Jurnal Biota Vol. 5 No.2, 2019 64 | ISSN: 2460-7746 (online); ISSN: 2528-262X (print) Diversity and Conservation Status of Ornamental in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Tri Cahyanto1*, Wildan Arsyad Fadly1, Haryono2, R. Ajeng Syahar1, Epa Paujiah3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung 2Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Indonesia 3Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

*email: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT Indonesia is a rich area in biodiversity and several fish Key word: populations are potential to ornamental fish development. Bandung Ornamental fish development is one of the interesting Conservation commodities because it has a broad market share both locally Diversity and export. Increased demand for ornamental fish in the market Indonesia leads breaders or traders who make ornamental fish as a Ornamental fish potential commodity and it can impact on fish conservation. However, the potential of ornamental fish had not been properly recorded so that mapping needs to undertake. This Article history: study aims to know the diversity of fish which traded and the Received: 12/06/2019 condition of business actors, especially in the Tegallega Revised: 30-06-2019 ornamental fish market, Bandung. The research was conducted Accepted: 21/08/2019 through interviews and direct observations in the field from January to February 2018. The results showed that there were 55 species of fish belonging to 27 Families; the most popular fish is Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Two species including to Endangered (EN) category, one species including to Vulnerable (VU) category, 24 species including to Least Concern (LC) category, three species including to category of Data Deficient (DD), and nine species including to category of Not Evaluated (NE). This data can be used to be more information about the conditions of ornamental fish commodities for businessman, fisheries services, academics, and management strategies by goverment regarding ornamental fish.

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Introduction (Kusrini, 2010). The value of Indonesian The increasing demand for ornamental ornamental fish exports in 2015 reached fish, both domestic and international USD 19.7 million and became the fifth markets, has made more farmers and traders largest exporter in the world (Pemerintah make ornamental fish a mainstay Provinsi Jawa Barat, 2017). commodity, and has the potential to To supply the needs of ornamental fish improve the national economy and support both domestic and international markets, it Indonesia's national fisheries development can be done by cultivation and catching

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Jurnal Biota Vol. 5 No. 2, 2019 | 65 from nature. In Indonesia, trade in ornamental fish market is located at 6°56'14 ornamental fish comes from native "LS and 107°36'07" BT. With these Indonesian fish as well as from outside the geographic conditions, this area is suitable Indonesian territory that has been to be used as the development of the successfully introduced and cultivated in ornamental fish business. Indonesia. Dee et al., (2014) and Wood Information about ornamental fish (2001) state that Indonesia has consistently commodities can be started from data been a major suplier of marine ornamental collection of ornamental fish species. and top exporter of coral reef wildlife for Furthermore, this information can be used over 30 years. However, the demand for for analysis such as determining the status high ornamental fish commodities can of fish conservation as bases data for affect the existence of ornamental fish making decision in fisheries management. populations, especially those captured from Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the nature, as is the case to bala composition of ornamental fish species and (Balanteocheilos melanopterus), pygmy their conservation status in the Tegallega loach (Botia sidthimunki) and Arowana ornamental fish market area of Bandung (Scleropages formosus) (Ng & Tan, 1997). City by interviewing and direct observation. To conserve and sustainable exploited the fish population, measures should be Materials and Methods adopted to protect this natural resourch. This research was conducted in two One of the government programs stages, namely field research in January - currently being carried out is the February 2018 followed by observations in development of the ornamental fish the laboratory in March-May 2018. Field industry. However, data on ornamental fish research was conducted in the Tegallega commodities in Indonesia is still very Market area, especially in the places of sale limited, especially for information about of ornamental fish. Administratively, the domestic ornamental fish marketing data is Tegallega Ornamental Market is located on still not available (Kemenko Kemaritiman, Jl. Peta, No. 40, Pelindungan Hewan, 2017). Several studies related to ornamental Astanaanyar, Bandung City, West Java. fish have been carried out in Indonesia, as Reseach Procedure. This research was well as by Lunn & Moreau (2004), conducted using survey research methods Madduppa et al., (2014) and Genisa (1999) (non-experiment), in the form of interviews which focus on a list of fish that have the for collecting information / data regarding potential to have economic value and list of the trade activities of ornamental fish in the fish in river ecosystem (Paujiah et al. 2013; Tegallega market. Data collected include Samitra & Rozi, 2019). In addition, types of fish traded, conservation status and Muchlisin (2017) studies the potential of social demographic conditions of business fish for aquaculture development programs. actors. Fish identification was carried out in the Integrated Laboratory, UIN Sunan The research discusses how the Gunung Djati Bandung by using composition of fish species traded and how identification books as well as Kottelat et its conservation status has never been al. (1993) and Nelson (1994). Fish samples reported. Therefore it is necessary to map are then preserved for long periods of time the potential of ornamental fish, its using Alcohol 70%. conservation status and business actors such Data analisys. The data were tabulated as one of them is in the Tegallega using Microsoft Excel program to ornamental fish market, Bandung City. The determine the composition of the fish Tegallega ornamental fish market located in species. Furthermore, the analysis of the Bandung City, West Java province is one of conservation status of the fish samples is the strategic areas. Geographically, the done by evaluating the conservation status

