SUMMER 2017 • ISSUE 8 A JOURNAL OF CHRISTIANITY & AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY A JUST WAR LEXICON: ON THE PROPER JUS OF WORDS: bellum: /ˈbɛləm/ From Latin: a war duellum: /ˈdjuːələm//ˈdʒuːələm/ From Latin: a duel Bellum refers to any deployment of martial force by a sovereign authority, whether applied internally within the ruler’s own society or externally against foreign adversaries. Bellum is the use of force for public ends by public authorities—over whom there is no one higher charged with the maintenance of order, justice, and peace within the political community—or their delegates. Antithetically, duellum is the use of force for private ends. While force used by private authority for private purposes is always duellum, a sovereign authority SEX, LIES, & SPIES can also deploy force for private purposes, and when they do so they are dueling. BY DARRELL COLE According to the jus ad bellum guidelines of the just war tradition, bellum can be REPARTEE moral or immoral depending on the circumstances. Duellum can only be immoral. LOVE, WAR, & HONEY TRAPS This is because the pursuit of private purposes at the unjustified expense of BY LELA GILBERT others is, in the Augustinian typology of love, cupiditas—wrongly directed, self- SUMMER centered love. On the other hand, the use of force by a proper authority, for a just SERVING GOD OR CAESAR: cause, and in the pursuit of peace is an act of rightly directed love—or caritas, ALVIN YORK & THE MORALITY OF WAR BY DOUGLAS MASTRIANO charity. This is almost certainly why the discussions by Thomas Aquinas on just 2017 war and by the Apostle Paul on the sword of ruling authority are placed within ALSO: JAMES TURNER JOHNSON ON HOW TO READ AUGUSTINE • ALAN DOWD MUSES ON MISSILE their disquisitions on love, in the Summa Theologica and Romans, respectively. • MATTERS • ROBERT LECKIE WAXES POETIC ON GUADALCANAL • MARK TOOLEY DEFENDS WESTERN NUMBER CIVILIZATION • TIMOTHY TAYLOR TALKS TRADE • BEN FRANKLIN NOMINATES GOD & MOSES • EWELINA OCHAB & BARONESS COX DISCUSS PERSECUTED MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST • AN AMERICAN HERO LONGS FOR HIS CABIN IN THE WOODS • ROBERT NICHOLSON EXPLAINS HOW TO LIBERATE PALESTINE • JOHN MARK MATTOX DEBATES DETERRENCE • & MARC LIVECCHE, 8 J. DARYL CHARLES, & HERB SCHLOSSBERG REVIEW THREE WORKS ON WAR PROVIDENCE Michael Cromartie SUMMER 2017 | NUMBER 8 1950-2017 FEATURES DARRELL COLE 4 SEX, LIES, & SPIES LELA GILBERT REPARTEE: LOVE, WAR, & HONEY TRAPS 14 DOUGLAS MASTRIANO SERVING GOD OR CAESAR: 22 ALVIN YORK & THE MORALITY OF WAR Mike at the launch of Providence, November 2015 “We need to adopt a form of Christian realism that recognizes that, because of the Fall, we live in a world that will remain sinful and broken until the end of time. While Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman in Notorious (1946), living in a broken world, our task, if it’s political, is to help the state curb that a “spy noir” classic directed by Alfred Hitchcock. brokenness and that sinfulness in a way that aims toward justice. I use the phrase Bergman plays Alicia Huberman, the American ‘Augustinian sensibility’ to lean against a Utopian temptation for people on the Right daughter of a convicted Nazi spy who is recruited by U.S. government agent T.R. Devlin (Grant) to se- or the Left who give the political realm more significance than it should be given.” duce and surveil a leading member (Claude Rains) of a sinister Nazis organization in post-WWII Bra- zil. In the course of working together, Huberman and Devlin fall in love, even as she succeeds in win- ning the affection of, and marrying, her target. No- torious depicts the emotional entanglement of three We mourn the loss of Providence founding contributing editor, colleague, and friend Mike Cromartie. lives bound together in a web of duty, deceit, betray- The tributes to Mike that have been shared by a wide diversity of people of all faiths and political al, and espionage. persuasions testify to his extraordinary decency, wisdom, generosity, moral courage, fidelity to Christ, and curmudgeonly good cheer, in all he did, wrote, and said. He lived the Augustinian sensibility, proving the continued value of ancient truth for modern times. Be at peace, Mike. See you at the resurrection. Providence_summer17.indd 2 28.08.17 23:06 ESSAYS PUBLISHERS EWELINA U. OCHAB & BARONESS CAROLINE COX MARK TOOLEY ROBERT NICholson HELPING RELIGIOUS MINORITIES EDITOR 32 PERSECUTED BY DAESH MARK TOOLEY JOHN MARK MATTOX MANAGING EDITOR WHEN DETERRENCE SIMPLY MARC LIVECCHE WILL NOT WORK 38 DEPUTY EDITOR MARK MELTON MARK TOOLEY DEFENDING WESTERN CIVILIZATION 44 SENIOR EDITORS Keith PavliscHEK JAMES TURNER JOHNSON JOSEPH LOCONTe READING AUGUSTINE 48 ASSOCIATE EDITOR SUSANNAH BLACK TIMOTHY TAYLOR CONTRIBUTING EDITORS WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO THE Mark AMSTUTZ LEFT-RIGHT DIVIDE ON FOREIGN TRADE? 