 7–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–5 mm long. Buds ovoid, 5–7 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, ± rostrate, as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or conical or campanulate, 3–5 locular, 4 –5 mm long, 5–8 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves

50 m exserted.

In wet sclerophyll forest on fertile soils. Limited Occurrence Unknown flowering J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, grey to red brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–14 cm long, 2–3.3 cm wide, green, dull, slightly discolorous. Umbellasters ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 6–16 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–5 mm long. Buds ovoid to shortly fusiform, 4–7 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 4–8 mm long, 5–9 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves rim-level or exserted.

In dry sclerophyll or grassy 30 m forest or woodland on heavier often deep soils of moderate fertility.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus eugenioides • Thin-leaved Stringybark 42 Eucalyptus fibrosa • Broad-leaved Red Ironbark 43

Bark persistent throughout, grey-black, ‘ironbark’. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate to orbicular, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 12–18 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, grey-green, dull to semi -glossy, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 6–20 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–7 mm long. Buds fusiform, 10 –17 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical to elongate acute, longer than and as wide as hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit conical or pyriform, 4- or 5-locular, 6–12 mm long, 5–10 mm diam.; disc raised; valves rim-level or exserted. 35 m In wet or dry sclerophyll forest on shallower and somewhat infertile soils.

Images for subspecies Eucalyptus fibrosa subsp. fibrosa J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark smooth, white or grey, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 12– 18 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, green or grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete or 4-angled, 12–20 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds fusiform, glaucous, 8–15 mm long, 5–6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or elongate acute, longer than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or ovoid, 3–5- locular, 7–10 mm long, 7–10 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

30 m In grassy woodland on deep, moderately fertile and well- watered soil.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus glaucina • Slaty Red Gum 44 Eucalyptus globoidea • White Stringybark 45

Bark persistent throughout, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 7–12.5 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous or slightly discolorous. Umbellasters ≥11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 4–10 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–2 mm long. Buds shortly fusiform, 5–7 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit flattened-globose, 4–7 mm long, 6–9 mm diam.; disc flat or depressed slightly; valves rim-level or exserted at tips.

30 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on well-watered sandy or alluvial soils of moderate fertility.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on lower trunk (a few metres only), grey, fibrous-flaky, smooth above, powdery, white or grey, shedding in short ribbons or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, glossy dark green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–16 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous (bluish beneath), penniveined. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 8–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds ovoid, ± glaucous, 6–8 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, as long and wide as hypanthium. Fruit conical to pyriform, 4–5-locular, 5–8 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves 50-70 m exserted.

In tall wet forest or rainforest margins on fertile alluvial soils along valley floors.

Casliber J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus grandis • Flooded Gum 46 Eucalyptus interstans 47

Bark smooth, white, grey or grey-brown, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, dull grey- green to glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–20 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7- flowered; peduncle terete, 10–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 3–5 mm long. Buds cylindrical, 9 –13 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra elongate acute, longer and narrower than hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 5–8 mm long, 5–9 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted. 30 m In woodland on shallow sandy soils.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches or throughout, grey to red-brown, stringy, smooth above, white to grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9–14 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7–11- flowered; peduncle terete, 5–20 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–6 mm long. Buds ovoid or clavate, 6–8 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical or conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 6–10 mm long, 7–12 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves enclosed or rim-level or exserted. 40 m

In wet or dry sclerophyll or grassy forest on medium to high fertility soils in wetter areas.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus laevopinea • Silver-topped Stringybark 48 Eucalyptus ligustrina • Privet-leaved Stringybark 49

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey to red-brown, stringy, grey above, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or elliptic, 4–8 cm long, 0.7– 1.3 cm wide, green, glossy, discolorous. Umbellasters ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle terete, 4 –6 mm long. Buds sessile, ovoid or clavate, 3–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical or conical, shorter than or as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or flattened-globose, 4–5 mm long, 4–5 mm diam.; disc flat or depressed; valves enclosed.

