•

SENEY NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

SENEY, MICHIGAN

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1998

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.~wRefuge Supervts r, GEO 1 Date TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction Highlights Climate Data

Monitoring and Studies 1a. Surveys and Censuses ...... 1 1b. Studies and Investigations ...... 17

Habitat Restoration 2a. Wetland Restoration: On/Off Refuge ...... 23 2b. Upland Restoration: On/Off Refuge ...... Nothing to report 2c. Deepwater/Riverine Restoration ...... 23

Habitat Management 3a. Water Level Management ...... 24 3b. Moist Soil Management ...... Nothing to report 3c. Haying ...... 27 3d. Farming ...... Nothing to report 3e. Forest Management ...... Nothing to report 3f. Fire Management ...... 27 3g. Pest Plant control ...... Nothing to report Fish and Wildlife Management 4a. Bird Banding ...... 28 4b. Disease Monitoring & Treatment ...... Nothing to report 4c. Reintroductions ...... 28 4d. Nest Structures ...... 29 4e. Pest, Predator, and Exotic Animal Control ...... 29

Coordination Activities 5a. Interagency Coordination ...... Nothing to report 5b. Tribal Coordination ...... Nothing to report 5c. Private Land Activities ...... Nothing to report 5d. Oil & Gas Activities ...... Nothing to report 5e. Cooperative/Friends Organizations ...... 30

Resource Protection 6a. Law Enforcement ...... ·...... 31 6b. Permits & Economic Use Management ...... Nothing to report 6c. Contaminant Investigations ...... Nothing to report 6d. Contaminant Cleanup ...... Nothing to report 6e. Water Rights Management ...... Nothing to report 6f. Cultural Resource Management ...... Nothing to report 6g. Land Acquisition Support ...... Nothing to report 6h. Land Acquisition ...... 31

Public Education and Recreation ?a. Provide Visitor Services ...... 34 ?b. Outreach ...... 46

Planning and Administration 8a. Comprehensive Management Planning ...... Nothing to report 8b. General Administration ...... 47 INTRODUCTION

Seney National Wildlife Refuge is located in the east-central portion of Michigan's Upper Peninsula equidistant from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. Located in northeastern Schoolcraft County, the refuge is removed from major population centers. The three nearest major communities are each more than 80 miles away.

The 95,212-acre refuge was established in 1935 by Executive Order for the protection and production of migratory birds and other wildlife. It is located in what is locally known as the Great Manistique Swamp. Habitats range from open water areas and a variety of wetland types to hardwoods, spruce, and pine forests. There are 21 major, managed impoundments with 7,000 surface acres. The 25,150-acre Seney Wilderness Area, characterized by string bog topography, is located in the northwest comer ofthe refuge.

Also administered from the Seney National Wildlife Refuge are the Huron Islands National Wildlife Refuge and Wilderness Area (147 acres) off the south shore of Lake Superior, Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge (235 acres) in Lake Michigan, the Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge (698 acres) in Lake Huron, and 118 Service-owned Kirtland's warbler tracts totaling 6,534 acres. The Kirtland's tracts are located in eight counties in the area around Grayling in the lower peninsula.

Seney is also responsible for Service activities on private lands in all 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula and 21 counties in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. Currently administered are 26 FmHA easements involving 1,184 acres. Restoration ofdrained wetlands on private lands within the refuge management district is very limited due to the lack of agriculture and drained wetlands. HIGHLIGHTS

A record number of Kirtland's warbler singing males were counted. (Page 1)

Trumpeter swans that were reintroduced in 1991 are setting records. (Page 3)

Loon production was a record for the refuge. (Page 4)

A research team begins work on the Marsh Creek Restoration Project. (Page 20)

The Refuge fish samples exceeded advisory level criteria for mercury. (Page 21)

Several miles of dike rehabilitation were completed with the new excavator at Marsh Creek Pool. The Diversion canal was excavated. (Page 27)

The Seney Natural History Association grossed $69,665 in sales from May 15 to October 15. (Page 30)

Whitefish Point becomes part of the refuge complex. (Page 31)

Volunteers donated 7,152 hours. (Page 45)

The maintenance staff constructed a 40' X 80' storage building. (Page 49) CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Weather records which include precipitation and temperature for 1998 are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) cooperative weather station located at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The refuge has maintained an official station since January 21, 1939. Administrative technician Vanatta records rainfall, snowfall, snow depth, and temperature.

During the year, the refuge received 23.87 inches of precipitation, 8.18 inches below normal. Temperatures ranged from a low of -18 degrees on February 14 to a high of92 degrees in mid-July. Below freezing temperatures were reported during eight months, and four months experienced below zero readings.

The 1998 snowfall of89.5 inches was 22.5 inches below the 50-year average of 112 inches.

Table 1. Weather data for Seney NWR, Fiscal Year 1998.

Precipitation Maximum Minimum Month Total Normal a Snowfall Temp. Temp.

October 1.82 2.88 02.0 77 22 November 2.89 2.98 12.0 53 14 December 0.32 2.45 10.0 46 7 January 2.37 2.05 46.5 37 -14 February 0.19 1.60 10.0 50 -18 March 1.36 0.11 08.0 55 -08 April 0.89 2.21 01.0 69 07 May 3.89 2.87 77 29 June 1.74 3.43 90 38 July 1.77 2.87 92 42 August 3.01 3.18 89 41 September 3.62 3.42 77 34

ANNUAL TOTALS 23.87 32.05 89.5 92 -18 (Extremes) •Average precipitation is calculated from monthly readings from 1940 to 1990. 1

(1) MONITORING AND STUDIES (a) Surveys and Censuses

Endangered and Threatened Species

Bald Eagles.--The season began with 4 potential breeding eagle pairs, however pairs at B-1 and C-3 Pools produced no young. The pair that appropriated the osprey nest platform on D-1 Pool in 1998 apparently built a new nest in a white pine 800 m to the northwest near the G-1 Pool dike. A tourist discovered this nest in late summer and observed the adults with 1fledged eaglet. One eaglet fledged at C-2 Pool and was banded by Michigan DNR contract banders. On the Stonington Peninsula on April 20, Michigan DNR personnel recovered the decomposed carcass ofthe eaglet that fledged at C-3 Pool in 1993. Kirtland's Warblers.--Kirtland's warblers were counted during the annual census in jack pine habitat in the Lower Peninsula on June 9-10. Biologist Urbanek, Forester Wethy, Biological Technician Willman, and Biological Interns McReynolds and Watkins participated. Observers tallied a record high 804 singing males in Michigan, a 10.4% increase from 1997. One unpaired male was also found in Wisconsin. The Michigan total included 14 singing males in the Upper Peninsula. Several females were also sighted. On June 15 and 17 Biologist Urbanek assisted Patuxent researchers in banding Kirtland's warblers in the U.P. at Eight Mile Burn (West Unit, Hiawatha National Forest) and Gwinn. A nest with attendant female was found at Gwinn. Gray Wolves.--From virtual nonexistence a decade ago, the gray wolf population on the Upper Michigan mainland has grown markedly. The winter count in 1998 was 140, an increase of25% from 1997. In winter surveys, Michigan DNR trackers discovered 5 animals near the southwest boundary of the refuge and 3 at the southeast. Auditory surveys using tape-recorded calls broadcast over a loudspeaker were conducted on the refuge in August, but no wolves were detected.

Waterfowl

Eighteen waterfowl surveys were performed during April 15-December 7. Use of the refuge by waterfowl was far above average primarily because of the record duration of open water. Ice broke up in late March, and pools did not refreeze until mid-December. Waterfowl numbers were also higher than average during late summer/early fall (Table 2). Annual use­ day values for 1998 increased by 66% for geese and 38% for ducks above 1997 values (Fig. 1). Numbers peaked at 2,756 and 2,606 Canada geese on September 29 and October 28, respectively, and 7,950 ducks on October 14. The count of ring-necked ducks, the most abundant fall species, was 4,570 individuals on the latter date and accounted for 57% of peak duck numbers. 2

Table 2. Number of waterfowl use-days by month, Seney NWR, 1992-98.

Month 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Canada geese March 4,080 April 1,716 1,676 3,665 8,865 1,914 12,445 May 8,557 7,111 9,198 7,950 5,271 5,716 5,853 June 16,821 12,792 19,179 10,671 8,339 11,372 11,094 July 23,459 16,092 27,016 15,798 13,734 21,292 22,119 August 21,466 14,958 20,095 21,252 22,368 21,493 33,933 September 52,652 25,886 29,131 30,518 35,990 35,796 50,033 October 97,055 54,879 55,457 43,887 67,218 60,105 72,570 November 28,020 30,175 37,886 2,573 25,259 28,856 59,047 December 37,568 Total 249,744 163,568 201,626 141,513 178,178 186,543 308,743

Ducks March 12,349 April 15,058 9,356 30,751 63,127 20,756 39,191 May 29,251 11,310 27,103 13,913 45,455 20,367 11,304 June 12,070 5,538 8,972 7,543 5,815 6,863 8,487 July 9,120 4,842 8,026 8,832 6880 7,605 10,714 August 22,784 17,031 21,176 24,777 28,458 28,713 46,777 September 72,695 78,592 61,545 56,457 77,106 87,944 109,277 October 156,201 154,159 114,740 91,428 106,828 130,725 177,344 November 18,431 6,157 12,038 1,868 648 25,910 33,793 December 5,483 Total 335,610 286,985 284,350 267,940 271,189 328,877 454,725

50000} 45000) 40000)

(/) 3&XXX) 3(XXXX)

~I w 25CXXX) (/) s :::> 2(XXXX) ~ 15000) 10000> 5CXX)() 0 1992 1003 1994 1005 1006 1007 1008

Fig. 1. Annual comparison of use of Seney National Wildlife Refuge by waterfowl, 1992-98. 3

Table 3. Waterfowl production index values• on Seney NWR, 1994-98. Counts were made from dikes.

Species 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Canada Goose 284 172 72 210 181 Mallard 48 83 59 94 138 Wood Duck 36 10 47 38 43 Black Duck 29 38 8 3 Ring-necked Duck 144 80 93 153 72 Blue-winged Teal 61 3 68 55 Green-winged Teal 8 Common 6 6 12 Hooded Merganser 88 66 48 68 72 Unknown 27 1 26 19 1

"Correction factors were applied to field data as specified for waterfowl surveys in the Refuge Wildlife Inventory Plan. Method B (1994 Annual Narrative), which incorporated data from all available surveys and accounted for brood movement limitations, was used to calculate index values.

Broods were counted during waterfowl surveys, and data were processed according to to the revised method that incorporated data from all available surveys and accounted for brood movement limitations (described in the 1994 Annual Narrative). Other than a possible increase in number of mallard young above values in previous years, this crude index did not reveal any clear trends in production (Table 3). Of 54 wood duck nest boxes believed present on the refuge, 53 were checked, July 13- August 31, and 21 ( 40%) were used by ducks. All of these nests were of hooded mergensers (9 successful). No use ofboxes by starlings was detected in 1998. Box locations included 34 in trees and 19 on posts in water, and duck use was approximately equal ( 41% of those in trees, 37% over water). Unlike the long-term average, successful nesting was reduced in trees in 1998 to only 43%, the same as over water. Trumpeter Swans.--An aerial survey to locate nests on the refuge and Blaney Park was conducted on May 18, but generally the plane was flying above 500 feet and too fast to easily locate nests; only those of known pairs were found. At least 10 pairs nested in 1998, and these pairs hatched at least 48 young; 27 cygnets fledged from 8 pairs (Table 4). These totals included a previously undocumented pair first discovered with a 1-month-old cygnet on T -2 West Pool on July 8. Off-refuge breeding was again documented. Four cygnets reportedly fledged from the previously known pair on Chip Lake, Blaney Park, 4 miles from the southeast corner of the refuge. An adult pair with 3 fledged cygnets was also observed on Smith Lake, about 7 miles southwest of the refuge, and these young were probably produced off the refuge. The greatest number of adult-plumaged individuals accounted for on the refuge at the same time was 76 on September 1. 4

Table 4. Trumpeter swan production on Seney NWR, 1992-98. The flock was started from 42 birds released as 2-year-olds in 1991-93.

Number hatched Number fledged Breeding pair 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

B-1 4 5 6 7 -a 3b 4 2 1 4 7 0 0 Gray's Creek 5 5 4 3 0 3 2 2 3 2c 3 A-2 East 4 5 3 4 5 0 3 3 0 2 A-2 West 3 6 1 6 Marsh Creek west 3 4 6 8 1 2 3 6 J-1/H-1 1d 3 3 5 4 0 2 3 3 4 D-1/G-1 1d 4 6 2 6 0 2 5 2e 2 Show or 3 6 3 3 Lower South Spur _g 1-1 7 6 3 6 Marsh Creek NE 2 5 1 0 T-2 West jd 1 Total 4 17 16d 23 25 32 48d 2 4 7 17 21 15h 27h

•Female found on nest, dead of egg yolk peritonitis, May 21, 1996. bAt least 1 member of this pair new.