57 FRED BARNES NIGEL BIGGAR ALAN DOWD J. DARYL CHARLES PAUL COYER INSURANCE AGAINST MISTAKES, MICHAEL CROMARTIE MISCALCULATION, & MADMEN 62 DEAN CURRY ALAN DOWD THOMAS FARR MARY HABECK REVIEWS REBECCAH HEINRICHS WILL INBODEN MARC LIVEccHE JAMES TURNER JOHNSON WHAT’S THE STORY? HERB LONDON Christopher Nolan’s Dunkirk (2017) 71 TIMOTHY MALLARD PAUL MARSHALL HERBERT SCHLOSSBERG FAITH MCDONNELL GRIM HARVEST WALTER RUSSELL MEAD PAUL MILLER Nicholas Irving’s Way of the Reaper 74 JOSHUA MITCHELL J. DARYL CHARLES LUKE MOON MACKUBIN THOMAS OWENS REVISING OR APPLYING THE ERIC PAttERSON JUST WAR TRADITION? DANIEL STRAND James M. Dubik’s Just War Reconsidered: GREG THORnbury Strategy, Ethics, & Theory 75 INTERNS MAttHEW ALLEN THE QUARTERMASTER’S BOOKSHELF: JOSHUA CAYETANO Further reading & New books 79 SAVAnnAH HUSMANN LOGAN WHITE LAYOUT & DESIGN AD ORIENTEM JOSEPH AVAKIAN ROBERT NICHOLSON PRINTED BY LINEMARK EMPIRES OF FEELING & FANTASY 84 BASIC SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $28 FOR A YEAR, FOUR ISSUES. STUDENT RATES AVAILABLE. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: SPONSORED BY [email protected] WEBSITE: PROVIDENCEMAG.COM ISSN 24713511 FEATURE SEX, LIES, & SPIES DARRELL COLE pying is a method of learning information about the enemy S(and others) that enables us to obtain political ends that could not otherwise be obtained. No spy service could exist without the use of deception, and most spy services also use sex as a way to achieve their ends. Numerous popular Hollywood films are filled the good of WWI France in Dishonored (1931), with spies who employ these crafts for the good quickly followed by Greta Garbo doing the same of their country. Notable examples began early for the good of Germany in Mata Hari (1932). with Marlene Dietrich lying and seducing for Perhaps most memorable to cinema lovers, 4 agent Ingrid Bergman took advantage of a a military, then there would be no peace or lonely German fascist for the good of the Free order for anyone. Thus, it is appropriate for World in Alfred Hitchcock’s famous Notorious Christians to participate in this office for the (1946). Then there appeared the whole James common good. Those Christians who do ought Bond phenomenon, whose offspring are still to do so out of love of their neighbors. going strong today. If the fictional spy drama has left any sort of impression upon readers Governing authorities that cannot protect their and viewers, it is that the world of spies is one citizens from threats internal and external fail of constant deception and manipulative (if not to achieve the most basic requirement for good always unenjoyable) sex. government. Augustine may have exaggerat- ed when he famously remarked that human Can this possibly be just? If so, then we are history since Cain killed Abel is a history of saying that, when an agent lies to or has sex bloodshed, for there is far more to history than with someone in the line of duty, the people fighting and killing. Nevertheless, recorded deceived have justice done to them. In other history reveals that wherever we find the for- words, just agents do not necessarily treat their mation of political states, we find soldiers and targets unfairly. Their objects of deception may spies. Spies were employed by the earliest po- deserve to be deceived. litical states on record.1 Soldiering and spying are necessary parts of any governing body’s Spying methods, like all acts of force, can be ability to protect its citizens. Aristotle put it hard to accept for people of peaceable honor with typical clarity and precision: no army and virtue. But the Christian tradition has means no state, at least not for long (Politics always included a notion of a just use of force. 7.1330a-1331a). The same can be said for the Why? Because in a world of fallen human be- spying services, which is why every political ings who love themselves more than they love body has always employed spies of some kind. justice or God (something agreed upon by theo- Spying is an act of force like soldiering. Even logians as diverse as Augustine, Chrysostom, the most seemingly noncoercive jobs a spy Aquinas, Luther, and Calvin), those who are might do—observe and report—are done for the given the mandate of providing for the defense benefit of those who can use that information of the common good must often use force if to guide policies of force. they are to succeed. In other words, coercion, or at least the threat of coercion, is necessary As should be familiar to regular readers of this for the common good. journal, upholders of a just use of force, partic- ularly those who refer to the just war tradition Formative figures within the Christian tradi- to provide moral guidance in such areas, are tion such as Augustine and Aquinas helped generally agreed that an act of force for the to shape what has come to be known as the common good may or may not be justifiable just war tradition, while Protestant Reformers depending upon who does it, the reasons they such as Luther and Calvin confirmed that do it, and how they do it.