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66 | Jurnal Biota Vol. 5 No. 2, 2019 contained in the web directory of IUCN year to year for starting of ornamental fish (www.iucn.org). In addition, an evaluation business. The business fund that used in the based on additional information from fish year of 1990-1995 around of Rp. 0- base data and publication information as Rp.10.000.000, in the year of 1996-2000 well as the latest information was clarified around of Rp. 0-Rp.15.000.000, in the year by taxonomists from LIPI. of 2001-2005 around of Rp. 0- Rp.50.000.000, in the year of 2006-2010 Results and Discussion around of Rp. 0-Rp.30.000.000 and in the The results of this research consist of the year of 2011-2015 around of Rp. 0- composition of the ornamental fish species Rp.20.000.000. that were traded, the status of its conservation and the shipment area of the fish. In addition, the social demographic conditions of traders are described as supplementary data.

Demography Social Condition of Ornamental Fish Trader The fish trader in the Tegallega market consist of 24. This number is categorized into four level of age. The first level is age of 20-30 year (three of man and one of Figure 1. Total of ornamental fish trader women). The second level is age of 31-40 based on time of business started years with total 14 (11 of men and three of women). The thrid level is age of 41-50 The Diversity and Conservation Status of year with three people of man and the end Ornamental Fish level is age of 51-60 years with total is The diversity and conservation status of three of men. ornamental fish from Tegallega market The experiences of this trader based on IUCN Red List of Threatened ornamental fish have varieted for each Species (IUCN, 2015) can be seen in the trader (Figure 1). The busines actors of Table 1. ornamental fish have varieted modal by

Tabel 1. The diversity and conservation status of ornamental fish that sold in the Tegallega market (EN=Endangered; VU=Vulnerable; LC= Least Concern; DD=Data Deficient; NE=Not Evaluated)

Conservation Status No. Local name Species Sender area (IUCN) 1 Bala shark Palembang, Bogor EN melanopterus 2 Patin siam Pangasinodon Bogor EN hypophthalmus 3 Cupang adu, Betta splendens Medan, Thailand VU Thailand 4 Unicorn Naso unicornis Banyuwangi LC 5 Dory, Blue tang Paracanthurus Banyuwangi LC hepatus 6 Butterfly, Chelmon rostratus Banyuwangi LC Copperband 7 Butterfly, Klein Chaetodon kleinii Banyuwangi LC 8 Butterfly, Threadfin Chaetodon Auriga Banyuwangi LC

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9 Lemon Labidochromis Bogor LC caeruleus 10 Electric Blue Sciaenochromis ahli Depok, Tulungagung, LC 11 Lele Bule Clarias batrachus Bogor LC 12 Zebra Danio Danio rerio Bogor LC 13 Goldfish, Koki, Carassius auratus Purwakarta, Sukabumi, LC Komet, Mas Bogor 14 Koi Cyprinus Blitar, Sukabumi, Bogor, LC rubrofuscus 15 Redfin, Rainbow Epalzeorhynchos Bogor, Jakarta LC Shark frenatum 16 Rosy Barb Pethia conchonius Bogor LC 17 Srigunting Rasbora trilineata Bogor LC 18 Keling kuning, Halichoeres chrysus Banyuwangi, Jakarta LC Yellow wrase 19 Featherfin Synodontis eupterus Tulungagung, Bogor, LC Jakarta 20 Belida, Lopis Chitala lopis Palembang, Bogor LC 21 Cupang Halfmoon Betta imbelis Medan, Thailand, Bogor, LC Jakarta 22 Sepat hias Trichopodus Bogor LC trichopterus 23 Palmas Polypterus palmas Medan, Palembang, LC Bogor 24 Nemo, Badut Amphiprion percula Banyuwangi LC 25 Blue Damsel, Chrysiptera cyanea Banyuwangi LC Cantik 26 Baronang, Foxface Siganus vulpinus Banyuwangi LC rabbitfish 27 Arapaima Arapaima gigas Amazone, DD 28 Butterfly, Spottail Chaetodon Banyuwangi DD ocellicaudus 29 Dwarf Rainbowfish Melanotaenia Bogor, Jakarta DD praecox 30 Black Ghost, Ikan Apteronotus Depok NE pisau albifrons 31 Albino Cory Corydoras aeneus Depok, Bogor, Jakarta NE 32 Red Tail Aphyocharax Bogor, Jakarta NE dentatus 33 Rumy Rednose Hemigrammus Bogor, Jakarta NE Tetra rhodostomus 34 Bogor, Jakarta NE amandae 35 Bogor NE innesi 36 Red Devil Amphilophus Bogor, Jakarta NE labiatus 37 Lou han Amphilophus Bogor NE citrinellus × Cichlasoma trimaculatum 38 Oscar Astronotus ocellatus Bogor NE 39 Diskus Symphysodon discus Bogor, Jakarta NE 40 Manfis, Angel fish Pterophyllum Bogor, Jakarta NE scalare