Marsh and Water Birds

Common Loons.--The long-term study of refuge loons continued, and 1998 was a record year for production (see Section 1b). In 13 territories, 12 pairs nested, and 7 pairs hatched 12 chicks of which 11 fledged (including 2 chicks each on D-1, C-2, and C-3 Pools and from a first-time-successful pair on T-2 West Pool) (Table 5). All chicks were captured and banded except for 1 on C-3 Pool. Yellow Rails.--Study of yellow rails was continued by Dr. Ted Bookhout (see Section 1b). This was the third consecutive year with low numbers after the record 84 males detected in 1995. Only 8 males were found by auditory survey; all were subsequently captured and banded. The distribution was atypical, with only 1 bird south of the Marsh Creek Pool dike but 4 in the Marsh Creek Pool NE marsh, which normally has deeper water. The well-below­ normal spring water levels likely affected use by rails. Three birds were found in the usual locations (marshes west of C-1 Pool) in Unit I. 5

Table 5. Number of common loons fledged on Seney NWR, 1987-98.

Territory 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Total

A-1 I 0 0 I B-1 south 0 0 I 2 0 I I 10 B-1 north I 0 0 0 0 I Gray's Creek I I D-1 I 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 I 2 9 E-1 east 2 I I 0 I I I 0 I 0 I 10 E-1 central 0 0 0 0 G-1/E-1 west 0 2 0 J• 0 0 0 0 7 A-2 0 2 I 0 I 4 A-2/C-2b 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 9 T-2 West 0 0 2 2 M-2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 C-3 0 0 2 I 0 0 0 I I 2 2 10 Big Spur 0 I I Total 9 6 6 8 2 4 4 3 7 4 6 II 64

3These areas each contained 2 territories in 1993. bSince 1993 this territory included only C-2 Pool. A-2 Pool was occupied by a different pair.

Sandhill Cranes.--For the fourth consecutive year, breeding cranes were surveyed in an approximately 6,000-acre area within the Unit I Pools area of the refuge as part of the spring Crane Count coordinated by the International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin. Only 11 cranes were detected, well below the 4-year mean of27. Spring was the earliest, warmest, and driest in recent history. A reduction in calling activity associated with more advanced nesting phenology may have been the primary cause. Actual reduction in numbers due to drier marshes may also have been possible. As in past years, most sandhill cranes had migrated from the refuge before the annual coordinated fall census of the eastern greater population in late October. Only 3 birds remained on October 30: an experimental isolation­ reared 9-year-old male and his mate and chick. Four of the isolation-reared cranes (all males with wild-hatched mates) were observed during autumn 1998, and 2 had chicks.

Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns, and Allied Species

American Woodcock--The North American Woodcock Singing Ground Survey was conducted May 9-18. Numbers were low in 1998. The Driggs River, Subheadquarters, and Green School (9 miles southeast of the refuge) routes yielded 13, 0, and 5 calling males, compared to 17, 0, and 18 the previous year (Table 6). Two birds were heard on a new route, along Stutts Creek 6 miles west of the refuge. 6

Table 6. Number of singing males heard on the North American Woodcock Singing Ground Survey on Seney NWR, 1989-98.

Route 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Driggs River 41 31 38 24 17 18 29 17 17 13 Subheadquarters 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0

Common Terns. --1998 was the sixth and final year in an attempt to restore a nesting colony of common terns on J-1 Pool. Terns had nested on islands in this pool in the 1940's before the colony eventually failed. After many years with no nests and few adults sighted on the refuge, a single nest appeared on J-1 Pool in 1992. In 1993 wooden decoys were placed on an island selected as a restoration site. Taped colonial nesting calls were broadcast from the island during daylight hours in the breeding season. No terns nested in 1993, but in 1994 the procedure was repeated and 1 pair nested and fledged 3 chicks. Up to 10 adults were observed attending the chicks. In 1995, 10 nests were present, but by mid-July all had been destroyed by predation or a storm. In 1996 only 1 pair nested; after destruction of the first clutch, the pair renested, but that clutch was also destroyed. In 1997, the decoys were again deployed but without the broadcast system. One pair inhabitated the island and produced 3 scrapes, but if any eggs were laid, they were not found. In 1998, island vegetation was cleared and the decoys were again deployed prior to the nesting season. Although up to 6 terns were observed on or near the island, none nested. Black Terns.--Locations of known black tern nesting colonies and pools with frequent sightings of adults were surveyed in 1998, but only 2 fledglings at T -2 Bog and a nest with 3 young at Marsh Creek Pool NE were found. Planned increased effort and modifications in survey methods to improve searches were only minimally implemented, and many other nests were likely present but not detected.

Raptors

Osprey.--Four osprey fledged in 1998. The D-1 Pool pair fledged 2 chicks after they regained their nest platform occupied by nesting eagles in 1997. This osprey pair fledged 5 young on the platform nest during 1992-96. On the nesting island in C-2 Pool, the pine bough frame constructed in September 1996 was again used by the resident osprey pair. This artificial nest was in the top of a live red pine near the site of the original natural nest that blew down in a storm in August 1996. This pair fledged 2 young. Osprey again failed to use the nest platform erected in 1994 in a red pine on F -1 Pool. Other Species.--Four young fledged from a merlin nest in a red pine near the fishing pier and south of the J-1 Pool dike.

Other Migratory Birds

The monitoring of neotropical migratory and other, primarily passerine, species that began in 1992 was continued in conjunction with the international "Partners in Flight" 7 program. Refuge personnel participated in the North American Migration Count held on May 9. Standard breeding bird surveys and operation of a MAPS banding station were continued, and the final field season of a study on bird-habitat relationships was completed (see Section 1b). Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). --The non-random 25-mile road route of 50 stops established in 1992 was surveyed. In 1998, 760 individuals of 64 species were recorded, and 280 individuals of 24 species were neotropical migrants (Table 7). Hiawatha Breeding Bird Survey.--The refuge continued participation in the central Upper Peninsula's breeding bird survey coordinated by the Hiawatha National Forest. Groups of interested birders from throughout the state participated. Transects were oriented along the Pine Creek and Driggs River Roads and covered proportionate! y more wooded up land habitat than the BBS route. In 1998,75 species and 1,359 individuals were recorded; 27 species and 435 individuals were neotropical migrants (Table 7). Monitoring A vi an Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS).--This program uses standardized constant-effort mist netting and banding and standardized point counts to collect data on productivity and survivorship of breeding birds at a continent-wide network of stations. The Seney MAPS station was established in alder/sedge habitat on the north side of J-1 Pool in 1992. This is a major habitat type in the refuge area and is not otherwise / represented in the regional MAPS program. In 1998, 10 mist nests were operated for 6 hours/day on 7 days, June 4-July 31. A total of261 individuals of22 species were captured for the first time; 248 of these individuals were banded in 1998. There were also 134 recaptures of85 different individuals; 37 of these individuals had been banded in a previous year. A record number of adults, 65% above the 7-year mean, was captured. Captures of hatch-year birds were about average (Table 8). For the first year since operation, common yellowthroats were the most productive species on the station, accounting for 47% of young produced. The normally more productive swamp sparrows accounted for 38% of young netted. Seventeen percent of adults captured in 1998 had originally been captured at the site in a previous year. Of 772 adults (plus some birds for which age was not determined) banded at the MAPS station in 7 years of operation, 97 (13%) were recaptured in at least 1 subsequent year (Table 9). Of 512 birds identified as juveniles on initial capture date, only 2 yellowthroats, both captured in 1994, have been recaptured as adults on the site in a subsequent year. The common yellowthroat demonstrated the highest year-to-year return yet when 13 adults banded in 1997 were recaptured in 1998. This high survival was probably related to an unusually short, mild winter followed by the warm, early spring of 1998. 8

Table 7. Number of individuals of the most common species counted on the FWS Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS) and Hiawatha Breeding Bird Surveys, Seney National Wildlife Refuge, 7- year mean (1992-98) and 1998.a Names of neotropical migrant species are capitalized.

Hiawatha BBS Pine Creek Driggs River Imp. Species 92-98 98 92-98 98 92-98 98 Valueb

Sandhill Crane 39.6 6 20.4 26 25.4 49 13.2 OVENBIRD 42.1 47 20.6 18 17.9 20 12.3 COMMON YELLOWTHROAT 51.9 52 14.6 14 13.6 18 11.9 Canada Goose 49.9c 42 15.2c 18 11.SC 20 10.7 White-throated Sparrow 37.1 43 16.0 11 13.0 10 10.0 Hermit Thrush 34.7 61 12.1 10 12.6 17 8.9 Myrtle Warbler 33.7 22 11.3 10 13.5 13 8.8 Red-winged Blackbird 37.3 26 5.9 9 9.3 10 7.7 RED-EYED VIREO 26.3 39 10.6 14 11.5 21 7.4 NASHVILLE WARBLER 29.1 43 9.9 10 7.6 9 7.0 CHIPPING SPARROW 19.1 13 9.9 13 10.9 11 6.1 Swamp Sparrow 25.9 47 6.3 8 4.1 10 5.3 American Crow 22.1 18 7.3 6 4.6 4 5.0 Common Snipe 18.7 25 6.9 12 7.6 13 5.0 Blue Jay 13.1 13 9.9 12 4.6 7 4.3 American Robin 8.1 7 8.0 9 8.5 10 3.9 Song Sparrow 17.7 24 2.9 5 4.1 8 3.6 American Bittern 12.6 1 4.7 3 4.9 3 3.3 Common Grackle 9.0 10 5.4 7 5.6 7 3.1 Cedar Waxwing 13.6 19 3.8 8 3.5 9 3.1 BLACK-THROATED GREEN 8.0 5 6.2 5 5.1 4 3.0 ALDER FLYCATCHER 13.3 14 4.6 8 2.4 4 3.0 Golden-crowned Kinglet 12.0 16 4.2 10 2.9 8 2.9 Ruffed Grouse 6.0 0 5.4 2 4.5 5 2.5 EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE 8.4 6 4.1 5 3.9 5 2.5 Black-capped Chickadee 6.7 12 4.8 7 3.9 8 2.4 Red-breasted Nuthatch 7.1 18 4.6 8 3.6 4 2.4 Pine Warbler 6.1 14 4.3 3 2.1 3 1.9 Brown-headed Cowbird 3.0 0 3.0 2 4.6 1 1.7 BLACK TERN 4.7 2 5.1 3 1.1 2 1.7 GREAT -CRESTED FLYCATCHER 4.0 3 3.3 2 3.4 3 1.7

Neotropical Migrants: Total Species 47 24 43 25 47 24 Total Individuals 252.4 280 109.4 107 101.6 111 70.4 All Birds: Total Species 111 64 102 68 104 66 Total Individuals 737.3 760 300.2 322 287.0 358 200.0

3 BBS data= all birds heard or seen during one run of a 50-stop route (stops 0.5 mile apart, 3-minute count period at each stop); data for each transect of the Hiawatha survey = all birds heard or seen per run of a 12-stop route (stops 1 mile apart, 10-minute count period per stop). The Hiawatha Survey had two runs per route in each year except 1996, when only one run on each route was performed. To make data comparable, the 7-year means are calculated per run per route for each year. Only species with an importance value >1.7 (maximum=200) are listed. blmportance value= sum of the relative abundance values for a species in each survey (BBS and Hiawatha), where relative abundance= percent of total individuals (all species) accounted for by the species indicated. ccanada geese were not counted on the Hiawatha Survey in 1993. Means do not include that year. 9

Table 8. Number of individuals captured in mist nets in alder/sedge habitat, J-1 Pool MAPS station, Seney NWR, 1992-98. Annual values include recaptured birds that were banded in a previous year. Names of neotropical migrant landbirds are capitalized.