10-20 m In dry sclerophyll woodland or heath on skeletal sandy soils on sandstone or acid granite.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent throughout, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9–15 cm long, 1.2–2.7 cm wide, green, dull to semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle terete, 7 –15 mm long; pedicels terete or angular, 2–8 mm long. Buds fusiform, 7–9 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical or elongate acute or rostrate, at least as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose, 6–10 mm long, 7–12 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

30 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on shallow poor soils on rises.

Limited Images for subspecies Eucalyptus Occurrence macrorhyncha subsp. macrorhyncha J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha • Red Stringybark 50 Eucalyptus major • Mountain Grey Gum 51

Bark smooth throughout, patchy, matte, grey or grey-brown, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate, to 14 cm long, to 3.5 mm wide. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, discolorous, 8–15 cm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; petioles 15–25 mm long. Lateral veins obtuse, closely spaced. Umbellasters axillary, 7-flowered. Peduncles terete, 5–15 mm long. Pedicels terete, 0–4 mm long. Buds ovoid, 6–10 mm long, 4–5 mm diam. Calyx calyptrate; shedding early. Calyptra conical, 2 times as long as hypanthium, as wide as hypanthium; smooth. Flowers white or cream. Fruits conical, pedicellate, 3–4 locular, 4–7 mm long, 6 –8 mm diam. Valves exserted. 20 m In wet coastal forests on soils of low to medium fertility.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on lower trunk to trunk and larger branches, grey or pale brown or yellow-brown, fibrous-flaky (‘box’), smooth above, grey-brown or yellow, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic, dull green-grey. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6–14 cm long, 0.8–1.8 cm wide, green-grey, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete or narrowly angular, 3–11 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–9 mm long. Buds clavate or ovoid, sometimes glaucous, 5–8 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical (or beaked), shorter and narrower than or as wide as hypanthium. Outer stamens infertile; anthers cuboid. Fruit globose, hemispherical or ovoid, 4- or 5-locular, 4–7 30 m mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed.

In grassy woodland on mod. fertile sandy/alluvial soils.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus melliodora • Yellow Box 52 Eucalyptus michaeliana • Brittle Gum 53

Bark smooth, white or grey or red-brown, shedding in plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, lanceolate becoming broad-lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 12– 20 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous or slightly discolorous. Conflorescence axillary, compound; umbellasters 3–7-flowered; peduncle terete, 5– 10 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds ovoid or obovoid, 3–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or cylindrical, 4 –5 mm long, 4–5 mm diam.; disc flat or raised slightly; valves enclosed or rim- level. 30 m In small widely scattered stands in dry sclerophyll woodland on sandy soils. Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, red brown or brown black, stringy (with included mica-like flakes). Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 8–12 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, green, glossy, discolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered, sometimes aggregated; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 6–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–6 mm long. Buds clavate, 4–6 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar absent but suture line often visible; calyptra hemispherical, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium, with 4 sutures. Fruit conical or pyriform, ± striate, 5–9 mm long, 4–6 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves ± rim-level. 40-60 m In wet forest or rainforest margins on moderately to highly fertile soils often on slopes.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus microcorys • Tallowwood 54 Eucalyptus moluccana • Grey Box 55

Bark persistent on lower or full trunk, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky (‘box’), smooth above, grey, shedding in long to short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate to ovate, 8–14 cm long, 2–3.3 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7- flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 5–13 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–7 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 5–9 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical or rostrate, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit cylindrical or ovoid, 5– 9 mm long, 4–6 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed.

25 m In grassy woodland or forest on loamy soils of moderate to high fertility.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches or throughout, grey to grey-brown, thick, shortly fibrous, smooth above, grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, linear to narrow-lanceolate, crowded, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate, 6–12 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete, 5–8 mm long; pedicels terete, 2 –3 mm long. Buds ovoid or fusiform, 3–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, shorter than to as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or conical, 2– 5 mm long, 3–4 mm diam.; disc flat; valves exserted. 18 m In grassy or sclerophyll woodland on shallow relatively infertile soils on shales and slates. Limited Occurrence G.Derrin J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus nicholii • Narrow-leaved Black Peppermint 56 Eucalyptus nobilis • Forest Ribbon Gum 57

