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Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Dædalus on sex Joan Roughgarden, Terry Castle, Steven Marcus, Elizabeth Benedict, Brian Charlesworth, Lawrence Cohen, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Tim Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Birkhead, Catharine MacKinnon, Margo Jefferson, and Stanley A. Corngold Winter 2007 on capitalism Joyce Appleby, John C. Bogle, Lucian Bebchuk, Robert W. Fogel, Winter 2007: on nonviolence & violence Winter 2007: on nonviolence & democracy Jerry Z. Muller, Richard Epstein, Benjamin M. Friedman, John Dunn, Robin Blackburn, and Gerhard Loewenberg on William H. McNeill Violence & its historical limits 5 nonviolence Steven A. LeBlanc Why warfare? 13 & violence on life Anthony Kenny, Thomas Laqueur, Shai Lavi, Lorraine Daston, Paul Jonathan Schell Rabinow, Robert P. George, Robert J. Richards, Nikolas Rose, John & Robert S. Boynton People’s power vs. nuclear power 22 Broome, Jeff McMahan, and Adrian Woolfson Mark Juergensmeyer Gandhi vs. terrorism 30 Neil L. Whitehead Violence & the cultural order 40 on the public interest William Galston, E. J. Dionne, Jr., Seyla Benhabib, Jagdish Bhagwati, Adam Wolfson, Lance Taylor, Gary Hart, Nathan Glazer, Robert N. Tzvetan Todorov Avant-gardes & totalitarianism 51 Bellah, Nancy Rosenblum, Amy Gutmann, and Christine Todd Adam Michnik The Ultras of moral revolution 67 Whitman Cindy D. Ness The rise in female violence 84 Mia Bloom Female suicide bombers 94 on nature Leo Marx, William Cronon, Cass Sunstein, Daniel Kevles, Bill Robert H. Mnookin Negotiating conflict: Belgium & Israel 103 McKibben, Harriet Ritvo, Gordon Orians, Camille Parmesan, Margaret Schabas, and Philip Tetlock & Michael Oppenheimer James G. Blight & janet M. Lang Robert McNamara: then & now 120 on cosmopolitanism Martha C. Nussbaum, Stanley Hoffmann, Margaret C. Jacob, A. A. Long, Pheng Cheah, Darrin McMahon, Helena Rosenblatt, Samuel annals David Jewitt & Jane X. Luu Pluto, perception & politics 132 Scheffler, Arjun Appadurai, Rogers Smith, Peter Brooks, and Craig Calhoun Owen Gingerich Planetary perils in Prague 137 poetry John Kinsella Into the Sun 141 plus poetry by Charles Simic, Lawrence Dugan, Molly McQuade, Ted Richer &c.; ½ction by Peggy Newland &c.; and notes by Omer ½ction Peggy Shinner Life is Adequate 143 Bartov, Samuel Weber, Susan Goldin-Meadow, William F. Baker, Harriet Ritvo, Phyllis Coley &c. notes Robert I. Rotberg on improving governance 152 Susan T. Fiske on prejudice & the brain 156 Daron Acemoglu & James A. Robinson on the economic roots of democracy 160 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Inside front cover: Mahatma Gandhi, April 5, 1930, leading a march to the sea to make salt in de½- ance of the British salt monopoly. A living sym- bol of his nation’s indomitable will, Gandhi pre- ferred peaceful demonstrations of popular senti- ment to a violent show of force: “You can chain me,” he said, “you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never imprison my mind.” In the struggle to free India from Brit- ish rule, Gandhi favored large displays of “people power” to any recourse to violence, including the use of torture against the movement’s enemies. See Mark Juergensmeyer on Gandhi vs. terrorism, pages 30–39: “Torture, from Gandhi’s point of view, is ineffective . because it corrupts the moral character of a society that allows it to be used.” Image © Bettmann/Corbis. James Miller, Editor of Dædalus Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Esther Y. 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(35 mm, Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque National, Paris). “Such was the work, so intricate the place, / That scarce the workman all its turns cou’d trace; / And Daedalus was puzzled how to ½nd / The secret ways of what himself design’d.”–Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book 8 Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scientist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbolizes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the labyrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings together distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its more than four thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Dædalus Winter 2007 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 136, Number 1 member individuals–$40; institutions–$92. Canadians add 6% gst. Print and electronic © 2007 by the American Academy for nonmember individuals–$44; institu- of Arts & Sciences tions–$102. Canadians add 6% gst. Outside Female suicide bombers: a global trend the United States and Canada add $20 for © 2007 by Mia Bloom postage and handling. Prices subject to change Ethnic conflicts: Flemings & Walloons, without notice. Palestinians & Israelis © 2007 by Robert H. 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The views expressed are those of the submitted to [email protected]. Mem- author of each article, and not necessarily of bers of the American Academy please direct all the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. questions and claims to [email protected]. issn e-issn Dædalus ( 0011-5266; 1548-6192) Advertising and mailing-list inquiries may be is published quarterly (winter, spring, summer, mit mit ma addressed to Marketing Department, fall) by The Press, Cambridge 02142, Press Journals, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, for the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Cambridge ma 02142. Phone: 617 253 2866. An electronic full-text version of Dædalus is mit Fax: 617 258 5028. Email: journals-info@ available from The Press. Subscription mit.edu. and address changes should be addressed to mit Press Journals, 238 Main Street, Suite 500, Permission to photocopy articles for internal Cambridge ma 02142. Phone: 617 253 2889; or personal use is granted by the copyright us/Canada 800 207 8354. 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  • The Outstanding Scientist, R.A. Fisher: His Views on Eugenics and Race

    The Outstanding Scientist, R.A. Fisher: His Views on Eugenics and Race

    Heredity (2021) 126:565–576 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-00394-6 PERSPECTIVE The outstanding scientist, R.A. Fisher: his views on eugenics and race 1 2 3 4 5 Walter Bodmer ● R. A. Bailey ● Brian Charlesworth ● Adam Eyre-Walker ● Vernon Farewell ● 6 7 Andrew Mead ● Stephen Senn Received: 2 October 2020 / Revised: 2 December 2020 / Accepted: 2 December 2020 / Published online: 15 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021. This article is published with open access Introduction aim of this paper is to conduct a careful analysis of his own writings in these areas. Our purpose is neither to defend nor R.A. Fisher was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th attack Fisher’s work in eugenics and views on race, but to century (Fig. 1). He was a man of extraordinary ability and present a careful account of their substance and nature. originality whose scientific contributions ranged over a very wide area of science, from biology through statistics to ideas on continental drift, and whose work has had a huge Fisher’s scientific achievements 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: positive impact on human welfare. Not surprisingly, some of his large volume of work is not widely used or accepted Contributions to statistics at the current time, but his scientific brilliance has never been challenged. He was from an early age a supporter of Fisher has been described as “the founder of modern sta- certain eugenic ideas, and it is for this reason that he has tistics” (Rao 1992). His work did much to enlarge, and then been accused of being a racist and an advocate of forced set the boundaries of, the subject of statistics and to estab- sterilisation (Evans 2020).