AHY• HYb Total Species 98 92-98 98 92-98 98 92-98

Swamp Sparrow 52 29.3 30 37.6 82 66.9 COMMON YELLOWTHROAT 59 27.3 37 13.9 96 41.1 ALDER FLYCATCHER 34 21.3 3 4.4 37 25.7 Song Sparrow 11 8.1 4 8.6 15 16.7 YELLOW WARBLER 10 6.3 1 2.1 11 8.4 Cedar Waxwing 14 6.3 0.1 14 6.4 RED-EYED VIREO 5 5.7 0.3 5 6.0 Myrtle Warbler 3 5.1 0.4 3 5.6 White-throated Sparrow 2 3.3 0.9 2 4.1 AMERICAN REDSTART 6 3.7 0.3 6 4.0 NASHVILLE WARBLER 3 3.0 1 0.6 4 3.6 Black-capped Chickadee 5 1.7 2 1.6 7 3.3 Red-winged Blackbird 6 2.4 0.1 6 2.6 American Robin 1.4 1.4 VEERY 1.1 0.1 1.3 American Goldfinch 2 1.0 0.1 2 1.1 BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO 0.9 0.9 Downy Woodpecker 2 0.4 0.4 2 0.9 Purple Finch 0.4 0.4 I 0.9 WILSON'S WARBLER 0.7 I 0.7 Brown-headed Cowbird 0.3 0.3 0.6 EASTERN PHOEBE 0.6 0.6 OVENBIRD 0.4 0.1 0.6 Blue Jay 0.3 0.1 0.4 Common Snipe 0.3 0.1 0.4 GRAY CATBIRD 0.3 0.1 0.4 LEAST FLYCATCHER 0.4 0.4 BALTIMORE ORIOLE 2 0.3 2 0.3 BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER 0.1 0.1 0.3 CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER 0.3 0.3 EASTERN KINGBIRD 0.3 0.3 Hairy Woodpecker 0.3 0.3 LINCOLN'S SPARROW 0.1 0.1 0.3 TENNESSEE WARBLER 0.3 0.3 Yellow-shafted Flicker 0.1 0.1 0.3 American Bittern 0.1 0.1 Belted Kingfisher 0.1 0.1 Common Grackle 0.1 0.1 GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER 0.1 0.1 Hermit Thrush 0.1 0.1 MOURNING WARBLER 0.1 0.1 ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK 0.1 0.1 Savannah Sparrow 0.1 0.1 Sedge Wren 0.1 0.1 SW AINSON'S THRUSH 0.1 0.1 Unidentified Sparrow 0.1 0.1 Total 221 134.0 79 74.9 300 208.9

3 AHY=after hatch year, HY=hatch year. 10

Table 9. Recaptures at J-1 Pool MAPS station, Seney NWR, 1992-98. Names of neotropical migrant landbirds are capitalized.

Number of Number from original Maximum no. years individuals capture year that were recaptured• between captures of Species recaptured• 92 93 94 95 96 97 the same individual

COMMON 34 7 3 5 4 2 13 4 ALDER FLYCATCHER 21 5 4 2 5 1 4 4 Swamp Sparrow 18 1 2 2 3 7 3 3 RED-EYED VIREO 5 1 2 1 1 3 White-throated Sparrow 4 3 1 3 Song Sparrow 4 2 1 4 YELLOW WARBLER 3 1 3 VEERY 2 2 2 MYRTLE WARBLER 2 2 NASHVILLE WARBLER 1 1 Red-winged Blackbird 2 3 AMERICAN REDSTART 1 2

•Jn at least one subsequent year.

Mourning Doves.--Two doves were heard on the 20-mile Gamet-Newberry route, run on 28 May. The Humboldt-Witch Lake route, run on May 21, yielded 6 doves seen or heard, an unusually high total for Upper Peninsula routes. Christmas Bird Count.--The annual count was coordinated by Whitefish Point Bird Observatory on December 27. The 9 participants tallied 26 species and 1,500 individuals. Species contributing most to the total were the American goldfinch (50%), black-capped chickadee (12%), and European starling (10%).

Game Mammals

Black Bear.--Refuge personnel again cooperated in the annual Michigan DNR bear census by placing five tetracycline baits on or near the refuge on July 17-21 and checking them on August 10-12. Tetracycline is deposited in teeth and produces a permanent mark. Numbers ofbears in the area can then be estimated by mark-recapture analysis ofhunter kill data. One bait site was hit by bear. White-tailed Deer.--Although winter 1997-98 was mild, relatively low numbers of deer were again observed on the refuge during the annual survey performed on the refuge for the Michigan DNR. Numbers have perhaps not recovered from effects of the unusually long winter of1995-96 and the heavy snowfall winter of1996-97 (Table10). Take during the 16- day November gun season was also low, but fewer hunters than usual participated. Only 16 deer were checked; 12 were killed on the refuge. Ten other deer killed on the refuge were reported by hunters but not checked there. Therefore, at least 22 deer were taken on the refuge. 11

Table 10. Total number of white-tailed deer observed and number observed per 100 hours (in parentheses) on Seney NWR during July-October, 1992-98.

Year Hours Bucks Does Fawns Unknown Total

1992 249 28 (II) 135 (54) 54 (22) 77 (31) 294(118) 1993 202 15 (7) 101 (50) 37 (18) 48 (24) 201 (100) 1994 150 7 (5) 92 (62) 44 (29) 70 (47) 213 (142) 1995 154 4 (3) 41 (27) 8 (5) 60 (39) 113 (73) 1996 237 9 (4) 101 (43) 20 (8) 71 (30) 201 (85) 1997 428 7 (2) 118 (28) 24 (6) 38 (9) 187 (44) 1998 164 10 (6) 56 (34) 9 (5) 12 (7) 87 (53)

Other Resident Wildlife

Ruffed Grouse.--The 10-stop route yielded 18 drums by 12 birds, the same as results of the previous year and consistent with a general increase in numbers of ruffed grouse from a cyclic low in 1993-94. The population is probably at or approaching the cyclic peak. Sharp-tailed Grouse.--The population of this species has undergone significant decline in the central Upper Peninsula during the past several decades and currently survives in a patchy distribution of remnant flocks. Grouse have responded well to management of the 1,800-acre Diversion Farm large opening project. Peak counts of displaying grouse were a record 29 birds on the main lek at Diversion Farm on April23 and 22 birds at Bullock Ranch (north ofthe refuge in Lake Superior State Forest) on April 22. Birds were also observed during the summer at Marsh Creek Pool, along Walsh Ditch at Marsh Creek, and the west end of the C-3 Pool; lek counts at these sites are difficult because of poor visibility or access . . A brood survey with trained dogs was performed at Diversion Farm on August 22 by Bill Schmid ofthe Michigan Sharp-tailed Grouse Association. About 45 birds in at least 5 broods were flushed mainly from the mowed field area. The count was difficult because of heavy early morning fog. Frogs and Toads.--The refuge again participated in the annual Michigan DNR frog and toad survey with three runs of the standard route conducted April 30-July 9 (Table 11 ). Greater than average auditory index values were recorded for mink frogs and green frogs. These species are the latest breeders, and the early spring may have resulted in a lengthened breeding season. For a second year, the refuge participated in a survey of frog deformities being conducted on National Wildlife Refuges and Wetland Management Districts throughout the region. Previous discovery of deformities in Minnesota could indicate environmental contaminant problems with implications to human health. On Seney NWR, newly transformed frogs were collected on August 25 at east Walsh Creek borrow pits near C-3 Pool and on the eastern part ofthe refuge near A-1 Pool. Of 100 green, 62 mink, 28 wood frogs, and 13 leopard collected, only 3 deformities, all involving missing leg parts on mink frogs and probably indicative of predation, were noted, suggesting no associated contaminant problem. 12

Table 11. Calling index values (0-6) for breeding frogs and toads on Seney NWR, 1992-98. Ten listening sites were surveyed 3 times during the breeding season according to Michigan (DNR) frog and toad survey protocol. Species appear in approximate phenological order.

Species 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Wood Frog 2.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 Spring Peeper 4.5 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.6 5.9 3.3 Leopard Frog 0.7 2.4 0.8 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.3 American Toad 1.0 4.0 0.9 5.9 5.3 2.7 3.7 Gray Treefrog• 0.5 0.6 2.5 1.5 2.2 0.7 Mink Frog 2.1 1.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 3.2 3.6 Green Frog 1.6 1.6 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.1 4.2

•primarily eastern gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor). Cope's gray tree frog (H. chrysoscelis) was recorded in 1992-93 and 1995, but because of lack of verification, data for all gray tree frogs are combined.

Butterflies.--Terrestrial arthropods, although an important component of the wildlife present, have long been ignored in refuge inventories. In 1994 the refuge began participation in the annual nationwide butterfly survey sponsored by the North American Butterfly Association. The Seney count is coordinated by Bonnie Heuvelhorst. On July 5, 1998, a total of 17,225 individuals representing 13 species were counted in the 15-mile-diameter Seney count circle. Numbers of the most common species were the European skipper, Atlantis fritillary, pink-edged sulphur, and northern crescent (Table 12). The skipper is an exotic species with larvae that feed on orchard grass in refuge hayfields. Except for a decrease in monarchs, abundance and species composition were similar to values of past years.

Table 12. Number of individuals of common species counted during the North American Butterfly Association Fourth of July Butterfly Counts in the Fox River/Seney count circle, 1994-98. Only species with a mean annual count >10 individuals are listed.3

Species 5-year x 94 95 96 97 98

European Skipper II ,210 13,660 17,504 65 8,806 16,016 Pink-edged Sulphur 667 1,506 1,313 69 61 386 Atlantis Fritillary 537 1,418 733 70 14 450 Northern Crescent 228 340 328 32 !50 291 Monarch 45 69 30 17 104 6 Common Wood Nymph 31 3 35 90 27 White Admiral 26 40 68 I 21 2 Dun Skipper 26 49 66 17 Unidentified Fritillary 21 26 74 6 Northern Pearly Eye 18 2 59 21 7 4 Great Spangled Fritillary 15 I 48 8 9 13

"Other species counted (in order of abundance) included: Canadian tiger swallowtail, eyed brown, cabbage white, Aphrodite fritillary, Milbert's tortoiseshell, viceroy, American lady, silver-bordered fritillary, mourning cloak, harvester, Compton tortoiseshell, spring azure, long dash, American copper, orange sulphur, gray comma, mustard white, bronze copper, striped hairstreak, common ringlet, tawny-edged skipper, bog copper, purplish copper, coral hairstreak, green comma, red admiral, and Indian skipper. 13

GIS Intern Justin Watkins covennapping bird census plots by digitizing aerial photograph features into ArcView. RU

Fisheries Resources

The Green Bay Fishery Resources Office, with the assistance ofrefuge personnel. again conducted an annual fish survey of some of the refuge pools during 1998. Results of this survey and those of previous years are being analyzed and used to produce a detailed report that describes the status of fish populations in refuge waters. The report will also provide recommendations for continued monitoring and management ofthe fishery resources at Seney NWR. Anticipated completion is year 2000. Staff from the Green Bay FRO also assisted the East Lansing Field Office with data interpretation and editing of a report describing the results of the contaminants study offish collected on the refuge during 1996-97. A draft ofthe report has been completed (see Section I b).

Habitat Surveys

Geographic Information System. --Computer facilities related to the refuge GIS and other field data management and presentation were improve{f by addition of two new computers, a scanner, color printer, CD writer, upgrade of three older computers to Wmdows95, and networking of five computers (including biology, forestry, and public use). Wrth full capabilities of ArcView now possible, including digitizing, the C-Map cover­ mapping program that had been used earlier became obsolete. 14

During the past three summers, interns have attempted to correct portions of a refuge cover map that had been prepared by a local GIS consuhant. Two problems became apparent: (1) Interns could not concentrate completely on GIS because their assistance was required on other projects. Interns generally expended much of their available time learning and becoming proficient with ArcView and the evolving refuge facilities but then left upon completion of their 12-week internships before mapping of significant acreage could be completed. (2) Incorrect typing of polygons, imprecise polygon boundaries, and shift errors throughout the privately contracted cover map limit its use for biological purposes. The original aerial photos on which the map was based were not orthogonally corrected, therefore the shift errors cannot be readily corrected. Creation of a high quality cover map of the complex mosaic ofhabitats that occurs at Seney needs to be based on photographs corrected for distortion and will require the full-time, on-site commitment ofsome appropriately trained individual Gaea Crozier, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota-Duluth (see Section 1b), has spent the last two summers performing bird point counts and relating them to habitat on the refuge. The original plan was for her to relate the bird data to the cover map, but for the reasons noted above, this option was no longer realistic. She therefore did her own covermapping within 100-m-radius plots at each of -300 points on the refuge and plans to create a landscape level map from Landsat data. In 1998 Intern Justin Watkins, who was very proficient with ArcView, provided her with substantial assistance.

Graduate student Gaea Crozier; Wildlife Biology Interns Nina Baum (foreground), Zoe Paterson, and Justin Watkins; and Biological Technican Eric Willman (background) at work in the GIS/computer lab. RU 15

Table 13. Mean water depth, bottom substrates, aquatic plant production valuesb, and dominant speciesc at vegetation sampling pointsd on pools at Seney NWR, 1992-98. Pools are ranked according to production of aquatic plant biomass.

