History of Christianity
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The History of Christianity
The History of Christianity BARNET SACRE June 2012 The Task • Is huge • Complicated • Many people have different & very strongly held opinions about it The History of Christianity • Christianity began as a small sect in a rather remote part of the Roman Empire to become one of the world’s major religions • How did it happen? • What were the main events in its history? • My main source has been ‘A History of Christianity’ by Diarmaid Mac Culloch. Jesus the Jew • Jesus grew up in Galilee, part of the Roman province of Palestine & lived the life of a Jew • He spoke at the synagogue • He came to the Temple at Jerusalem for festivals • ‘Jesus the Jew’ by Geza Vermes Beginnings • Initially Christianity was regarded as a movement among a small group of Jews. After Jesus’ death c 30 CE his followers began to spread his ideas. • From the beginning there was some conflict between those who tried to keep the Mosaic Law & those who believed that to follow it was no longer necessary in the new religion. Early Church • Peter and the Gentiles – Acts 10 • The Apostles – Church Planting – Martyrdom The Locations of the Deaths of the Apostles Roman Empire • By 2C Christians can be found throughout Roman Empire & beyond. In Rome they are a substantial group but still seen as a small, minority immigrant group. They spoke Greek not Latin. Gradually a move from meeting in houses to dedicated buildings took place & Rome became a pilgrimage site. Wandering preachers were banned & the role of women slowly diminished. • Various groups began to express ideas that proved controversial (Montanism, Gnostcism) & the relationship of religion to philosophy provided some tension. -
Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O
Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons ESI Working Papers Economic Science Institute 2016 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O. Becker University of Warwick Steven Pfaff University of Washington Jared Rubin Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, Econometrics Commons, Economic Theory Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the Other Economics Commons Recommended Citation Becker, S.O., Pfaff, S., & Rubin, J. (2016). Causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation. ESI Working Paper 16-13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in ESI Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Comments Working Paper 16-13 This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation* Sascha O. Becker† Steven Pfaff‡ University of Warwick University of Washington Jared Rubin§ Chapman University The Protestant Reformation is one of the defining events of the last millennium. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, its causes and consequences have seen a renewed interest in the social sciences. Research in economics, sociology, and political science increasingly uses detailed individual-level, city-level, and regional-level data to identify drivers of the adoption of the Reformation, its diffusion pattern, and its socioeconomic consequences. -
The Well-Trained Theologian
THE WELL-TRAINED THEOLOGIAN essential texts for retrieving classical Christian theology part 1, patristic and medieval Matthew Barrett Credo 2020 Over the last several decades, evangelicalism’s lack of roots has become conspicuous. Many years ago, I experienced this firsthand as a university student and eventually as a seminary student. Books from the past were segregated to classes in church history, while classes on hermeneutics and biblical exegesis carried on as if no one had exegeted scripture prior to the Enlightenment. Sometimes systematics suffered from the same literary amnesia. When I first entered the PhD system, eager to continue my theological quest, I was given a long list of books to read just like every other student. Looking back, I now see what I could not see at the time: out of eight pages of bibliography, you could count on one hand the books that predated the modern era. I have taught at Christian colleges and seminaries on both sides of the Atlantic for a decade now and I can say, in all honesty, not much has changed. As students begin courses and prepare for seminars, as pastors are trained for the pulpit, they are not required to engage the wisdom of the ancient past firsthand or what many have labelled classical Christianity. Such chronological snobbery, as C. S. Lewis called it, is pervasive. The consequences of such a lopsided diet are now starting to unveil themselves. Recent controversy over the Trinity, for example, has manifested our ignorance of doctrines like eternal generation, a doctrine not only basic to biblical interpretation and Christian orthodoxy for almost two centuries, but a doctrine fundamental to the church’s Christian identity. -
“Theology” from the Presocratics to Peter Abelard: Philosophy and Science
Section Four PHILOSOPHY AND COSMOLOGY IN PERSONS ФилосоФия и Космология в лицах The word “Theology” from the Presocratics to Peter Abelard: Philosophy and Science. Some Remarks Mauro Ferrante1 — PhD Università degli Studi “Niccolò Cusano” — Telematica Roma (Rome, Italy) E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct, through the analysis of some key moments, the evolution of the term “theology” within the Western philosophical thought. Starting with the first formulation by the Presocratics, the study takes into consideration both the first attestation of the term by Plato (in the second book of the Republic) and the role it plays in Aristotle’s works (Metaphysics). In its second part, the paper considers the importance of the term “theology” in the Latin world, through the study of the Augustine’s critic against the greek thinkers, which will lead to a further development in the Middle Ages. The point of arrival is Peter Abelard, who formulated a concept of “theology” conceived as a science. At first, the term was tied to a pagan conception of society and was devoid of any scientific connotation. With the advent of Christianity, it begins to take on an universalistic character connected with the concept of an absolute truth. It is here pointed out, through all of these antecedents, how, in the Middle Ages, when the “theology” became an autonomous science and responds to its own laws, how it is assumed and used as an instrument to manage both science and truth. Thanks to the contributions of the ancient philosophers, developed by medieval thinkers, it was possible to subsequently use the term “theology” also in a political sense. -