Bark smooth white, grey, green or yellow, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 8–20 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 4–8 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds ovoid, 4–7 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical to conical-acute, at least as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit cylindrical, globose or ovoid, 4–8 mm long, 4–9 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted. 50-70 m In tall grassy or wet forest on fertile loamy soils.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to broad- lanceolate, glossy dark green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–15 cm long, 1.7–2.5 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle flattened or angular, 6–13 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–5 mm long. Buds ovoid, clavate or conical, 9–13 mm long, 4–6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or hemispherical, as long and at least as wide as hypanthium. Fruit conical or hemispherical, ± ribbed, 6–8 mm long, 6–10 mm diam.; disc flat; valves exserted. 30 m In wet or dry sclerophyll forest on sandy soils of medium fertility.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus notabilis • Mountain Mahogany 58 Eucalyptus nova-anglica • New England Peppermint 59

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey to grey-brown, thick, shortly fibrous, smooth above, grey, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, orbiculate, cordate, glaucous. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow- lanceolate or lanceolate, 7–15 cm long, 0.7–1.3 cm wide, green or grey-green, dull to semi- glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle terete or 4-angled, 7–10 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–4 mm long. Buds ovoid or shortly fusiform, glaucous, 4–5 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, shorter than to as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit conical or hemispherical, 4–5 mm 25 m long, 4–5 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

In grassy woodland on broad cold swampy flats. Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark smooth, with scribbles, white, grey or yellow, shedding in ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 7–16 cm long, 1.2–3.2 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous, veins sub- parallel. Umbellasters ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 3–16 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds clavate, 6–9 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical or rounded-conical, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium to minutely warty. Fruit hemispherical or conical, 6–10 mm long, 5 –9 mm diam.; disc flat or slightly raised; valves enclosed or rim-level.

20 m In grassy or dry sclerophyll woodland in flat cold sites above about 700 m alt., on deeper soils of varying fertility. Limited Occurrence Dfrg.msc Images for subspecies Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. pauciflora J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus pauciflora • Snow Gum 60 Eucalyptus pilularis • Blackbutt 61

Bark persistent on full trunk, grey-brown, shortly fibrous to stringy, smooth above, white to grey, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9–16 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7- to ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 10–17 mm long; pedicels terete, 3–6 mm long. Buds clavate or fusiform, 7–10 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical or rostrate, at least as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose, hemispherical or ovoid, 6–11 mm long, 7–11 mm diam.; disc depressed or flat; valves enclosed or 70 m rim-level.

In wet sclerophyll or grassy coastal forest on lighter soils of medium fertility.

Poyt448 J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent to smaller branches, red-brown to yellow-brown, stringy (thick and spongy), prickly, smooth above, grey, shedding in ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate, dull grey-green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 12–17.5 cm long, 2–3.3 cm wide, grey-green, glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle flattened, 13–30 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–10 mm long. Buds cylindrical, 19–30 mm long, 7–9 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium, ribbed. Fruit ovoid, ribbed, 17–26 mm long, 15–26 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed. 25 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on sandy soils or coastal sand.

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Eucalyptus planchoniana • Needlebark Stringybark 62 Eucalyptus propinqua • Small-fruited Grey Gum 63

Bark smooth, patchy, matte, grey or grey-brown, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, lanceolate, glossy green (pale). Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 8–14 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7- to > 11-flowered; peduncle terete, 5–15 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds ovoid or globose, 4–5 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical or conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or conical, 2– 5 mm long, 3–6 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves exserted.

40 m In wet coastal forest on soils of low to medium fertility.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent throughout, thin, grey to red- brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, narrow- lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, glossy green to dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow- lanceolate to lanceolate, 9–15 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, green, glossy to semi-glossy, slightly discolorous; lateral veins obscure, acute to obtuse, regular. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 7–15 mm long; pedicels angular, 2–4 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 7–8 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical or rostrate, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or hemispherical, 6–8 mm long, 6–8 mm diam.; disc 20xx m flat or raised; valves rim- level or exserted.