Area Mean Bottom Production index Dominant species Pool (acres) depth substrate Ne 1992-98 1998 (%)

B-1 243 98.8 3.5 4 3.95 NG-51, PR-22, PA-14 D-1 197 75.0 3.4 3 3.83 NG-32, PR-29 F-IL 208 54.5 3.2 3 3.80 NG-77 C-3 702 69.9 3.3 3 3.74 4.20 NG-47, CH-13 LGP 93 89.7 4.3 3 3.73 4.00 EC-24, VA-ll 1-1 129 68.4 3.3 3 3.47 NG-54 Show 57 80.7 3.9 4 3.45 NG-78 G-1 202 63.5 3.0 5 3.33 NG-58 F-lU 50 63.0 3.6 4 3.20 3.00 NG-63, BS-11 C-1 302 58.1 3.3 4 3.14 3.80 NG-45,PA-13 C-2 501 74.1 2.8 5 3.09 NG-51, VA-13, PG-11 M-2 863 107.2 2.5 4 3.02 NG-39, PG-20 J-1 214 71.8 2.6 5 2.94 CH-41, NG-25 A-1 259 70.2 2.7 4 2.65 NG-26 H-1 Ill 73.3 2.8 4 2.50 2.00 NG-50,CH-14,PG-13 E-1 490 68.1 2.5 3 2.42 NG-40 DC 85 64.7 2.9 3 2.00 PN-29, DE-27, UT-11 A-2 282 78.2 2.3 4 1.93 VA-31, CH-15, PA-15 T-2 410 47.0 1.9 3 1.90 2.40 EL-20,EC-18,JU-17 ,PP-15 MC 950 63.3 2.7 3 1.78 CH-21, VA-21, DE-20

•Bottom substrate: Values range from 1 =hard sand to 5 =soft muck. bProduction was assigned a value according to proportion of tines of collecting rake covered by vegetation: 1 = 0-20%, 2 = 20-40%, 3 = 40-60%, 4 = 60-80%, 5 = 80-100%. cspecies codes: BS = Brasenia schreberi, CH = Chara sp., DE= unidentified dead material, EC =Elodea canadensis, EL = Eleocharis sp., m = Juncus sp., NG = Najas sp., presumably guadalupensis, PA = Potamogeton amplifolius, PG = P. gramineus, PN = P. natans, PP = P. pus illus, PR = P. Robbinsii, VA = Vallisneria americana, UT = Utricularia sp. Value in parentheses= percentage of total plant biomass accounted for by indicated species. 'Number of points sampled per year was based on pool size: <100 acres=5 points, 101-450 acres=lO points, >450 acres=l5 points. Exceptions included only 5 points each on C-1 (1994), G-1 (1992), and M-2 (1992), and 10 points on C-3 (1995, 1998) during partial drawdowns. "Number of years sampled.

Herbarium.--An herbarium case was purchased during winter 1997-98 to safely house plant specimens that had been collected as long ago as 1940. The collection currently contains more than 420 mounted and identified specimens and is curated by Dr. Dick McNeill, a refuge volunteer. As of April 1998, 301 species of vascular plants in 75 families were represented. Additional specimens are being processed for addition in winter 1998-99. Family folders are numbered and labeled according to Gray's Manual of Botany, eighth edition. A Seney plant list following Michigan Flora by E. G. Voss has been compiled. Aquatic Vegetation Survey.-- During September 17-25 the modified rake coverage technique used in 1992-97 was again employed to survey aquatic vegetation. Sampling was concentrated on pools that were least sampled or had most variable data in the past. Sampling points were randomly selected from recent aerial photographs. At each point a standard garden rake was dragged approximately 2 m along the bottom to collect vegetation. As in 16

Table 14. Water temperature (°F) at monitoring stations on Seney NWR, 1995-98. (ON) Driggs River north, (OS) Driggs River south, (WC) Walsh Creek.

Daily -range Monitoring Grand Max. Year Station period May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov x daily x Max. x Max.

1995 DN Jun 6-0ct 18 64.3 63.0 64.1 54.2 49.6 59.8 71.2 78.8 7.9 15.9 1995 DS Jun 6-0ct 18 67.5 65.9 67.6 55.5 50.9 (;2.3 76.2 79.8 4.5 9.3 1996 DS May23-Nov6 58.6 62.8 63.8 64.7 57.3 46.1 36.9 58.1 71.8 74.4 4.3 11.7 1997 DN May30-Nov6 54.8 6l.l 62.5 59.0 55.1 46.3 42.2 56.2 69.0 74.1 5.8 11.0 1997 DS May30-Nov6 57.1 65.0 66.3 62.0 56.9 46.6 42.3 58.7 73.2 76.9 4.4 9.1 1997 we Jun 3-Nov6 58.5 59.5 56.2 53.7 45.9 41.7 54.2 65.1 69.0 5.3 11.1 1998 DN May 1-0ct 26 57.5 60.1 63.7 63.0 57.8 48.3 58.(; 68.5 75.7 8.0 14.8 1998 DS May I -Oct 26 60.2 62.8 67.8 66.7 59.8 48.8 M.3 73.4 77.2 4.8 9.4 1998 we May 1-0ct 26 55.1 57.5 60.9 60.1 55.7 47.8 56.4 65.6 70.2 6.5 11.5 past years, most pools showed good to excellent growth of submergent plants, particularly Najas sp. {Table 13). Production was generally least on hard sand and greatest on muck bottom

Wildlife Biology Intern Nina Baum conducting aquatic plant survey. RU 17

Stream Temperatures.--Electronic sensors recorded temperature at 0.1-day intervals at ·two stations on the Driggs River and one on Walsh Creek near the north refuge boundary (Table 14). Temperatures were consistently greater on the Driggs River at the south refuge boundary than at the north boundary, but daily range was significantly greater at the north station. Although Walsh Creek is narrow and shallow, its temperature was significantly lower than the Driggs; it might provide suitable summer habitat for brook trout if a proposed restoration reconnecting the stream to the Driggs River is completed. Walsh Creek was diverted into C-3 Pool during construction of that pool in the 1940's. Water Quality.--In a continuation of efforts during the previous three summers, volunteer Everett Collier collected water chemistry baseline data from April 30 to May 14. Results were consistent with those of previous years and showed similar patterns from north to south, i.e., a slight but consistent decline in conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness, and darkest water in the northernmost areas associated with high iron and tannins. As expected from the early spring and low rainfall, flow levels were lower than in previous years. Temperatures were also higher than during the same period in previous years.

(b) Studies and Investigations

Demographics of Common Loons on Seney National Wildlife Refuge

This long-term research program, began in 1989, is directed by BioDiversity Research Institute, Freeport, Maine. Joe Kaplan and Damon McCormick led the research effort at Seney NWR in 1998, and volunteer Karrie McLean collected much of the observation data. The refuge is 1 of30 sites in North America, from Alaska to the Canadian Maritimes, which collectively form the North American Loon Monitoring Program. Information collected from individual loons at Seney NWR aids in the understanding of population dynamics, breeding biology, and environmental contamination. Loons have been color-marked and monitored at Seney NWR since 1987 and represent the most intensively studied marked population in North America. In 1998, 17 of the 18 banded breeding adults returned to the refuge. Only the long-known B-1 south male was unobserved during the April 14-August 8 observation period. There were 4 territory switches in 1998. Two occurred before the first nesting period. Both the C-2 male and C-2 female briefly appeared on their original territory and were then replaced by a nonbanded pair. The C-2 male was not observed again. In August the C-2 female replaced the A -1 female following that pair's first nest failure. The displaced A -1 female had occupied the E-1 central in 1996 but then switched and paired with the A-1 male in 1997. Once the A-1 female left her 1998 territory, she was not reo bserved. The G-1 male returned for the eleventh consecutive year to his territory but was replaced by a nonbanded male following his death during nesting. An eagle was observed feeding on the male on the nesting island, and his color bands were later found under the eagle's nest near the G-1 Pool dike. Of the 6 adults banded as juveniles (ABJ's) found returning to Seney NWR, 2 were reobserved in 1998. These included an ABJ male banded in 1987 on G-1 Pool that has returned annually since at least 1992 and now has an established territory on E-1 Pool east (he produced his first offspring in 1998 at 11 years of age) and an ABJ male banded in 1993 on G-1 Pool that paired with a nonbanded female and attempted nesting on M-2 Pool. 18

A total of 13 established breeding pairs were present. This may be the carrying capacity for the refuge. Since 1987, the number of breeding pairs has increased from 7 to 13 pairs. A gradual increase occurred until 1993 when 12 pairs were present. Since then the number of pairs has varied from 10 to 13. Production was high in 1998. The number of nesting pairs (those pairs laying at least 1 egg) during 1987-92 was 5-8, 1993-97 was 6-10, and in 1998 was 12. The number of successful pairs (those pairs with at least 1 egg hatching) during 1987-92 was 2-7 (x = 5 pairs), 1993-97 was 4-6 (x = 5 pairs), and in 1998 was 7. The number of chicks hatched during 1987-92 was 2-9 (x = 6.2 chicks), 1993-97 was 5-9 (x = 6.2 chicks), and in 1998 was 11. The number of chicks fledged during 1987-92 was 2-9 (x = 5.8 chicks), 1993-97was3-7(i=4.8),andin 1998was 11.In 1998,pairsfromA-1,A-2,B-1, C-2, C-3, D-1, E-1 east, E-1 west, G-1, J-1, M-2, and T-2 West attempted nesting, and those from A-2, B-1, C-2, C-3, D-1, E-1 east, and T-2 West successfully hatched young. Uncharacteristic during the past 6 years, all young hatched survived to fledging age. Although there has been an increase in the number ofterritorial and nesting pairs in the past decade, the number of successful pairs and the chicks hatched has remained relatively constant while the number ofchicks fledged has tended to decline. Density dependent factors are probably now limiting productivity. The increase of pairs during this past decade may be because Seney NWR's breeding population was reduced by the large dieoff of thousands of loons in the GulfofMexico in the winterof1983-84 (an area where we have loon recoveries from Seney NWR). The banding effort in 1998 included the capture of2 new adults (T-2 West male and C-2 male) and 10 ofthe 11 chicks (only 1 ofthe C-3 Pool chicks was not captured). Blood and feather samples were taken for each loon. Mercury analysis is still being conducted for these samples and will be provided in a separate report. Dr. Charles Walcott, Cornell University, continued research on the classification ofthe yodel call of male loons. Recordings were made from refuge territories in early May. Unique sonograms of each individual have been determined, and changing of calls when males switch territories has been documented.

Population Status and Habitat Use by Breeding Yellow Rails on Seney NWR

Yell ow rails have been surveyed and banded at Seney NWR since 1979. In May 1998, Dr. Theodore Bookhout concentrated efforts on banding to study population fluctuations and site fidelity. Water gauge data indicated much drier marsh conditions than usual, and only 5 males were heard calling in the primary study area near Marsh Creek Pool; all were subsequently captured and banded. All of these individuals occurred at previously unrecorded sites; 4 were in higher water areas north of the Marsh Creek Pool northeast dike. Three individuals were also found in usual sites in Unit I; therefore, only 8 calling males were confirmed on the refuge in 1998. Wide year-to-year variation in numbers of the yellow rail, a species which does not exhibit site fidelity in this part of its range, are not unusual. A high degree of variation in late April-early May weather conditions, i.e., the extremely late spring of 1996, followed by the cold 1997 spring, and then the early and warm but dry spring of 1998, may have contributed to low use of the refuge by rails during the past 3 years. 19

Graduate student Gaea Crozier using GPS to record locations of breeding bird census points. RU

Avian-Habitat Relationships on Seney NWR

As part of a Master's Thesis through the University of Minnesota-Duluth, graduate student Gaea Crozier is developing a predictive model of bird-habitat relationships on the refuge with breeding bird data from point counts and habitat data from a GIS cover map. In the 1998 field season, 286 counts were made at points that had been randomly established and censused in the 1997 field season. From May 29 to July 7, point counts were conducted from 0-4 hours after sunrise with the help of Biological Technician Eric Willman The approximate locations of all individuals seen or heard inside or outside of both a 50-m and 20

100-m radius circle at each point were recorded in a 10-minute period. To enhance detection of secretive wetland species, tape-recorded playbacks for Virginia rail, sora, and American bittern were used in the appropriate habitat types. A total of 5,225 individuals of 114 bird species were recorded. Habitat types and areas within each 100-m radius plot were digitized from aerial photographs taken in 1995. All habitat types were verified in the field. Each point count was spatially determined with a Trimble GPS unit. These data were incorporated into the GIS cover map. By May 1999 a predictive model will be developed that associates bird species with habitat cover type. This model will incorporate the'amount and type of patches within the point count plots and, if the appropriate data exist, the amount and type of patches in the surrounding landscape. A representative sample of the established point counts will be used to test the model. The use of the refuge GIS cover map as a management tool to predict bird community data will be evaluated. The model will allow management to prioritize habitats for additional future sampling efforts on the refuge and make more informed decisions concerning changes in bird populations that may result from management actions.