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41 Botia Chromobotia Jambi, Bogor NE macracanthus 42 Sumatera Puntigrus tetrazona Bogor NE 43 Harlequin Plectorhinchus Banyuwangi NE chaetodonoides 44 Alligator gar Atractosteus spatula Bogor NE 45 Sapu, Bandaraya Hypostomus Bandung, Jakarta NE plecostomus 46 Arwana Silver Osteoglossum Kalimantan, Bogor, NE bicirrhosum Jakarta 47 Red Tail Catfish Phractocephalus Amazone, NE hemioliopterus 48 Molly Poecilia sphenops Bogor NE 49 Guppy, Impun Poecilia reticulate Bogor NE 50 Platty Xiphophorus Bogor NE variatus 51 Mickey mouse platy Xiphophorus Bogor, Jakarta NE maculatus 52 Sword tail, German Xiphophorus hellerii Bogor, Jakarta NE Metalic 53 Zebra laut, strip Dascyllus melanurus Banyuwangi, NE damselfish 54 Silver Dollar Metynnis argenteus Lampung, Bogor NE 55 Puff, Buntal Dichotomyctere Jakarta LC nigroviridis

Based on Table 1, there are 55 species of (Naso unicornis), Dory/Blue tang fish with different categorized. Two species (Paracanthurus hepatus), Copperband categorized as Endangered (EN) (Bala Butterfly (Chelmon rostratus), Klein shark-Balantiocheilos melanopterus and Butterfly (Chaetodon kleinii), Threadfin Patin siam-Pangasinodon hypophthalmus). Butterfly (Chaetodon auriga), Lemon The IUCN categorize of Endangered (EN) (), Electric Blue given to species whose existance is (Sciaenochromis ahli), Lele Bule (Clarias increasingly less in the nature that can batrachus), Zebra Danio (Danio rerio), effected by the reduction of population size Goldfish (Carassius auratus), Koi (population size < 2.500 of adult (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), Redfin/Rainbow individuals). The cuantitative analisys Shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatum), Rosy showed that the probability of in Barb (Pethia conchonius), Srigunting the wild nature at least 20% in 20 year or (Rasbora trilineata), Keling kuning/Yellow the fifth generation. wrase (Halichoeres chrysus), Featherfin There is one species (ikan cupang-B. (Synodontis eupterus), Belida/Lopis splendens) that can be categorized as (Chitala lopis), Cupang Halfmoon (Betta Vulnerable (VU) species. The IUCN imbellis), Sepat hias (Trichopodus categorize of Vulnerable (VU) given to trichopterus), Palmas (Polypterus palmas), species with has be reduction of population Nemo/Badut (Amphiprion percula), ikan size and occurs in a span of 10 years and Cantik/Blue Damsel (Chrysiptera cyanea), can be extinc in nature. Several factors that Baronang/Foxface rabbitfish (Siganus can cause this species of vulnerable vulpinus), and Puff/Buntal (Dichotomyctere category are massive utilization and nigroviridis). The IUCN category of Least exploitation, especially as collection, so that Concern (LC) given to species whose still the amount in nature is less. abundant and can found in the nature. Therefore, 24 species can be categorized There are three species that categorized as Least Concern (LC) there are Unicorn as Data Deficient (DD) (Arapaima- http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/biota