In dry sclerophyll woodland in shallow infertile sandy soil on sandstone.

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus psammitica • Sandstone Mahogany 64 Eucalyptus punctata • Grey Gum 65

Bark smooth, patchy, matte, white, grey, grey- brown, salmon or orange, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 8–15 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle flattened or angular, 5–19 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–9 mm long. Buds ovoid, 9–11 mm long, 4–6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical (inflated), longer than and at least as wide as hypanthium. Fruit cylindrical or hemispherical, 5–12 mm long, 5–10 mm diam.; disc flat or slightly raised; valves exserted. 35 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on soils of low to medium fertility.

GeekStreet J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent on trunk and branches, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky, smooth above, white or grey, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, ovate to broad- lanceolate, cordate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 12–20 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, green, dull or semi- glossy, concolorous, with irregularly toothed margins and marginal glands. Umbellasters 7- flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 8–12 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–2 mm long. Buds ovoid or fusiform, 5–8 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit conical, 5 –7 mm long, 4–6 mm diam.; disc flat; valves exserted. 50 m Tall wet forest on shallower usually sloping soils of medium fertility.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus quadrangulata • White-topped Box 66 Eucalyptus racemosa • Scribbly Gum 67

Bark smooth, with scribbles, white, grey or yellow, shedding in short ribbons. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, dull grey- green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate, 7–15 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, grey-green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 7–12 mm long; pedicels terete, 4–6 mm long. Buds clavate, 3–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra hemispherical, shorter than and narrower or as wide as hypanthium. Outer stamens infertile. Fruit pyriform or ovoid, 4 locular, 4–5 mm long, 5–7 mm diam.; disc flat or slightly raised; valves enclosed or 15 m rim-level.

In dry sclerophyll woodland on shallow infertile sandy soil on sandstone.

Images for subspecies Eucalyptus racemosa subsp. racemosa J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to broad-lanceolate, glossy dark green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 9–16 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7- to >11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 8–42 mm long; pedicels terete, 4–14 mm long. Buds fusiform, 12–15 mm long, 6 mm diam., scar present; calyptra elongate acute or rostrate, longer than and narrower or as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or ovoid, 5–11 mm long, 5–10 mm diam.; disc flat to raised; valves exserted.

In wet or dry sclerophyll 45 m forest on deeper soils of medium to high fertility.

Images for subspecies Unknown flowering Eucalyptus resinifera subsp. hemilampra J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus resinifera • Red Mahogany 68 Eucalyptus retinens • Hillgrove Box 69

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey, fibrous-flaky, smooth above, white, grey or yellow, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, broad-lanceolate to elliptic to ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 12–20 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, green, dull or semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 6–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–4 mm long. Buds ovoid, 7–10 mm long, 4–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or rostrate, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium, ± angular. Fruit cylindrical or ovoid, 3 locular, ± angular, 5–10 mm long, 5–9 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves enclosed or rim-level. 20 m Restricted to steep upper slopes of gorges.

Limited Occurrence Unknown flowering J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent, red-brown, stringy (shortly fibrous), thick and spongy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, 10–17 cm long, 2– 4.5 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7- to > 11-flowered; peduncle broadly flattened, 13–30 mm long; pedicels terete, 1–9 mm long. Buds fusiform, 16 –24 mm long, 6–8 mm diam., scar present; calyptra elongate acute or rostrate, as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit cylindrical, 10–18 mm long, 6–11 mm diam.; disc depressed; valves rim- level or slightly exserted, usually apically joined. 25 m In heath on low swampy sites on sandy soils.

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Eucalyptus robusta • Swamp Mahogany 70 Eucalyptus rummeryi • Steel Box 71

Bark persistent on trunk and larger branches, grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky. Juvenile leaves disjunct, elliptic to ovate or broad- lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 8–16 cm long, 1–2.3 cm wide, green, dull, discolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 5–10 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–3 mm long. Buds ovoid to shortly fusiform, 4–7 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit hemispherical, pyriform or turbinate, 3–5 mm long, 3–4 40 m mm diam.; disc depressed; valves rim-level or exserted.