Marsh Creek Restoration

In 1997 a water control structure was installed in the west C-3 Dike at its confluence with the old Marsh Creek channel. This structure could make possible diversion ofwater into the channel, which was disconnected from the original Marsh Creek flow as a result of construction ofC-3 Pool in the 1940's and diversion of its outflow into Walsh Ditch, part of a pre-refuge drainage attempt early in the century. Parts of the current channel have been maintained by groundwater discharge and beaver activity, while other parts have all but disappeared. Assistance was sought from Dr. Douglas Wilcox, Great Lakes Science Center (USGS-BRD), Ann Arbor, to provide information on biological and physical conditions in the Marsh Creek wetland necessary to help guide management and restoration activities, and specifically to study groundwater flow in the area, evaluate effects of reconnecting/disconnecting on Marsh Creek and Walsh Ditch stream systems, and determine optimal flow from the structure and how it is to be maintained. In 1998 a research team led by Kurt Kowalski of GLSC began evaluation of current environmental conditions in the wetland and the impacts caused by the drainage ditches. Initial research efforts focused on three distinct portions of the wetland: an unimpacted section ofMarsh Creek (the remnant natural watercourse through the wetland), a section of Marsh Creek directly impacted by C-3 Pool, and a section of Walsh Ditch below C-3 Pool. Aerial photography was used to identify and delineate the major vegetation types within each study area. Each of the wetland vegetation types was quantitatively sampled to characterize the component plant communities. Extensive sampling of wetland vegetation bordering Marsh Creek and Walsh Ditch was also conducted to allow analysis of the relationship between vegetation and current hydrologic conditions. A differential global positioning system was used to gather the positional data necessary to georeference spatial data. Laser-plane surveying equipment was also used to collect the elevational data necessary to allow mapping of topographic changes due to peat subsidence or peat fires. 21

Volunteer Matt Whipple, graduate student Kurt Kowalski, and botanist Steve Chadde of USGS-BRD research team and Wildlife Biology Intern Ryan McReynolds studying the Marsh Creek watershed near C-3 Pool. RU

Working in conjunction with the USGS-Water Resources Divisio~ the GLSC team installed stream gauges, water-table wells, and piezometers throughout the wetland to estimate the overall water budget and provide localized hydrologic data. Samples of surface and ground water were collected and tested for water quality parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, specific conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Work will continue in 1999. The whole project is on a 5-year plan.

Assessment of Mercury in Edible Fish Fillets at Seney NWR

This study was conducted by Dave Best, East Lansing Field Office. A total of 125 fish from 4 species were processed: 48 northern pike, 50 yellow perch, 17 white sucker, and 10 pumpkinseed. Specimens were collected from refuge pools during summers 1996-97, transferred frozen to ELFO, filleted to produce skin-off and skin-on halfs, and then shipped to Patuxent Analytical Control Facility for analysis. All 4 species showed detectable Hg levels. Samples from 13 individual fish, all either northern pike or yellow perch, exceeded advisory criteria established by either the Michigan Department of Community Health (no consumption advised for fish with> 1.5 ug/g Hg, wet wt.; limited consumption offish 0.5-1.5 ug!g Hg) or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1.0 ug/g Hg tolerance level in fish for interstate commerce). These 13 fish were collected from 22

6 different pools, and 6 were from Marsh Creek Pool. Values for pike were similar to those of samples taken in 1988. Hg level in pike was positively correlated with fish size. Hg level in yellow perch was not linearly correlated with fish size; samples with high levels were from mid-size fish. Results support MDCH's special consumption advisory for Hg in fish from inland Michigan lakes.

Wildlife Biology Intern Ryan McReynolds checking piezometers installed for Marsh Creek restoration study. RU 23

(2) HABITAT RESTORATION (a) Wetland Restoration:

On Refuge

Marsh Creek Restoration .. U.S. Geological Survey continues research on a 5-year study of the effects of restoring flow to Marsh Creek and the associated watershed. A water control structure was installed in the C-3 Pool dike in 1997 (see Section l.b.).

Off Refuge

An off-refuge site owned by James Adamo in Chippewa County was surveyed for a wetland rehab private lands project. Michigan DNR approved the permit application for restoring about 5 acres of drained wetlands. The project will start in FY99.

(c) Deepwater/Riverine Restoration

Marsh Creek Restoration

Research by Great Lakes Science Center personnel is underway to study hydrology of the wetland and examine potential for restoration of part of the original channel (see Section lb).

Driggs River Restoration

About a century ago logs were floated to mill down the Driggs River, which now flows about 14 miles through the center of the refuge. Deposition of sand into the river from the badly eroding banks has resulted. During 1994-95, 46 sites accounting for 5,320 linear feet of eroded riverbank were rehabilitated with tree revetments. Revetments were constructed by placing whole pine trees into the riverbed at the base of the eroded bank. Sites with undercut banks were then graded, fertilized, and reseeded with jack pine. The rehabilitated banks proved to be stable except for site no. 26, just south ofM-2 Pool, which collapsed during spring runoff. In 1996 this site was repaired, and 4 additional sites were identified for treatment. One ofthese latter sites had been identified in the original survey but was missed during the restoration work in 1995. That site and one ofthe newly identified sites were rehabilitated in 1996. Six sites (nos. 1, 6, 12, 15, 18, and 26) were selected for annual cross-section measurement to evaluate success of revetments on bank stabilization. In 1998 these measurements indicated desirable results of insignificant additional bank erosion, beneficial silting in the revetments, and some diversion of current into inner sandbars. 24

Biological Technician Eric Willman recording water level at J-1 Pool. RU

3) HABITAT MANAGEMENT (a) Water Level Management

Water levels in refuge pools were generally controlled as specified in the Annual Water Management Plan. High levels were maintained to protect nesting loons, swans, and geese; support prey populations of fish-eating birds; and suppress undesirable woody vegetation, especially that stressed by previous prescn"bed burning. Minor water level reductions in late summer on most pools were used to increase availability of submerged plants and invertebrates to waterfowl Water levels in 1-1 and C-3 Pools were kept as high as poSSible in spring to provide spawning habitat for northern pike in the upper ends ofthe pools. Water levels in C-1 and Lower Goose Pen Pools, kept low during the previous several years, were elevated to higher levels. A warm, early spring resulted in good prescribed burning conditions in mid-April. Therefore, planned spring drawdowns on E-1 and H-1 Pools were terminated early when the surrounding area was burned and these pools were immediately refilled to facilitate woody vegetation control in their upper reaches. Partial drawdown ofC-3 and a greater drawdown ofA-1 Pools in late sunnner/fall provided excellent conditions for staging sandhill cranes. The 1998 summer was one of the driest on record. Show Pools were drawn down during summer to facilitate installation of water gauges and could not be refilled because ofthe lack of water. G-1, A-2, C-2, M-2, T-2, and Marsh Creek Pools were also at lower than planned levels during late summer because of insufficient inflow. 25

Water level draw-down shows severe erosion on Marsh Creek Pool. MT

Finished product with erosion inhibitors in place. MT 26

Diversion Ditch before excavation. MT

Diversion Ditch after excavation. MT 27

Diversion Ditch.--The Diversion Ditch is an important artery that diverts water from the Driggs River and feeds four pools in Unit 2 and 12 pools in Unit 1. Over that past 30 years, the ditch, which runs east for 5 miles, has undergone natural siltation as well as that caused by numerous beaver dams along the entire length of the ditch. This year 2 miles of the ditch were cleaned out with the new excavator. The south side of the ditch was sloped and seeded.

Marsh Creek Pool - The Marsh Creek Pool dike impounds 950 acres of water, and was constructed in the 1940's. Since then, the dike as slowly undergone erosion from wave action, and several sections need repaired. A Cat 222 excavator purchased in FY98 made it possible to rehabilitate 1,500 linear feet of dike where erosion was the most severe . Pine trees were cleared from the dike and the slope finished 4:1 and seeded and fertilized. In an attempt to experiment with bank stabilization, pine trees were placed at waters edge against the slope, and then 400 bales of hay were placed end-to-end to further stabilize the slope while stopping sediment from working into the pool. Trees were cleared from an additional 1,500 feet of dike.

(c) Haying

A Special Use Permit was issued to Erwin and Tom Gagnon for cutting hay on the Smith Farm (39 ac) and the Sub-HeadquartersFarm(66ac). Cutting was done after July 15 to avoid adverse impact on nesting birds and mammals.

A second haying permit was issued to Laurie Prieskorn for the 40-acre Conlon Farm. Both permits require payment in fertilizer application to enhance the productivity of the old fields.

(f) Fire Management

Refuge staff worked every weekend in May because the fire danger was extreme for over 4 consecutive weeks. Governor Engler issued a state Proclamation banning all open fires at campgrounds, except for gas grills.

Wildfire- One lightning fire on the refuge burned several acres and was suppressed without problems.

Prescribed Fire - Approximately 500 acres were burned in Pools E and H in late spring to discourage invasion by woody vegetation. About 10 acres of the Diversion Farm were burned. Much ofthe peat soil continued to burn for several weeks. Continued mop-up finally extinguished the burning peat. 28

The Go-Tract outfitted for fire duty was instrumental in mop-up operations. AD

<4) FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (a) Bird Banding

At the request of Michigan DNR as in previous years, Canada geese were banded in the Headquarters area on July 30. Three adult and 7 hatch-year geese were marked with neck collars, and 3 additional adult and 1 hatch-year geese were banded only with FWS bands. A total of283 passerines and other small species (248 at the MAPS station [see Section la] and 35 elsewhere including 6 nestling kestrels) were banded. Eight yellow rails were banded (see Section la).

(c) Reintroductions

Whooping Cranes.--Pursuant to lead responsibility of Seney NWR for coordinating whooping crane recovery activities in Region 3, Biologist Urbanek participated in the recovery team meeting at Calgary, Alberta, in August. According to the whooping crane recovery p~ the next major planned action was establishment ofan eastern migratory flock that would swnmer in Canada (Manitoba) and winter in southeastern U.S. Because of a lack 29

Table 15. Gypsy moth captures in pheromone traps on Seney National Wildlife Refuge, 1991- 98.

Traps Traps Total Maximum Mean Year operated with moths moths per trap per trap

1991 10 1 1 1 0.1 1992 10 8 53 17 5.3 1993 50 38 103 10 2.1 1994 50 21 34 4 0.7 1995 25 11 27 12 1.1 1996 126 31 55 9 0.4 1997 50 8 13 5 0.3 1998 50 38 94 7 1.9

of keen interest expressed by provincial authorities in Manitoba, the Recovery Team approved evaluation of Wisconsin as a reintroduction site. Wisconsin is far removed from the natural Wood Buffalo-Aransas population of whooping cranes and is a key state for nesting and migrating sandhill cranes in the Great Lakes area. The resident sandhills migrate to Florida, which is the target wintering location for the reintroduced whoopers. Several reintroduction techniques, including association of reintroduced birds with wild sandhills as well as leading birds with ultralight aircraft, are therefore available to increase probability of success. Actual release of whooping cranes could occur in 2001.

(d) Nest Structures

Cavity-nesting Ducks.--Wood Duck boxes were maintained during annual checks (see Section 1a).

(e) Pest, Predator, and Exotic Animal Control

Gypsy Moths.--During summer 1998,50 gypsy moth traps were operated on the refuge as part of the annual monitoring program coordinated by the U.S. Forest Service, St. Paul Field Office. This was an irruptive year with captures approaching the highs of 1992-93. In traps set June 30-July 1 and collected September 28-0ctober 15, 94 gypsy moths were captured, more than 7 times the capture rate in the previous year (Table 15). In addition, 10 traps were found on the ground during trap collection, so potential catch may have been reduced. 30

(5) COORDINATION ACTIVITIES (e) Cooperative/Friends Organizations

Seney Natural History Association

The Seney Natural History Association (SNHA) operated the Visitor Center bookstore for the eleventh year. SNHA was founded in the summer of 1987 with the help of a $10,000 interest-free loan from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the donation of the 1987 end-of-year stock by the Lake States Interpretive Association, SNHA's predecessor. Gross sales for May 15 to October 15, 1998 totaled $69,665.00. In Fiscal Year 1998, $4,169.00 was donated to the association in support of public use and natural resource programs. Membership levels have continued to climb, reaching a new high of $1,410.00 from 69 members, including one person in the new category of Life Membership. This summer and fall SNHA paid a $100.00 per week food stipend to eight interns (four public use and four biology), totaling $9,460.00. Each intern worked for twelve to fifteen weeks on a variety of projects. Interns are critical to the success of public use and resource management programs. The Refuge and its visitors benefit greatly from the sales generated by the bookstore. Visitors are pleased to learn that their purchases support the Refuge's public use programs. SNHA purchased the following items this year: printing ofthe Refuge Reflections newsletter, computer (cash register) technical support, environmental education materials, Visitor Center display improvements, Visit Your National Wildlife Refuges in Michigan Welcome Center panels (challenge grant), Nature Trail panels (challenge grant), volunteer recognition items, and native plant landscaping. SNHA also funded all aspects ofthe following special events: Winter Film Festival- $40.30; Children's Fishing Contest- $623. 70; Meet the Mammals Day -$188.91; Love a Loon Day- $110.37; National Hunting and Fishing Day- $124.99; Scout Day- $127.03; and the Photo Contest- $53.85.

Table 16. Seney Natural History Association gross sales and donations to the Refuge 1993- 98.

