Developing a Circular-Economy-Based Construction Waste Minimisation Framework for Nigeria A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Building By Olabode Emmanuel OGUNMAKINDE (M.Tech. & B.Tech. (Hons) Architecture, ND – Architectural Technology) School of Architecture and Built Environment The University of Newcastle May 2019 Declarations Statement of Originality I hereby certify that the work embodied in the thesis is my own work, conducted under normal supervision. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted, or is being examined, for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, expect where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository**, subject to the provisions of Copyright Act 1968. **Unless an Embargo has been approved for a determined period. Signed……………………………………………………………………. Date………………………………………………………………………. Acknowledgement of Authorship I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis contains published papers/scholarly work of which I am a joint author. I have included a written declaration below endorsed in writing by my supervisor, attesting to my contribution to the joint publication/scholarly work. By signing below I confirm that Olabode Emmanuel Ogunmakinde contributed to research design, data collection, data analysis, and writing process of the papers/publications listed in this thesis. …………………………… A/Prof. William Sher i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Oladoyin Ogunmakinde and my son, Oluwamurewa Nathan Emmanuel (ONE) for their unflinching support, encouragement, and prayers. Love you both! ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to return the glory, honour, and adoration unto the Most High God, who has been my help and guide throughout the PhD journey. I am eternally grateful to my Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. I would like to express my profound gratitude to the University of Newcastle for believing in my ability by offering me the UNIPRS and UNRCS 50:50 scholarships which covered my tuition and living expenses throughout my PhD study in Australia. I could not have achieved this milestone without the scholarships. I am also grateful to the management of Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), Nigeria for approving my study leave. I would like to extend my appreciation to the head and members of the department of Architecture, FUTA for their moral support. I wish to thank many people who supported and contributed to the success of my doctoral study. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my supervisors, Associate Professor William Sher and Dr Kim Maund for their encouragement, continuous support, guidance, commitment, patience, immense knowledge, and inspiration throughout the research journey. Their constructive criticisms and feedback were of tremendous help throughout the time of research and writing of this thesis. Thank you for your interest in my research and for believing in my abilities. I could not have had better supervisors than the combination of Willy and Kim. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Thayaparan Gajendran, Professor Peter Davis, Dr Jason Von Meding, Dr Ifte Ahmed, and Associate Professor Patrick Tang, for their insightful comments and questions that shaped my thoughts throughout the journey. I am also grateful to the entire SABE professional team for their continuous administrative support and assistance. My sincere appreciation goes to Prof. Olu Ola Ogunsote, Dr Sue Sherratt, Dr Olatunji Oluwole, Dr Ernest Ekpo, Dr Rafiu Salami, Dr Rotimi Abidoye, Dr Michael Fayemiwo, Dr Ayokunle Olanipekun, and Victor Mogre for their motivation, moral support, and immense contributions at different stages of the data collection, analysis, and writing. To my friends and colleagues – Tijani Bashir, Arc. Daniel Akeremale, Olufemi Adetunji, Owi Toinpre, Reza Forghani, Matthew Abunyewah, Noah Mtembu, and Oluwadunsin Ajulo, thank you all for those stimulating discussions, conversations, and friendship. iii I am indebted to my spiritual fathers – Evangelist Bello, Revd. James Fatoye, Revd. Tunde Taiwo, and Pastor (Dr) and Pastor (Mrs) Kehinde Olatunbosun for their prayers, encouragement, and exhortations. I would like to thank all members of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, City of David Parish, Newcastle, especially the Davidic Praise Team members for their moral support and understanding while I was leading the group. Finally, a very special thanks to my wife, Oladoyin Ogunmakinde and my son, Oluwamurewa Nathan Ogunmakinde for their love and patience while I was busy conducting this research. I would like to thank my parents, Mr Akinade Ogunmakinde and Mrs Christiana Ogunmakinde for their care, love, encouragement, and support throughout my academic career. I am also grateful to my siblings – Olukayode Ogunmakinde, Oladipupo Ogunmakinde, Oluwaseyi Adenola, and Olawumi Jones; and parents-in-law, Elder and Revd. Mrs Olajide for their encouragement and kindness towards me. Without the support of my uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews and nieces, it would not have been possible to complete this study. From the depth of my heart, I say thank you all. iv Table of Contents Declarations ................................................................................................................................ i Dedication .................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... xiii List of Appendices ................................................................................................................... xv List of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Definition of Key Terms ............................................ xvi Publications ............................................................................................................................. xix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. xx CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Background .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ............................................................................. 4 1.3 Gaps in the Literature .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Research Question and Hypotheses ............................................................................. 6 1.5 Research Aim and Objectives ...................................................................................... 9 1.6 Research Methodology ................................................................................................ 9 1.7 Research Scope .......................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Contribution to Knowledge ....................................................................................... 12 1.9 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................ 13 1.10 Thesis Structure ......................................................................................................... 14 1.11 Summary .................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO - CONSTRUCTION WASTE MINIMISATION ....................................... 18 2.0 Chapter Overview ...................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Construction and Sustainable Development .............................................................. 18 2.1.1 Sustainable Development ............................................................................ 18 2.1.2 Concept of Sustainability ............................................................................ 19 2.1.3 Construction ................................................................................................ 19 2.1.4 Sustainable Construction (SC) .................................................................... 21 2.2 Construction Waste .................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 Generation and Causes of Construction Waste ........................................... 25 v 2.2.2 Types of Construction Waste ...................................................................... 26 2.3 Construction