In wet or grassy forest on fertile soils.

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Bark smooth, powdery, white or grey, shedding in short ribbons or flakes, sometimes persistent on lower trunk. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate, glossy green to dark green. Adult leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, 10–17 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 4–18 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds ovoid to cylindrical or fusiform, 5–8 mm long, 3– 4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical (slightly beaked), as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit cylindrical, pyriform or campanulate, 5–8 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc 50 m depressed; valves exserted.

In wet forest on soils of moderate fertility, often on slopes.

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Eucalyptus saligna • Sydney Blue Gum 72 Eucalyptus scias • Large-fruited Red Mahogany 73 Bark persistent, dark red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate to ovate, glossy dark green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 7–16 cm long, 1.3–3.2 cm wide, dark green, glossy, discolorous, penniveined. Umbellasters 3–7- flowered (usually 7); peduncle broadly flattened (to 9 mm wide), 5–23 mm long; pedicels angular, 0–9 mm long. Buds ovoid or fusiform, 14–23 mm long, 9–14 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or hemispherical, sometimes beaked, at least as long and as wide as hypanthium, ± wrinkled. Fruit conical or hemispherical, 3–6-locular, ± ribbed, 8–16 mm long, 9– 20 mm diam.; disc flat or slightly raised, 2–3 mm 20 m wide; valves exserted, raised at 60–80 degrees.

In wet or dry sclerophyll forest on soils of medium Limited fertility. Occurrence Images for subspecies Eucalyptus Poty448 scias subsp. scias J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark smooth, white or grey, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves* opposite, subsessile and linear for 3–7 pairs then alternate, petiolate, lanceolate. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate, 10–18 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle terete, 6 –12 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–5 mm long. Buds cylindrical or fusiform, 8–15 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra elongate acute, longer and narrower than hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical, 4–7 mm long, 4–7 mm diam.; disc

raised; valves exserted. 40 m In woodland on low, often swampy sandy soils.

* Juvenile leaves display significant natural variation. The Euclid description is used here.

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Eucalyptus seeana • Narrow-leaved Red Gum 74 Eucalyptus siderophloia • Northern Grey Ironbark 75

Bark persistent throughout, grey-black, ‘ironbark’. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to broad-lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 8–15 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, green or grey-green, dull, concolorous. Conflorescence compound; umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 6–12 mm long; pedicels terete, 2–4 mm long. Buds fusiform (short or long), 5–8 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical, elongate-acute or rostrate, shorter than or as long as and narrower than hypanthium. All stamens fertile. Fruit conical, 5–8 mm long, 5–7 mm diam.; disc depressed; 45 m valves enclosed or rim-level or exserted.

In wet forest on soils of moderate fertility.

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Bark smooth, white or grey, shedding in large plates or flakes. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad- lanceolate to ovate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow-lanceolate or lanceolate, 10–20 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, green, dull, concolorous. Umbellasters 7- to rarely 11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 7–25 mm long; pedicels terete, 3–10 mm long. Buds cylindrical or fusiform, 10–20 mm long, 4–8 mm diam., scar present; calyptra conical or elongate acute, longer than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4- or 5- locular, 4–6 mm long, 4–8 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted. 50 m In grassy, wet or dry forest or woodland on soils of medium to high fertility.

Images for subspecies Eucalyptus tereticornis subsp. tereticornis J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus tereticornis • Forest Red Gum 76 Eucalyptus tindaliae • Grafton Stringybark 77

Bark persistent, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 7–13 cm long, 1.3–3 cm wide, green or grey-green, glossy to semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters ≥ 11-flowered; peduncle terete or angular, 4–13 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–2 mm long. Buds ovoid or clavate, 4–5 mm long, 2–3 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, shorter than or as long as and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit hemispherical or flattened- globose, 4–8 mm long, 6–11 mm diam.; disc raised; valves enclosed or rim-level. 30 m In coastal forest on poorer soils.