Year Gross Sales Contributions To Refuge

1998 $69,665 $14,5548

1997 80,809 2,440b

1996 81,007 1,608

1995 87,012 20,249

1994 90,688 24,414

1993 87,245 21,200 "Includes $6000 in matching funds for Challenge Grants. bLarge inventory overwintered and larger than normal cash on hand in bank. 31

(6) RESOURCE PROTECTION (a) Law Enforcement

There were no citations written during in FY98. Several verbal warnings were given to deer hunters. A major change in deer hunting regulations occurred this year when the Michigan DNR permitted the use of elevated stands for gun hunting. Refuge regulations are the same as State, with the exception of"no baiting." Several bait piles were located as were stands with no names affixed. Once we were tipped off about the violations, the hunters never returned. Two special agents assisted with the deer hunt to help the one collateral duty law enforcement officer cover about 70,000 acres. No bear hunters were observed on the refuge, but there was much hunting activity adjacent to our boundary, where hunters could use dogs and bait for bear.

(h) Land Acquisition

Whitefish Point- The refuge acquired 33.8 acres ofhistoric Whitefish Point from the U.S. Coast Guard. The point juts out into Whitefish Bay at the eastern end ofLake Superior, and is also shared by the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum and the Audubon Society Bird Observatory.

Huron Islands- The transfer of 11 acres of the Huron Islands from the U.S. Coast Guard was finally achieved this year. The refuge also has possession of the historic Huron Island lighthouse.

FmHA Conservation Easements- On September 16, the refuge acquired the Delbert Emery easement of 48 acres in Missaukee County. The refuge now administers 27 easements totaling 1,232 acres in 12 counties throughout the Upper Peninsula and the northern half of lower Michigan. 32

Three boilers and a myriad of copper plumbing should heat the 4,000 sq. ft. visitor center. GH

The "monster'' air handling unit powers heat to cool air to four zones in the visitor center. GH 33

State-of-the-art electronics for the entire heating system at the visitor center that can be monitored and controlled by computer from the refuge or other locations like the Regional Office or the manufacturers location. GH

Aluminum framed doors and windows replaced less efficient ones. GH 34

(7} PUBLIC EDUCATION AND RECREATION (a} Provide Visitor Services

General

A total of 35,079 visitors toured the Visitor Center from May 15 to October 15. The Visitor Center was open seven days a week from 9:00am to 5:OOpm. Volunteers staffed the information desk.

Visitor Center contract 1448-30181-97-CO 18, an energy retrofit contract was awarded to Olsen and Olsen Building Contractors, Inc. of Manistique, Michigan, for $120,626. Work included replacement of doors, windows, insulation, boilers, air-cooled condensers, and automatic temperature control system in the 1960's building.

Closure ofUndergroundFuel Oil Tank Contract No. 1448-30181-8-M026- This contract was awarded to Associated Construction ofMarquette, Michigan, for $5,140~ The 2,000 gallon steel tank was uncovered, cut open, scrubbed out, and filled with sand.

Underground electric service contract No. 1448-30181-98-M033--This contract was awarded to Terra Communications ofTraverse City, Michigan, for $24,325. The old power line traversed the marsh and dated back to the 1930's. The new underground service runs about 5,000 feet from the main highway into the refuge via the north entrance road.

Approximately 2-miles of Chicago Farm road received 10,154 cubic yards of gravel. Harold Lustila Jr. of Germfask, -¥ichigan was low bid at $9,900.

Outdoor Classrooms - Students and Teachers

Approximately 844 students and their leaders participated in environmental education field trips to the Refuge; most field trips occurred in May. School groups participated in guided bus tours, nature walks and programs. While on the bus tour, students completed an "ABC's ofWetlands" activity sheet. We have begun creating grade-specific programs, and are continuing the process of trying to align refuge messages with Michigan Science Objectives for Education. Unfortunately, work on this keeps getting pushed to the back­ burner in favor of higher priority projects. 35

Area teachers participate in the Education Trunk Workshop hosted at the Refuge with National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service partners. KP

Educator Workshops

Use of education trunks has been high because of last year's trunk workshop with partners from the Hiawatha National Forest and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Interpretive Specialist Kathleen Przybylski and then-volunteer Marianne Kronk (along with USFS and NPS stafi), introduced education trunks and led activities from them. Refuge trunks include: Loveable Loons, Rulers ofthe Sky, Wetlands Discovery Trunk. Prairies, and the WolfBox. Ifthe Seney Natural History Association Board approves it, we are anticipating the purchase ofa Songbird Trunk in 1999. To borrow an education trunk, teachers call and reserve it and then come pick it up at the Refuge; they are responsible for returning it as well. This year an estimated 1,622 students (up from 1,372) learned about the value of loons, wetlands, wolves, and captors. On May 8 and 9 Interpretive Specialist Kronk co-led a workshop with a National Park Service Education Specialist that focused on critical thinking skills and learner-directed teaching styles. The session was part ofthe Upper Peninsula Spring Environmental Education Conference at Camp Nesbit in the western Upper PeninsuJa. Twenty-two people attended the conference and gave positive feedback about the experience. Next year's conference will be held closer to home in Shingleton's Clear Lake Camp. 36

The driver of this 45' tour bus didn't allow for a sharp turn and wasn't able to clear the trees on the inside curve. A tow truck pulled it out without a scratch! MT

Interpretive Tour Routes

The Marshland Wildlife Drive, a seven-mile self-guided auto tour, was open from May 15 through October 15. The Fishing Loop, an optionall.5 addition to the drive, was open from May 15 to September 30. Many visitors followed the Fishing Loop as part of the Marshland Wildlife Drive because of the added potential for spotting wildlife. Based on car counter figures, a total of20,652 vehicles used the Drive for wildlife-oriented recreation.

Interpretive Foot Trails

An estimated 12,493 visitors hiked the Pine Ridge Nature Trail this year. Visitors that use the nature trail usually see and hear a variety ofanimals, such as trumpeter swans, songbirds, beavers, and the often asked about winnowing snipe. The new trail brochure continued to be in demand, and work on our new interpretive panels progressed satisfactorily. Watchable wildlife animal signs that corresponded to information on the brochure are posted along the drive in appropriate locations. These signs captured visitors' attention and caused them to look more closely for the highlighted animal or plant. The Swan, Loon, and Bald Eagle observation decks continued to be highlights along the Drive. Each deck has two spotting scopes and a fiberglass-embedded interpretive panel that focuses on the featured animal; one scope at each deck is wheelchair accessible. Visitors appreciated being able to use the spotting scopes free of charge. 37

Table 17. Marshland wildlife drive vehicle use, 1992-98.

Year Number Vehicles on Tour Route 1998 20,652 1997 20,028 1996 21,216 1995 23,219 1994 21,162 1993 27,101 1992 23,624

After losing their place to a pair of successfully nesting eagles last year, the osprey returned to the osprey nesting platform on D-Pool and fledged two chicks. Visitors could see them from the loon observation deck. To add to the excitement at D-Pool, a pair of loons nested directly in front of the Loon Observation Deck and successfully raised two young. Loons and their young were highly visible this year, with 11 chicks on the pools, many visible from the driving tours. Late in the season two visitors discovered a new eagle's nest a short distance away from the platform. The pair using this nest are probably the pair that used D-Poollast year, and are believed to have fledged one eaglet. The bald eagles that usually nest on B-Pool were unsuccessful for the second year in a row, but were often see near the nest. Trumpeter swans and sandhill cranes were also frequently seen from the drive.

Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations

The Visitor Center was open seven days a week from 9:00am to 5:OOpm, May 15 through October 15, including holidays. Visitor Center use figures appear in Table 16. The Seney NWR orientation slide show was shown to 6,950 visitors. The biannual newsletters were printed in January and May and advertised programs for each season. We offered 44 nature programs and seven special events this year. A total of 620 people attended the scheduled nature programs and 2, 726 attended the special events. The Winter Film Festival was held on March 12, 19, and 26. Each night focused on a different topic as follows: birds, wildflowers, beneficial insects, and masked mammals. The Film Festival was attended by 175 people, and although it was well received, the quality of the videos on the video projector was poor and we are investigating the purchase of a newer projector. SNHA provided hot chocolate, coffee, and cookies for visitors attending the festival. In an attempt to decrease the amount of waste generated, everyone was asked to bring their own mugs. 38

Table 18. The number of visitors by year who have used the Visitor Center, 1992-97.

Year Total Visits 1998 35,289 1997 41,339 1996 40,359 1995 42,086 1994 39,761 1993 42,223 1992 33,931 a

aclosed on Sundays.

Visitation is too low in May to make the programs worth staff time. Time is better spent on planning and training for field trips, special events, and programs being held later in the summer. Brief descriptions about each nature program offered throughout the season are listed below: In cooperation with the US Forest Service and National Park Service, Seney NWR again offered a Wander through the Wildflowers walk as part of a wildflower appreciation program. The group followed volunteer Dick McNeill through the Bear Hollow Trail in the Northern Hardwoods Ski Area. Wildflowers were not abundant due to an especially early spring, but the mosquitos were! The Sunset Safaris were well attended this year, except for the first one offered. SNHAjust purchased 10 new radios, including one with a headset, for use on guided auto tours. On two occasions we had over 30 folks attending, prompting us to consider upgrading our radios to some that will carry over a longer range (the ones we bought are advertised at 2 miles). Fifteen was the average number of participants. Along the way the leader shared information about the refuge, resource management, habitat and wildlife. Meander the Manistique canoe trip started at Big Cedar Campground or Northland Outfitters in Germfask and ended at Mead Creek campground; this is approximately a 5 hour trip. Leaders discussed river ecology and the rich history of the Refuge rivers. We limited the number of canoes to eight (plus two staff canoes) and the expectations for the trip were explained at the beginning. Guided Nature Walks along the Pine Ridge Nature Trail received a mixed response but leaders were able to interact more with the smaller groups of visitors. After one walk focusing on habitat and the NWR System, two participants went directly to the information desk to purchase duck stamps! Loveable Loons included a presentation on loon characteristics, behaviors, and habitat, and a backcountry tour to view loons. The loons were very cooperative, with 11 chicks visible on the pools. We continued to improve and add activities to the Discovery Stations, which are designed to reach those visitors who do not want to participate in a full length program but would like to drop in and learn at their convenience. The timeslots for the stations were scaled back to two 39

Loons, Watchab/e Wildlife,Animal Adaptations, and new this year-Explore the Pond. The new station Explore the Pond, offered participants the chance to dip-net for aquatic invertebrates and fish or just look in aquariums and viewing trays. The Discovery Scopes we purchased from Acorn Naturalists were very popular. Approximately 50 people visited the displays each time.

Two young buddies enjoy fishing at the Refuge on Children's Fishing Contest Day. GO

In celebration of National Fishing Week, Seney National Wildlife Refuge in cooperation with the Seney Natural History Association hosted its annual Children's Fishing Contest on Saturday. June 6 from 8:00am to 4:00pm; 322 people attended the event (approximately 141 children and 181 adults). Thirty-five fish were entered in the contest. Winning anglers were recognized and given a prize and certificate during the awards ceremony. Every participant was given a door prize, thanks to generous donors and the efforts of volunteer Frank Hamilton. Fishing stations were set up along the Fishing Loop again this year. At these stations children checked-out fishing poles and received worms; volunteers taught them bow to fish. In addition to the contest, visitors participated in activities held at the Visitor Center. The event concluded with a complimentary fish fry dinner prepared by Administrative T ecbnicanLaural Vanatta for contestants and their families. Public Use Interns Laura Comment and Bill Martin were responsible for the Children's Fishing Contest this year, and their apt teamwork made the event run incredibly smoothly. 40

Public Use Interns Laura Comment, Bill Martin, and Loon researcher Carrie Mclean at a volunteer picnic. MK

This year saw the return of Meet the Mammals Day on July 4 from 9:30am to 4:00pm The Refuge and SNHA sponsored this event. Last year holding the event on the 5th attracted over 900 visitors. This year we had only 340 participants, and have decided that holding special events on holidays is not a good idea Inside the Visitor Center there were displays on wildlife rehabilitation, bats, animal tracks, touch table, Refuge Jeopardy, and arts and crafts. Outside, children learned about different mammals through study skins and mounts, played games (scent tracking and animal olympics),crawled-through a mole hole, and got their faces painted. Public Use Interns Laura Comment and Bill Martin were also responsible for this event. The Refuge and SNHA sponsored Love a Loon Day on Saturday, August 8 from 9:30am to 4:00pm; 508 people attended the event. Public Use Intern Kristy Niemi organized this ever popular special event. A section of the parking lot was roped off for large group activities and the loon calling contest. Inside the Visitor Center people found informational displays, talks by loon researchers, a puppet show, movies, and arts and crafts. Outsides activities including the loon calling contest, a loon mural for visitors to add to, and simulation games. Public Use Intern Karen Lindquist helped Kristy by malcing displays and a beautiful new backdrop for the puppet show. 41

Volunteer Dick McNeill helps a young visitor learn about wildlife and human uses of plants on National Hunting and Fishing Day. KL