Diocese of Sacramento Employment/Ministry in the Church Pre-Application Statement
Diocese of Sacramento Employment/Ministry in the Church Pre-Application Statement “Go out to the whole world and Proclaim the Good News to all creation.” (Mark 16:15) MISSION STATEMENT OF THE DIOCESE OF SACRAMENTO We, the People of God of the Catholic Diocese of Sacramento, guided by the Holy Spirit, are called by Christ to proclaim the Good News of the Kingdom of God through prayer, praise and sacraments and to witness the Gospel values of love, justice, forgiveness and service to all. All Christ’s faithful, by virtue of their baptism, are called by God to contribute to the sanctification and transformation of the world. They do this by fulfilling their own particular duties in the spirit of the Gospel and Christian discipleship. Working in the Church is a path of Christian discipleship to be encouraged. Those who work for the Church continue the mission and ministry of Christ. Their service is unique and necessary for the life and growth of the Church. This has been our tradition from the beginning, as echoed in the words of St. Paul who worked with and relied on other men and women in the work of spreading the Gospel. St. Paul was known to acknowledge and thank them, at times calling them, “my co-workers in Christ Jesus” (Romans 16:3- 16). The Church needs the services of dedicated lay persons who have a clear knowledge and proper understanding of the teachings of the Church and a firm adherence to those teachings, and whose words and deeds are in conformity with the Gospel. -
THE SCHOLASTIC PERIOD Beatus Rhenanus, a Close Friend Of
CHAPTER THREE MEDIEVAL HISTORY: THE SCHOLASTIC PERIOD Beatus Rhenanus, a close friend of Erasmus and the most famous humanist historian of Germany, dated the rise of scholasticism (and hence the decay of theology) at “around the year of grace 1140”, when men like Peter Lombard (1095/1100–1160), Peter Abelard (1079–1142), and Gratian († c. 1150) were active.1 Erasmus, who cared relatively little about chronology, never gave such a precise indication, but one may assume that he did not disagree with Beatus, whose views may have directly influenced him. As we have seen, he believed that the fervour of the gospel had grown cold among most Christians during the previous four hundred years.2 Although his statement pertained to public morality rather than to theology,3 other passages from his work confirm that in Erasmus’ eyes those four centuries represented the age of scholasticism. In his biography of Jerome, he complained that for the scholastics nobody “who had lived before the last four hundred years” was a theologian,4 and in a work against Noël Bédier he pointed to a tradition of “four hun- dred years during which scholastic theology, gravely burdened by the decrees of the philosophers and the contrivances of the sophists, has wielded its reign”.5 In one other case he assigned to scholasti- cism a tradition of three centuries.6 Thus by the second half of the twelfth century, Western Christendom, in Erasmus’ conception, had entered the most distressing phase of its history, even though the 1 See John F. D’Amico, “Beatus Rhenanus, Tertullian and the Reformation: A Humanist’s Critique of Scholasticism”, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 71 (1980), 37–63 esp. -
PHIL3172: MEDIEVAL WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS 2013-2014 Venue: ELB 203 (利黃瑤璧樓 203) Time: Wednesdays 9:30 - 12:15 - Teacher: Louis Ha
PHIL3172: MEDIEVAL WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS 2013-2014 Venue: ELB 203 (利黃瑤璧樓 203) Time: Wednesdays 9:30 - 12:15 - Teacher: Louis Ha. email Middle Ages in the West lasted for more than a millennium after the downfall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th Century. During this period people lived under certain unity and uniformity commanded by the strong influence of Christianity and the common acceptance of the importance of faith in one’s daily life. This course aims at presenting the thoughts of those centuries developed in serenity and piety together with the breakthroughs made by individual philosophers such as Boethius, Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus. Modern people, though live in a technologically advanced era, are quite often facing almost the same challenges of their Medieval fellow human-beings. The course intends to provide students with instances for a more general comprehension of human reality through the study on the problems of faith and understanding. Internal website 8 January, 2014 *INTRODUCTION The medieval Europe: the time, the place and the people The two themes and five philosophers chosen for the course Class dynamics - a) oral report by students, b) lecture by teacher, c) discussion in small groups, d) points of reflections (at least two) Assessment: attendance 10%; book report 20%(2000 words, before/on 12 Oct.); presentation 30%; term paper 40%(5000 words, before/on 23 Nov.) * The spirit of mediæval philosophy / by Étienne Gilson. * 中世紀哲學精神/ Etienne Gilson 著 ; 沈淸松譯. * [Chapters 18,19,20] 15 January, 2014 *CONSOLATIO PHILOSOPHIAE, Book V by Boethius (480-524) Boethius 22 January, 2014 *DE DIVISIONE NATURAE, Book II. -
Theories and Images of Creation in Northern Europe in the Twelfth Century