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Bark persistent throughout, thin, grey to red- brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, falcate, broad-lanceolate, glossy green. Adult leaves disjunct, lanceolate, 10–14 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, green, semi-glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7–11-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 12–22 mm long; pedicels terete, 5–8 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 7– 9 mm long, 3–4 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical or rostrate, shorter than and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit globose or hemispherical, 3–5 locular, 6–8 mm long, 7–9 mm diam.; disc flat or raised; valves rim-level or exserted. 25 m In dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on relatively poor shallow dry soils.

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Eucalyptus umbra • Bastard White Mahogany 78 Eucalyptus viminalis • Ribbon Gum 79

Bark smooth or persistent on lower trunk, grey to grey-black, shortly fibrous, hard, platy, smooth above, white, grey or yellow, shedding in long ribbons. Juvenile leaves opposite, lanceolate, dull green. Adult leaves disjunct, narrow- lanceolate or lanceolate, 8–20 cm long, 0.8–2.5 cm wide, green, glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 3-flowered; peduncle narrowly flattened or angular, 4–8 mm long; pedicels terete, 0–3 mm long. Buds ovoid, 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm diam., scar present; calyptra hemispherical to conical, at least as long and as wide as hypanthium. Fruit cylindrical, globose or ovoid, 4–8 mm long, 4–9 mm diam.; disc raised; valves 30-50 m exserted.

In grassy woodland or forest on fertile loamy soils.

Limited GeekStreet Occurrence Images for subspecies Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. viminalis J F M A M J J A S O N D

Bark persistent throughout, grey to red-brown, stringy. Juvenile leaves disjunct, ovate to orbiculate, glossy green, hispid. Adult leaves disjunct, broad-lanceolate, 8–18 cm long, 1.6–5 cm wide, green, ± glossy, concolorous. Umbellasters 7-flowered; peduncle flattened, 3 –12 mm long; pedicels thick, angular, 0–2 mm long. Buds ovoid to fusiform, 9–12 mm long, 6– 7 mm diam., scar absent; calyptra conical, as long and as wide as hypanthium, ± angular. Fruit globose, ± angular, 9–13 mm long, 10–15 mm diam.; disc raised; valves exserted.

In dry sclerophyll woodland 20 m on skeletal infertile soils on acid granites.

Limited Occurrence J F M A M J J A S O N D

Eucalyptus williamsiana 80 Glossary 81

Acuminate gradually tapering to a point Aggregated cluster Angular at an angle or a sharp point Apically joined joined or attached at the apex or top Apically narrowed narrowed at the apex or top Axillary the bud or buds formed in the angle between the stem and the subtending (enclosing) leaf or bract Beak a prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit Box a type of rough bark in eucalypts, where fibres are short, thin and form with narrow longitudinal fissures; may break into flakes or plates (tessellations) Calyptra a cap-like covering or lid of some flowers or fruits that becomes detached at maturity by abscission, also known as the outer operculum Calyptrate having a calyptra Calyx the sepals of one flower collectively Campanulate bell-shaped Clavate club-shaped Compound composed of several more or less similar parts Concolorous with the same colour throughout or on both surfaces Conflorescence a branch system of flowers in which the main axis bears a single unit that is qualitatively different in structure. Conical cone-shaped, with the broad end at the base Cordate of a leaf or leaf base, heart-shaped with a basal notch and stem in cleft Crenulate of a margin, with shallow, rounded teeth

Crowded a tendency for oil glands to be clustered close together Cuboid cube-like; a 3-dimensional shape Cylindrical tubular or rod-shaped Depressed flattened as if pressed down from the top or end, especially of 3 dimensional shapes Disc an outgrowth of tissue from the receptacle in the form of a ring or plate, sometimes divided into lobes or separate bodies, occurring between whorls of floral parts; generally glandular. Discolorous coloured differently on the two surfaces. Disjunct arrangement in which during development the leaves of a pair become separated on the axis owing to elongation of the nodal region, often giving the appearance of ‘alternate’ leaf arrangement but distinguished by decussate (intersected or crossed in the form of an X), rather than spiral, sequence. Elliptic a 2-dimensional shape, oval in outline, broadest about the middle, small or no point. Elongate acute much longer than wide, at a sharp or severe angle Elongate obtuse much longer than wide, at a shallow angle of greater than 90 degrees Enclosed surrounded or closed off on all sides Exserted projecting beyond the surrounding objects, e.g. of valves projecting beyond the rim of a capsular fruit Falcate sickle-shaped Fibrous a type of rough bark in eucalypts, stingy fibres are long and deeply furrowed Fusiform spindle-shaped, narrower at both ends than at the middle Glabrous without hairs or scales Gland a structure, within or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function Glaucous dull blue-green in colour, with a whitish bloom which can often be rubbed off; sometimes