National Hunting and Fishing Day was co-sponsored by the Refuge and the Seney Natural History Association on Saturday, September 26 from 1O:OOam to 3:30pm; 319 people attended the event. Interpretive Specialist Jennifer McDonough and Public Use Intern Lindquist organized this event. Inside the Visitor Center there were displays on wildlife art, decoys, and traditional hunting. Arts and crafts tables gave visitors the opportunity to identify ducks and create a duck refrigerator magnet and to make a track guide. Guest speakers covered black bear, tracking wounded deer, and tree stands (a timely topic as firearm hunters were allowed to use tree stands in Michigan for the first time this year). Over 500 scouts and leaders attended Scout Day on October 1Oth, an event organized by intern Karen Lindquist. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts aged kindergarten through high school participated in eleven different stations throughout the day learning about plants, trees, animals and ecosystems to help complete badge requirements. Scouts could be found looking for animal signs, counting tree rings, identifying edible and poisonous plants, racing for endangered animals, stringing together a food chain, matching up mammals, wading into wetlands (metaphorically), figuring out flight, or learning about bird banding. Older scouts were able to build birdhouses with wood donated by John Zellar Jr. Forest Products. Other materials were donated by the Seney Natural History Association. Inside the Visitor Center staff from Michigan DNR fire crew, USFWS Endangered Species (Mike DeCapita) and Refuge staff gave Career Talks on their positions in the environmental field. Take a Break Tables in the Visitor Center featured a Bird Wizard CD where kids tested their bird song knowledge. Games and binoculars were also available to explore. Many groups walked the Pine Ridge Nature Trail or completed service projects by trimming the trail or cleaning bluebird houses. The Germfask Lioness Club provided food for scouts to purchase for lunch and 22 friendly volunteers staffed stations and tables to make a successful day of sunshine and smiles! 42

Boy and Girl Scouts build bluebird boxes on Scout Activity Day. KL

The annual Photo Contest received a good response from visitors. Over 40 entries were received. Photos could be entered in one ofthree categories: recreatio~ wildlife, and landscape. All entries had to be received by August 31. Visitors cast hundreds of votes during September and winners were notified during December. Each first place winner received a Breeding Bird Atlas of Michigan and 1999 National Wildlife Refuge Calendar. All participants received a certificate. A press release was mailed out to announce this year's winners, and first place photos were featured in our winter newsletter.

Other Interpretive Programs

Yellow Rail Tours.--Although rail numbers were low in 1998 (see Section 1a), 3 calling males in Unit I permitted successful completion of 6 scheduled nightime tours. Wildlife Biologist Urbanek led yellow rail tours on May 16, 22, 23, 29,30 and June 13. These popular tours usually give visitors the opportunity to view yellow rails up close in the marsh. An added bonus on one tour was a chorus ofloons, the call of a LeConte's Sparrow, and the twinkling of fireflies on sedges glistening with dew. Refuge staffconducted presentations for local clubs and organizations both on-site and off­ site. Tour groups of senior citizens visited the Refuge. Most groups were given a special welcome and introduction to the Refuge prior to the slide show. College students visited the Refuge as part of an organized class field trip.

Hunting

Approximately 80,000 Refuge acres are open to hunting; white-tailed deer draw the most visits. Other species hunted on the Refuge include ruffed grouse, woodcock, snipe, snowshoe hare, and black bear. Sharp-tailed grouse hunting was discontinued on the Refuge in compliance with state regulations more than 10 years ago. Sharp-tailed grouse numbers have been steadily declining in the Upper Peninsula for years; only remnant populations remain. Complete regulations and the hunting map are appended to this report. 43

Hunting season opened September 15 in Refuge Area B (33,000 acres) for ruffed grouse, woodcock, and snipe. With the grouse population down, hunting pressure was light this year. The majority of the birds are taken along the northern edge of the Refuge, where the best habitat occurs and M-28 provides good access. This year's deer firearm season was characterized by variable weather conditions with temperatures ranging from 9 to 48 degrees. Due to the severe winter ( 1995-96) the deer herd was down in numbers. Despite this, the deer hunters returned with their usual enthusiasm and high hopes as 25 camp permits were issued to 97 hunters. Some ofthese hunters have been making the trek for more than 40 years. The 16-day buck-only firearms season, from November 15 to November 30, attracted the most participation of any Refuge hunts. Hunt estimates for the Refuge were 1,500 hunter-days and 7,500 hunter-hours. Hunter and harvest numbers were hard to estimate because a mandatory hunter check station is not operated at the Refuge. Biologist Urbanek and staff members visit camps and distribute successful hunter patches to successful hunters in exchange for aging their deer. Archery season opened on October 1. There continued to be an increase in archery hunters this year, though hunting pressure remained low. Bear hunting was permitted in hunting Area B for the State season from September 10 until October 26. Most bear hunting in the Upper Peninsula is done with the aid of dogs or bait, and because both practices are prohibited by the Refuge regulations, there is very little bear hunting. Many hunters drive the Creighton Truck Trail on the western edge of the Refuge and tum dogs loose on tracks coming out of the Refuge.

Trapping

Table 19. Reported fur harvest from the trapping units.

Species 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98

Beaver 57 4a 17a 28 Muskrat 215 73 123 262 Mink 49 44 37 54 Raccoon 18 2 15 35 Coyoteb 0 0 1b 0 Skunk 0 0 0 0 •Nuisance beaver b Incidental take. Coyote trapping was discontinued in 1994

The Refuge was closed to general beaver trapping after a review of the Trapping Plan in 1995. Only nuisance beaver are trapped. A 3-year trapping bid was issued to allow trappers to manage their units. All three trap units were awarded to local trappers. The units total approximately 48,500 acres. Seasons and limits follow those of the State except where they conflict with Refuge objectives. The general season usually runs October 15 through April30. Spring trapping is prohibited within 1 mile ofthe active bald eagle nests. Trappers are required 44 to record the number of traps they operate for each day, so a catch per unit effort index can be used to indicate rise or decline offurbearer populations. The following species may be taken on the Refuge: nuisance beaver, weasel, mink, raccoon, skunk, muskrat, and red fox. Coyote trapping was discontinued in 1994 to avoid accidental capture of wolves, which had been sighted on Refuge lands.

Wildlife Observation

Every year thousands of people come to Seney National Wildlife Refuge to view wildlife in their natural habitats. The most popular facilities used by visitors are the Marshland Wildlife Drive and the Visitor Center. This year visitors used the loon observation deck to observe nesting pairs of osprey and loons on D-Pool. The spotting scopes at the deck offered visitors the rare opportunity to see the nests and young. All three observation decks continued to be highlights along the Drive. Visitors appreciated being able to use the spotting scopes free of charge. Cranes, loons, beavers, deer, wood ducks, and a variety of other animals were also observed. Lucky visitors also saw swans with their cygnets and loons with chicks. The Wildlife Observation Log, housed in the Visitor Center, allowed visitors to record the animals they observed. Few visitors left the Refuge disappointed about not seeing any animals. The binoculars available for check-out were used hundreds of times this year. Visitors appreciate having the opportunity to borrow binoculars during their visit; they simply have to leave their driver's license at the desk. During July and August it was not uncommon for all binoculars to be checked out.

Other Wildlife-Oriented Recreation

Biking and canoeing continue to be popular activities for Refuge visitors. Visitor Center Volunteers answered numerous questions about biking trails and canoeing opportunities. Many people think that we rent canoes and bikes at the Refuge because of Northland Outfitters' signs. Those that venture into the backcountry often return to the Visitor Center to tell volunteers how much they enjoyed their trip. Since the Manistique River flows through the southeast comer of the Refuge, canoeing is a favored activity for visitors. Two canoe outfitters located in Germfask, Big Cedar Campground and Northland Outfitters, rent canoes and provide a shuttle service throughout the summer. An estimated 1,200 canoeists paddled through the Refuge this year. Cross-country skiing and snowshoeing were permitted throughout the Refuge during the winter season. The Northern Hardwoods Cross-Country Ski Area offers nearly 9 miles of groomed trails. An unusually light winter made for less than optimal skiing conditions from January through mid-April. The trails are groomed on an as-needed basis. In the fall, Refuge staff cleared potentially dangerous limbs and stumps. Snowfall was not great enough in December to open the trails. An estimated 250 people used the ski trails this year. 45

Volunteer Program

A total of 47 volunteers donated 7,152 hours. The distribution ofhours was as follows: ( 4) Public Use Interns- 2,002; ( 4) Wildlife Biology Interns -1 ,920; (29) RSVP Volunteers -2,634; and (1 0) USFWS Volunteers -596. A critical part of the Refuge's summer operations is the student intern program. Eight student interns were chosen to participate in this year's program. Each intern lived in Refuge housing, worked 40 hours per week for 12-15 weeks, and received a $100 per week food stipend from the Seney Natural History Association (SNHA). Food stipends totaled $9,460 this year. Student interns lived in the Log Cabin. The Refuge advertises internships independently and SNHA pays the food stipend. Bill Martin, Laura Comment, Kristy Niemi, and Karen Lindquist were chosen as Public Use Interns. Bill and Laura worked from May 5 to July 26. Kristy worked from June 2 to August 23. Karen worked August 6 to October 17. Each intern staffed the Visitor Center information desk, conducted nature programs, planned and organized a special event, worked on independent projects, led field trip programs for visiting school groups, and occasionally assisted with resource management projects. Ryan McReynolds, Zoe Paterson, Justin Watkins, and Nina Baum were selected as Wildlife Biology Interns. Ryan worked from May 17 to August 8. Justin worked from May 31 to August 8, Zoe worked June 21 to September 3, and Nina worked July 5 to September 26. Some of the wildlife management projects the interns worked on were as follows: Kirtland's warbler census, mistnetting and banding neotropical migrants, common tern restoration, goose banding, wood duck nest box survey, breeding bird and waterfowl surveys, trumpeter swan fecundity study, aquatic vegetation surveys, and GIS mapping. In addition to student interns, Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) Volunteers provided a critical work force for the Refuge. These volunteers are official members of the Menominee, Delta, and Schoolcraft counties RSVP program. This means they are at least 55 years old and they receive $0.10 a mile for traveling to and from the Refuge to volunteer. They are also covered by a secondary health and liability insurance. Each month the volunteer coordinator sends time sheets and travel vouchers to the RSVP office. These volunteers are still considered U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) volunteers and therefore sign a volunteer agreement and are given USFWS Volunteer hats and pins. Twenty-nine RSVP volunteers worked at the Refuge this season. They staffed the Visitor Center information desk seven days a week from 9:00am to 5:OOpm. RSVP volunteers also led activities during special events. Without their help the Refuge would not be able to offer the variety of programs it does to its visitors. Ten individuals donated their time as USFWS volunteers during 1998. Some staffed the Visitor Center information desk once a week or filled in as a substitute. Others conducted water quality surveys, waterfowl surveys, and helped development Refuge materials. In appreciation of their hard work, volunteers were the special guests at two summer potluck picnics and a recognition dinner. The Tenth Annual Awards CeremonyNolunteer Recognition Dinner was held on Tuesday, September 22; dinner started at 6:30pm. Each volunteer received the 1999 National Wildlife Refuge Calendar, and the Michigan Breeding Bird Atlas. 46

Elaine Anderson was chosen as Volunteer of the Year at Seney National Wildlife Refuge. She has been volunteering at the refuge for 7 years, contributing countless hours on her weekly shift. She won a gag "Super Sub" award last year because of her willingness to substitute for other volunteers on so many occasions. In addition, Elaine has staffed almost all of the special events held at the refuge during the 7 years she has volunteered here. Whether her duties were limited to greeting and information, or included working with hundreds of children to create keepsakes with glue, paint and fabric, Elaine's smile and cheerful demeanor have been a welcome fixture on the Refuge.