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Arapaima gigas, Spottail Butterfly- This is evident from the number of Chaetodon ocellicaudus, and Dwarf production which has continued to increase Rainbow fish-Melanotaenia praecox). The since 2012 (Utami, 2013). According to species in the category of Data Deficient Subiakto (2014), in the period of 2010 – (DD) is the species with no more or enough 2013, the income of houshold from the information about its conservation status. ornamental fish cultivation sector could The data deficient not only show that the reach Rp. 50.840.000 / year. species have not been studied yet In the business of ornamental fish, extensifly, but can show that its species that knowledge of the types of ornamental fish less caught or not available information business is very important for businesses to about species abundance and distribution. be able to adjust their abilities so that later There are nine species that categorized they can choose the right type of business. as Not Evaluated (NE). The species are Haryono et al. (2016) stated that the type of Ikan pisau/Black Ghost (Apteronotus business in the ornamental fish business is albifrons), Albino Cory (Corydoras very much related to the amount of capital aeneus), Red Tail Tetra (Aphyocharax to be invested. The difference in capital dentatus), Rumy Rednose Tetra found in traders lies in the type of fish sold (Hemigrammus rhodostomus), Ember Tetra and the maintenance costs of the fish. (Hyphessobrycon amandae), Neon Tetra Moreover, such as the size of the trade (Paracheirodon innesi), Red Devil stalls, the number of , water, (Amphilophus labiatus), Lou han lighting, and the use of electricity used. (Amphilophus citrinellus × Cichlasoma Excactly, the range at that time was trimaculatum), Oscar (Astronotus considered sufficient bonafite in starting a ocellatus), Diskus (Symphysodon discus) business for beginners. In addition, related Manfis/Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare), to starting this ornamental fish business is Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus), ikan not attach to what the nominal must be Sumatera (Puntigrus tetrazona), Harlequin issued. The main aspect that needs to be (Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides), Alligator emphasized is what kind of ornamental fish gar (Atractosteus spatula), Sapu- will be offered to consumers because the sapu/Bandaraya (Hypostomus plecostomus), type of fish traded can affects to the amount Arwana Silver (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), of first fund used. Haryono et al. (2016), Red Tail Catfish (Phractocephalus states that business activities of ornamental hemioliopterus), Molly (Poecilia fish have several comparative advantages, sphenops), Guppy/Impun (Poecilia including can be done with little fund, can reticulata), Platty (Xiphophorus variatus), be done by home industries, the market is Mickey mouse platy (Xiphophorus never saturated, the development of new maculatus), Sword tail/German Metalic strains can be done individually, and this (Xiphophorus hellerii), Zebra laut/Strip business activity can empower the damselfish (Dascyllus melanurus), dan community through small industries that Silver Dollar (Metynnis argenteus). The lead to exports. Based on this, ornamental IUCN category of Not Evaluated (NE) fish business units in Indonesia can be given to species with not identification, categorized into several types, namely absolutely. ornamental fishing in nature, ornamental Ornamental fish is one of the most fish farmers, ornamental fish breeders, promising export commodities. Haryono et traders (ornamental fish stores), ornamental al., (2016), stated that the high demand for fish inter-city traders, collectors, exporters both domestic and international markets and importers of ornamental fish, and caused the increase of public interest in associations (Kuncoro, 2009). pursuing the business of ornamental fish.