Art History ISSN 0141-6790 Vol. 22 No. 1 March 1999 pp. 3-55 In the Beginning: Theories and images of creation in Northern Europe in the twelfth century Conrad Rudolph 'Logic has made me hated by the world!' So Peter Abelard thought and wrote to his former lover, the brilliant Heloise, in probably his last letter to her before his death in 1142, after having been virtually driven from Paris by Bernard of Clairvaux, the austere Cistercian mystic and perhaps the most powerful ecclesiastical politician of Western Europe.1 Characteristically for Abelard in matters of self-conception, he was exaggerating. Logic had made him hated not by the world but by only a portion of it. While this was certainly an influential portion and one that had almost succeeded in destroying him, it could never do so entirely. In fact, logic had made Abelard 'the Socrates of the Gauls, the great Plato of the West, our Aristotle ... the prince of scholars'2- and this, this great fame and the almost unprecedented influence that accompanied it, was as much the problem as logic was. In a word, Abelard had been caught up in the politics of theology. The time was one of great theological inquiry, challenging, as it did, the very authority of divine revelation on the most fundamental level, and at a moment when both interest in secular learning and the number of students were dramatically increasing - all factors that can hardly be over-emphasized. But for certain elements within the Church, more still was at stake. And this was nothing less than a perceived assault on one of the basic underpinnings of the complex relationship between religion, theology, society and political power. -
Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views. -
The Development of Marian Doctrine As
INTERNATIONAL MARIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON, OHIO in affiliation with the PONTIFICAL THEOLOGICAL FACULTY MARIANUM ROME, ITALY By: Elizabeth Marie Farley The Development of Marian Doctrine as Reflected in the Commentaries on the Wedding at Cana (John 2:1-5) by the Latin Fathers and Pastoral Theologians of the Church From the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Sacred Theology with specialization in Marian Studies Director: Rev. Bertrand Buby, S.M. Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute University of Dayton 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469-1390 2013 i Copyright © 2013 by Elizabeth M. Farley All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Nihil obstat: François Rossier, S.M., STD Vidimus et approbamus: Bertrand A. Buby S.M., STD – Director François Rossier, S.M., STD – Examinator Johann G. Roten S.M., PhD, STD – Examinator Thomas A. Thompson S.M., PhD – Examinator Elio M. Peretto, O.S.M. – Revisor Aristide M. Serra, O.S.M. – Revisor Daytonesis (USA), ex aedibus International Marian Research Institute, et Romae, ex aedibus Pontificiae Facultatis Theologicae Marianum, die 22 Augusti 2013. ii Dedication This Dissertation is Dedicated to: Father Bertrand Buby, S.M., The Faculty and Staff at The International Marian Research Institute, Father Jerome Young, O.S.B., Father Rory Pitstick, Joseph Sprug, Jerome Farley, my beloved husband, and All my family and friends iii Table of Contents Prėcis.................................................................................. xvii Guidelines........................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations...................................................................... xxv Chapter One: Purpose, Scope, Structure and Method 1.1 Introduction...................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose............................................................ -
A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han
Consensus Volume 38 Issue 1 Reformation: Then, Now, and Onward. Varied Article 4 Voices, Insightful Interpretations 11-25-2017 A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han Follow this and additional works at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, History of Christianity Commons, Japanese Studies Commons, Korean Studies Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Han, Christina (2017) "A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia," Consensus: Vol. 38 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/consensus/vol38/iss1/4 This Articles is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Consensus by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Han: Reformation in East Asia A Historical Overview of the Impact of the Reformation on East Asia Christina Han1 The Reformation 500 Jubilee and the Shadow of the Past he celebratory mood is high throughout the world as we approach the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. Themed festivals and tours, special services and T conferences have been organized to commemorate Martin Luther and his legacy. The jubilee Luther 2017, planned and sponsored the federal and municipal governments of Germany and participated by churches and communities in Germany and beyond, lays out the goals of the events as follows: While celebrations in earlier centuries were kept national and confessional, the upcoming anniversary of the Revolution ought to be shaped by openness, freedom and ecumenism. -
Bishops Guidelines)
Bishop’s Guidelines 2017 Diocesan Office Bishopscourt St Nicholas Church 24 St Margaret's Street Boley Hill Rochester Rochester ME1 1TS ME1 1SL Tel: 01634 560000 Tel: 01634 842721 Email: Diocesan Office Email: Bishopscourt Rochester Diocese Bishop’s Guidelines 2017 Foreword, by Bishop James “The Church of England is part of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church worshipping the one true God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. It professes the faith uniquely revealed in the Holy Scriptures and set forth in the catholic creeds, which faith the Church is called upon to proclaim afresh in each generation. Led by the Holy Spirit, it has borne witness to Christian truth in its historic formularies, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, The Book of Common Prayer and the Ordering of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. In the declaration you are about to make will you affirm your loyalty to this inheritance of faith as your inspiration and guidance under God in bringing the grace and truth of Christ to this generation and making him known to those in your care?” Preface to the Declaration of Assent (Canon C15) These words introduce the Declaration of Assent which is made by those being commissioned for ordained and lay ministries in our church. They indicate the particular place which the Church of England inhabits in the life of this country. Our heritage is that of the Gospel handed down through the generations, but also the heritage of our ministry and our buildings, together with a substantial role in the nation’s public life. Our ministry has a significant impact on the stories people tell each other of what it means to be a Christian in this country.