(b) Outreach

Press releases were issued for the following events this year: Children's Fishing Contest, Meet the Mammals Day, Love a Loon Day, National Hunting and Fishing Day, Scout Day (both before and after), nature program schedule, and Photo Contest winners. The 5:30 AM radio station was updated regularly to announce nature programs and special events. The Seney Natural History Association paid for the Winter and Summer 1998 Refuge Reflections publication. Over 700 copies of each issue were distributed via mail or hand delivery. 47

(8) PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION (b) General Administration

Seney National Wildlife Staff (left to right) Laurie Vanatta, Allen Duszynski, Marianne Kronk, Lawrence Zellar, Gary Heet, Michael Tansy, Terrence B. Papple, and Richard Urbanek. Not pictured Jim Wethy, Eric Willman and Jen McDonough. LV

Personnel

1. Michael Tansy Refuge Manager EOD 01/15/89 GS-13 PFT 2. GaryHeet Refuge Operations Spec.EOD 04/13/97 GS-12 PFT 3. Richard Urbanek Biologist EOD 11/03/91 GS-11 PFT 4. Lawrence Zellar Maintenance Mechanic EOD 12/23/66 WG-10 PFT 5. Terrence Papple Maintenance Worker EOD 01/24/69 WG-9 PFT 6. James Wethy Forester EOD 07/31189 GS-9 PFT 7. Kathleen Przybylski Interpretive Spec. EOD 05/30/95 GS-9 PFT Transferred to National Park Service in International Falls, MN 06/13/98 8. Laural Vanatta Admin. Technician EOD 05/05/91 GS-6 PFT 9. Marianne Kronk Park Ranger EOD 05/05/98 GS-7 PPT 10. Allen Duszynski Forestry Technician EOD 09/06/92 GS-5 PPT 11. Eric Willman Biological Technician EOD 04/16/98 GS-4 TPT 12 Jen McDonough Park Ranger EOD 06/ /98 GS-5 TPT 48

Refuge Manager Mike Tansy presents Park Ranger Kathleen Przybylski with a going away gift; a print of trumpeter swans. MK

Kathleen Przybylski resigned :from Fish and Wildlife Service upon her husband's completion of an electrical engineering degree from Michigan Technological University and received a position in International Falls, Minnesota, where they will make their home. A farewell picnic was held in their honor where Kathleen was presented with a trumpeter swan print :from the Refuge staff. It wasn't too long after the fact she applied for a position with the National Park Service and is now working at Voyagers National Park in International Falls, Minnesota A temporary Biological Technician position was filled by Eric Wilhnan Eric previously worked at the Iron River Fish Hatchery and arrived at Seney on April12, 1998. Marianne Kronk was hired as a permanent seasonal park ranger to assist with the operation ofthe visitor center as it is open seven days a week from May to October. Jennifer Wycoff-McDonough was hired under the Student Temporary Experience Program (STEP) to assist with visitor center operations upon Kathleen's departure on June 8, 1998. Jennifer worked for Seney as a volunteer-intern in the summer of 1993.

Funding

Refuge Operations 1261 $516,419 Maintenance Management 1262 $317,000 Fire Preparedness 9251 $15,892 Nongame Bird 1231 $2,500 49

Equipment and Facilities

Equipment storage building - the refuge maintenance staff constructed a pole building 40' by 80' to store approximately $700,000 in heavy equipment. In the past this equipment remained outside through the Upper Peninsula long blustery winter. The special talents of staff members Lawrence Zellar and Terry Papple made this force account project possible at a savings to the government of at least $30,000.

The pole-bam takes shape. 1.2

Automotive worker Lawrence Zellar installs the last piece of trim from an elevated • platfonn. GH

Photo Credits: 50

Photo Credits:

AD- Allen Duszynski GD - Gala Dietrick GH - Gary Heet KL - Karen Lindquist MK - Marianne Kronk KP - Kathleen Przybylski MT - Michael Tansy RU - Richard Urbanek LV - Laural Vanatta LZ - Lawrence Zellar ~ I HARBOR ISLAND NATIONAL

WILDLIFE REFUGE

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1998

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

The Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge is located 1 mile north of Drummond Island, Michigan, and 3.5 miles south ofthe United States-Canadian (Ontario) border in Potagannissing Bay on Lake Huron. This refuge is comprised of a single island totaling 695 acres.

Refuge designation came as a result of a purchase from The Nature Conservancy on December 14, 1983. The refuge was purchased as part of the Unique Ecosystem Program, waterfowl production area and is administered as a satellite refuge of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, which is located 117 miles to the west.

Habitats consist ofbalsam/cedar lowlands and oak, beech, and maple uplands. Soils consist of shallow organics or sands over dolomitic rock.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Harbor Island National Wildlife Refuge's climate is typical of northern Great Lakes islands with winter low temperatures from -20 to -30 degrees and summer highs from 70 to 80 degrees. Annual snowfall averages 200 plus inches per year. Precipitation averages 30 inches. Strong winds are common on all the upper Great Lakes and make open water travel often dangerous. •

H tJ) § tJ) HURON ISLANDS

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1998

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

The Huron Islands National Wildlife Refuge is located 3 miles off the south shore of Lake Superior and 18 miles east ofthe Keweenaw Peninsula. The refuge is comprised of eight islands totaling 147 acres, and is administered as a satellite refuge. Refuge designation came in Executive Order 7795 on January 21, 1938. The islands were designated as Wilderness by the Omnibus Wilderness Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-504). A lighthouse was built on West Huron Island in 1868 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Four other buildings are present. Two buildings are located on an 11-acre parcel which comes under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard. Two additional buildings are located on Fish and Wildlife Service lands on the west end of Lighthouse Island. Habitat of this unmanned refuge varies from a sparse covering of white pines and white birch with ground-level vegetation to barren granite with scattered lichen growth. The refuge was established for the protection of migratory birds, specifically, a large nesting colony of herring gulls.

HIGHLIGHTS

There were 2 trips to Huron Islands in 1998.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The weather on the Islands can best be described as cold and damp with ice sometimes persisting along their shorelines until the first of June. Temperatures range from lows of 20 to 30 degrees below zero in winter and highs of to 70 to 80 degrees in summer. Annual snowfall averages 200 plus inches per year. Precipitation averages 30 inches. Sudden and fierce Lake Superior storms frequent the area during spring and fall, and strong winds often make open water travel dangerous.

(1) MONITORING AND STUDIES (a) Surveys and Censuses

Endangered and Threatened Species

Bald Eagles.--No eagles fledged in 1998. •

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• KIRTLAND'S WARBLER NATIONAL

WILDLIFE REFUGE

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1998

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

The Kirtland's Warbler National Wildlife Refuge is located throughout 8 counties in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. Michigan is the only known nesting area of one of the world's rarest birds the Kirtland's warbler. The Refuge is responsible for land management on 119 separate tracts totaling 6,684 acres. Land acquisition started in 1980 and to this date $3,526,887.05 has been spent. All purchased acreage contains jack pine growing on Grayling sands and has the potential for warbler nesting. Management for Kirtland's warbler involves a combination of direct refuge management and actions via a Memorandum of Understanding with the Michigan Department ofNatural Resources.

HIGHLIGHTS

The 172-acre Dow Tract timber was sold for $38,672.30 to T.R. Timber Company of West Branch, Michigan.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Kirtland's Warbler NWR's climate varies from below zero temperatures in the winter to above 90 degrees in the summer. Precipitation averages 32 inches of moisture per year. Snowfall ranges from 150 inches in the north to about 50 inches in the south. Most rainfall occurs in September.

(1) MONITORING AND STUDIES (a) Surveys and Censuses

The annual Kirtland's warbler census was conducted in the lower Peninsula on June 9 and 10. Refuge staff and volunteer interns from Seney NWR participated in the census. Observers tallied a record high of 804 singing males in Michigan, a 10.4% increase from 1997.

(2) HABITAT RESTORATION (b) Upland Restoration

The Kirtland's warbler nests primarily in young jack pine forest growing on Grayling sand. This soil type is found only in a few counties in northern lower Michigan. The warblers prefer to nest in forests that are about 80 acres or larger with numerous small, grassy openings. Kirtland's warblers prefer to nest in groups. They build their nests only on the ground among grass or other plants like blueberries. Jack pine trees in its nesting area must be about 5 to 16 feet tall and spaced to let sunlight reach the ground. The sunlight helps keep the lower branches alive and bushy, hiding the Kirtland's warbler nest beneath them. When the trees grow larger, their upper branches block the sun and the lower branches die. Grasses and other plants also become less dense. The warblers then cease use of the area. The goal of the refuge is to manage Fish and Wildlife Service lands to the maximum level to meet the objectives of the Kirtland's Warbler Recovery Plan while being consistent with the objectives of the National Wildlife Refuge System. Service tracts are surrounded by DNR state forests that are designated to be managed to benefit Kirtland's warblers. Although the bird has adapted to wildfire­ regenerated jack pine, prescribed fire is not practical in most areas due to the explosive wildfire nature of jack pine. Homes are scattered all through the state forests and fire creates serious hazards to life and property. Because fire is not an acceptable means to regenerate most jack pine stands, direct seeding and planting are often the only options to establish stands. The extent and duration ofwarbler use ofyoung stands of jack pine is dependent on stand size with larger stands receiving longer and higher use. Because refuge tracts are too small to stand alone, they are regenerated in cooperation and in a coordinated fashion with adjacent DNR lands. Our cuts and regeneration are scheduled to match their long range plans for each of their units.

(3) HABITAT MANAGEMENT (e) Forest Management

Forested tracts are scheduled to be sold and regenerated in a cooperative fashion as adjacent Michigan Department of Natural Resources lands are cut and regenerated in order to achieve large even-aged stands of jack pine. Pre-sale work was completed on several proposed timber sales. The Fletcher Road Timber sale was cruised and marked for cutting. The Dow Tract was cruised, marked for cutting, and the sale was awarded to T.R. Timber Company of West Branch, Michigan. The Heat Road sale is being cut at this time. Cutting operations must be completed by Aprill, 1998. As with other Kirtland's warbler projects, these sales are part of a larger opening complex being created by the Michigan DNR on lands they own within the immediate area.

(4) FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (e) Pest, Predator, and Erotic Animal Control

During April the Seney staff assisted the East Lansing Field Office with erecting cowbird traps throughout Kirtland's warbler habitat. In the fall, assistance was provided by the refuge locating and destroying old non-functional traps. (5) COORDINATION ACTIVITIES (a) Interagency Coordination

Refuge Manager Tansy ofSeneyNWR an appointed member of the Kirtland's Warbler Recovery Team attended the bi-annual meetings regarding the issues affecting the species. This group of individuals from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources are responsible for the decisions to manage the endangered Kirtland's warbler.

(6) RESOURCE PROTECTION (h) Land Acquisition

One parcel was added to the Kirtland's National Wildlife Refuge. The John H. Vowell tract containing 149.9 acres acquired on July 1. This addition brings the total to 119 tracts consisting of 6,684 acres.

(7) PUBLIC EDUCATION & RECREATION (b) Outreach

Service tours were offered from May 15 to July 4. The Holiday Inn in Grayling provided a meeting place for the tours. There were 723 participants from 41 states, 3 Canadian provinces, and 8 countries enjoyed the tours. The tours were conducted by staff from the Service's East Lansing Field Office. H Cll ~ Cll MICHIGAN ISLANDS

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1998

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge consists of Gull, Pismire, Shoe, and Hat Islands. The islands are part of the Beaver Island group in the northern portion of Lake Michigan. They total245 acres, and Gull Island accounts for 230 of those acres.

On October 23, 1970, Pismire and Shoe Islands were officially designated as a Michigan Islands Wilderness Area. Gull Island was officially transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1969. Management ofthese three islands was transferred from Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge to Seney National Wildlife Refuge in 1992. In 1995 Hat Island was officially donated to the Service from The Nature Conservancy (11 Acres).

Habitats vary considerably. Shoe Island has little to no ground cover and Gull Island has a grass and forb covered beach area above the high water line, a shrub-covered sand dunes area, and balsam fir and white cedar in the interior. Soils consist of shallow organics or sands over cherty limestone and dolomite.

HIGHLIGHTS

There were 3 visits to Michigan Islands.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The islands are characterized as having cold winters and moderate summers. The average annual temperature is 42.3 degrees with extremes recorded at -36 and 97 degrees. Precipitation averages 30 inches and ranges from 17 to 38 inches. Strong winds are common, particularly in the spring and fall, making travel dangerous on Lake Michigan. (1) MONITORING AND STUDIES (a) Surveys and Censuses

Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns, and Allied Species

Double-crested Cormorants.--A survey ofHat Island on May 26 yielded 4,514 nests, similar to a count of 4,617 nests on July 10, 1997. Although the earlier survey date in 1998 may have been partially responsible for a lower count, growth of the colony has obviously slowed since the 45% increase observed from 1996 to 1997. Further destruction of trees on the formerly wooded island had resulted since the last nesting season. No counts of cormorant nests were made on Gull or Pismire Islands in 1998. Caspian Terns.--A survey ofHat Island on May 26 yielded 882 nests, within the range of 604 in 1997 and 961 in 1996. A survey of Gull Island on May 14 produced only 43 nests, compared to 566 the previous year. The early survey date in addition to some possible confusion during a simultaneous ring-billed gull survey may have been partially responsible for the low value in 1998. Gulls.--Totals of 602 ring-billed and 620 herring gull nests were counted on Hat Island on May 26; 1,376 ring-billed and 2,180 herring gull nests were counted on Gull Island on May 5. A black-backed gull were observed at Pismire Island in June.

(6) RESOURCE PROTECTION (h) Land Acquisition

The Service has expressed interest in receiving management responsibility for Poverty Island located off the Garden Peninsula. The 170-acre forested island contains extensive stands of large cedar and unique shoreline habitat. There is at least one Federally listed endangered plant, the dwarf lake iris, present on the shoreline. A pre­ acquisition contaminants survey identified a few potential problems. The Bureau of Land Management will require the Coast Guard to address those problems before they are released from management responsibility and we assume responsibility.