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The importance of fish conservation low risk category or Least Concern (LC), status data is presented to minimize the three fish species included in the data or threat of high demand for ornamental fish. data deficiency category Deficient (DD), This is appropriate with Government and nine species that fall into the Not Regulation Number 60 of 2007 about Evaluated (NE) category. The origin of Conservation of Fish Resources, which are ornamental fish sending countries in the populations vulnerable to extinction, be market comes from three countries, namely categorized as rare biota, there has been a Indonesia (14 cities), and Thailand. reduction drastic in the number of fish populations in nature, and / or low Acknowledgment (optional) Thanks to all people who helped to reproductive capacity. finish this research. Moreover, thanks to all There are 14 locations in Indonesia and staff of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung two of them are imported from outside Laboratory. And also, not forget to all Indonesia, which are suppliers of trader of ornamental fish in the Tegallega ornamental fish in the Tegallega fish market who have given time for discussion and (Table 1). The fourteen regions are given the data. Bandung, Banyuwangi, Blitar, Bogor, Depok, Jakarta, Jambi, Kalimantan, References Lampung, Medan, Palembang, Purwakarta, Budhiman, A. A. Christijanto H., Sukabumi, Tulungagung. Wulandari W., Jimmi, Budiarto A., The one location for supplying Wahyudi C. R., Andira A., Sutriyono, ornamental fish that is different from the Hudaya Y., Malik R., dan Dwi M. location in general, namely Banyuwangi 2013. Panduan pelaksanaan Regency. This regency is one of the regions pengembangan rumah ikan dalam which is the origin of the ornamental fish rangka pemulihan sumberdaya ikan distribution, especially sea water (Cetakan Revisi Ke-2). Direktorat ornamental fish, even exported to foreign Sumberdaya Ikan dan Balai Besar countries such as Japan, Taiwan, Hong Pengembangan Penangkapan Ikan Kong, China and Germany (Kusrini, 2010). Semarang, Direktorat Jendral Ornamental fish from Banyuwangi were Perikanan Tangkap. captured by fishermen off the coast in the Dee, L. E., Horii, S. S., & Thornhill, D. J. (2014). Conservation and Banyuwangi area. Even so, the offshore management of ornamental coral reef area in Banyuwangi Regency has fish wildlife: successes, shortcomings, and houses. Fish house or commonly called a future directions. Biological fish apartment is a building that is Conservation, 169, 225-237. composed of solid objects placed in the Genisa, A. S. (1999). Pengenalan jenis-jenis waters, which have a function as a ikan laut ekonomi penting di spawning ground for adult fish and a Indonesia. Oseana, 24(1), 17-38. protection area for puppies to survive and Haryono, Gema W. D., Budi S., Nurkholik, breed (nursery ground) which aims to Ariyanto, dan Agung N. S. 2016a. restore the availability of fish resources Direktori Pelaku Usaha Ikan Hias. (Budhiman et al., 2012; Kamaali, 2016). Balai Besar Pengujian Penerapan Hasil Perikanan. Ditjen Penguatan Conclusion Daya Saing Produk Kelautan dan There are 55 species of fish included Perikanan Kementerian Kelautan dan in 27 families with different conservation Perikanan. Jakarta. status categories. Two species including the Haryono, Gema W. D., Budi S., Nurkholik, Endangered (EN) category, one species Ariyanto, dan Agung N. S. 2016b. included in the vulnerable or Vulnerable Pemetaan Potensi Jenis Ikan Hias Air (VU) category, 24 species included in the Tawar Indonesia. Balai Besar.

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Pengujian Penerapan Hasil Perikanan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Ditjen Penguatan Daya Saing Produk Nomor 60 Tahun 2007 Konservasi Kelautan dan PerikananKementerian Sumberdaya Ikan. 16 November Kelautan dan Perikanan. Jakarta. 2007. Lembaran Negara Republik Kamali, M. W. 2016. Rumah Ikan (Fish Indonesia Tahun 2007 Nomor 134. Apartment) Sebagai Alternatif Jakarta. Mendukung Pengkayaan Sumberdaya Samitra, D. & Rozi, Z.F. (2019). The fish Ikan. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana fauna in Lakitan river, Musi Rawan Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Regency, South Sumatra, Jurnal Kuncoro, E. B. 2009. Ikan Air Tawar. Lily Biodjati, 4(1), 11-20. Publisher. Yogyakarta. Subiakto, S. 2014. Kebijakan Pengelolaan Kusrini, E. 2010. Budidaya ikan hias Perikanan Budidaya di Perairan sebagai pendukung pembangunan Umum Daratan. Seminar Nasional nasional perikanan di Indonesia. Limnologi 7, Cibinong, 16 September Media Akuakultur. 5(2): 109-114. 2014. Hlm. 81-92. Lunn, K. E., & Moreau, M. A. (2004). Utami, S. W. 2013. Peluang Ekspor Ikan Unmonitored trade in marine Hias. Warta Ekspor. Jakarta. ornamental : the case of Wood, E. (2001). Collection of coral reef Indonesia’s Banggai cardinalfish fish for aquaria: global trade, (Pterapogon kauderni). Coral Reefs, conservation issues and management 23(3), 344-351. strategies. Madduppa, H. H., von Juterzenka, K., Syakir, M., & Kochzius, M. (2014). Socio-economy of marine ornamental fishery and its impact on the population structure of the clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris and its host anemones in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Ocean & coastal management, 100, 41-50. Muchlisin, Z. A. (2017). Potency of freshwater fishes in Aceh waters as a basis for aquaculture development program [Potensi ikan air tawar di Aceh sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan budi daya]. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia, 13(1), 91-96. Ng, P. K., & Tan, H. H. (1997). Freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia: potential for the fish trade and conservation issues. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1(2), 79- 90. Paujiah, E., Solihin, D. D., & Affandi, R. (2013). Struktur trofik komunitas ikan di Sungai Cisadea Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat [Trophic structure of fish community in Cisadea River, Cianjur, Jawa Barat]. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia, 13(2), 133-143.

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