Glossary 82 Glossary 83

characteristic of young leaves Globose a 3-dimensional shape, ball-shaped, more or less circular in outline Glossy shiny and smooth Hemispherical semiglobose Hispid bristly, of a more or less straight stiff hair Hypanthium a cup-like or tubular structure formed above the base, and often above the top, of the ovary with the stamens and perianth parts inserted on the rim Ironbark a type of rough bark in eucalypts, where exudates harden the bark Lanceolate lance-shaped; pointed at both ends; 3-6 times as long as broad and broadest below the middle and tapering to the apex Lateral attached to the side of an organ Obscure consealed or not clearly expressed Locular of a more or less closed cavity, containing the pollen in anthers and the ovules in an ovary Opposite inserted at the same level, as in leaves on the opposite side of the stem, or in flowers the floral parts on the same radius Orbiculate orb-shaped, strictly a 3-dimensional shape but often used for a 2 dimensional circular shape, as for leaves. Ovate egg-shaped; a 2-dimensional shape, with the length 1–3 times the breadth, and broadest below the middle. Ovoid the 3-dimensional equivalent of ovate; egg-shaped Pedicellate with a stalk Pedicels the stalk of a flower (above the subtending bract or leaf) Peduncle the stalk of an inflorescence

Peltate term describing an organ with a stalk or point of attachment on its lower surface away from the margin, often umbrella-like Penniveined pinnately arranged veins in which the secondary veins are conspicuous and numerous and are more or less parallel to each other, as in a feather Peppermint a type of rough bark in eucalypts, where the bark fibres are of medium length with longitudinal fissures Persistent remaining until the part that bears it is fully matured Petiole the stalk of a leaf Plates pieces of bark that shed annually in the smooth barks Powdery resembling or characteristic of powder in texture in smooth barks Pyriform pear-shaped Ribbed having a pattern of raised bands Ribbons strips of bark that shed annually from smooth barks Rostrate beaked Scar scar left when the calyptra (outer operculum) has fallen away Scribbles irregular lines on the barks of some eucalypts, being the old tunnels burrowed by moth

Glossary 84 Notes 85

Notes 86

Note that there are a range of other Eucalypts in the Clarence Valley that have no record of use by koalas as food and therefore were not included in this booklet. Such species include:

Eucalyptus ancophila Eucalyptus obliqua • Messmate Stringybark Eucalyptus baileyana • Bailey's Stringybark Eucalyptus olida Eucalyptus brunnea Eucalyptus ophitica • Serpentine Ironbark Eucalyptus burgessiana • Faulconbridge Mallee Ash Eucalyptus oreades • Blue Mountains Ash Eucalyptus codonocarpa Eucalyptus pachycalyx • Pumpkin Gum Eucalyptus deanei • Round-leaved Gum Eucalyptus paniculata • Grey Ironbark Eucalyptus dissita Eucalyptus perriniana • Spinning Gum Eucalyptus dorrigoensis • Dorrigo White Gum Eucalyptus pyrocarpa • Large-fruited Blackbutt Eucalyptus fastigata • Brown Barrel Eucalyptus radiata • Narrow-leaved Peppermint Eucalyptus fusiformis • Grey Ironbark Eucalyptus scoparia • Wallangarra White Gum Eucalyptus melanophloia • Silver-leaved Ironbark Eucalyptus sideroxylon • Red Ironbark Eucalyptus microcodon Eucalyptus sieberi • Silvertop Ash Eucalyptus moorei • Little Sally Eucalyptus tetrapleura • Square-fruited Ironbark

Other Eucalypts