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Spatial Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Perambalur District, Tamilnadu

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Spatial Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Perambalur District, Tamilnadu The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367 SPATIAL EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN PERAMBALUR DISTRICT, TAMILNADU M.Vijayalakshmi1 and R.Maniyosai2 1. Research Scholar, Department of Geography Govt College, Kumbakkonam. 2. Assistant Professor, PG and Research, Department of Geography, Govt Arts College, Kumbakonam ABSTRACT Groundwater, which is in aquifers below the surface of the Earth, is one of the Nation’s most important natural resources. It provides drinking water, domestic use, irrigation, Industrial factor. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both and rural India. Water utilization projections for 2000 put the groundwater usage at about 50%.. Its availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to Water scarcity in many parts of the world. Increase in population urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has related in high impact on quality and quantity of water resource. The continuous usage of this precious resource has lead to the depletion of its quality and quantity. In this context a study was initiated to spatial Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for irrigation. The area selected for the present study perambalur district of Tamilnadu.The present study has been undertaken to analyse the geochemical parameters of the Water for irrigation for the period 1995,2005 and 2015 in perambalur district of Tamilnadu using GIS Techniques and find out the temporal changes in the Groundwater quality and village level changes are identified using GIS analysis. It has been identified that good quality of groundwater decreased every year. The zonation of water Quality classified the study area into good quality area in 356.80 sq km, medium quality area in 1353.18sqkm and poor quality area about43.38 sq km. In 1995 the study area under good water quality was 861.25sqkm.In 2005 there was decreased 403.24 sq km and 2015 increased to507.89 sq km. Key Words: Groundwater quality EC, SAR, RSC, Na%, overlay Volume XII, Issue III, March/2020 Page No:1776 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367 1.INTRODUCTION Water is vital renewable natural resources. Three fourth’s of the earths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Groundwater is an important component in many proceses.Groundwater chemistry areas of parameters determines the quality of groundwater of an area in entire world. But some chemical parameters affect the suitability of ground water for irrigation. Poor groundwater quality for irrigation purpose is a matter of worry in recent years. Ayers and Westcor 1983 investigated the groundwater quality depends on the nature of recharging water,precipitation,surface water and hydro geochemical processes in aquifers and reported that the quality of water varies from place to place. In 1987, Ragunath had suggested that the selection of crops should be based on quality of water, available salt content of the irrigation water and the physicochemical characteristics of soil. He had postulated that the recommendations for use of water must take into account the soil types, crops grown drainage and management practices. Jha et al., (2000) have reported the degradation of water quality in Bihar. Study of industrial wastewater, Jana and khondoker Emamul Haque 2002 varies water quality analyses on chemical constitutes were done. sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC),Sodium Soluble Percent(SSP),Permeability Index(PI) and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL)water classification were carried out to understand the suitability of groundwater for agriculture purposes.Anbalazhagan et al 2004 have used the GIS to represent and understand the spatial variation of varies geochemical elements in panvel basin Maharashtra. Laluraj et al(2005) have studied ground water chemistry of shallow aquifers in the coastal zones of Cochin and concluded that groundwater present in the shallow aquifers of some of the stations were poor in quality and beyond potable limit as per the standard set by WHO and ISI. T.Subramani et al 2005 indicating groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agriculture use.variation of groundwater quality and chemical parameters greatly influenced by geological formation and anthropogenic activities. Nishanthing et al 2010 water quality deterioration associated with the ever increasing demand on irrigation water supply leads to the irrigation of farmlands with poor quality water reducing croplands productivity. water quality for agricultural purposes is determined on the basis of the effect of water on the quality and yield of the crops.x.Rosario Arunkumar et al 2011 investigated the geochemical assessment of Groundwater quality in cuddalore has reported that the variation of groundwaterquality in an area is a function of physical and chemical parameters that are greatly influence by geological formations and anthropogenic activities.Jebastina et al.2017 Volume XII, Issue III, March/2020 Page No:1777 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367 investigated on GIS based Assessment of groundwater quality in Coimbatore. In this study they were point out the quality of groundwater by Hydro chemical parameters quality of groundwater assessed for its suitability for different purpose. 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE To analyze the Groundwater quality parameters for irrigation in perambalur district To find out the spatio temporal changes in irrigation Groundwater quality between the years 1995, 2005 and 2015 and to find out the area best suited water quality for irrigation using overlay analysis. 3.STUDY AREA Perambalur district is located in the central part of Tamilnadu.The district lies between 11° 00’ to 11°31’ north latitude and 78°36’to 79° 30’East longitude. The area extend of the study area is 1752sq.km .The district has 4taluks and 4 blocks. It is in inland district without coastal line. The district has vellar river in the north and it has well marked natural division .The study area comes under the sub basin vellar, kallar, sewtanadi, koneri, marudaiyaru and chinnar river. The average annual rainfall of the district is about 950 mm.The soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in organic carbon and the fertility of the soil is very low in some places of the district.(fig 1) 4.METHODOLOGY The base map is created for the present study area using SOI Toposheets.The groundwater quality data was collected from Groundwater department Tharamani Chennai for the year 1995, 2005 and 2015 for 24 wells. The evaluation of Groundwater quality is based on its chemical parameters. The sample locations were plotted in GIS for entire study area. Hydro chemical data used in this analysis including Electrical conductivity(EC),sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and Sodium concentration values (Na%) are plotted in each location individually. The spatial variations of the geochemical parameters has been prepared as Raster GIS image for different periods and then the variation of parameters of water quality for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 has prepared. The variation of water quality integrated and explained using GIS Overlay analysis. The zonation mapping Volume XII, Issue III, March/2020 Page No:1778 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367 has been find out the suitable quality for irrigation. The changes have been observed between 1995, 2005 and 2015.spatial data and mathematical calculations were done in MS Excel. Figure 2 Well location of study area 5.EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION. 5.1 Electrical conductivity (EC) Electrical conductivity (EC) in natural water is the normalized measure of the water’s ability to conduct electric current. The property of water to conduct electric current depends upon the concentrations and movement of ions present in the solution or in the water. EC measured by the conductivity meter in micro mhos. This is mostly influenced by dissolved salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Electrical conductivity for groundwater is the ability of 1cm³ water to conduct an electric current 25°C and is measured in micro Siemens per centimetre, so it depends on the total amount of soluble salts (TDS) as charged particles. It is an important indicater for water quality assessment. Since the composition of mineral salts affects the electrical conductivity of groundwater.watter of low salinity is generally composed of higher proportions of calcium magnesium and bicarbonate ions.water Volume XII, Issue III, March/2020 Page No:1779 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367 concentration of high Concentration sodium bicarbonate and carbonate ions have high PH.In the EC values the spatial distribution for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 are shown in Fig 2 a,b and c.In the year 1995 the EC value ranges from 882mmhos/cm kolkakkanatham in kunnam taluk and 2232mmhos/cm Esanai in perambalur taluk. The maximum value recorded at all taluk in endire district.Some highest values of 4920mmhos/cm and 4280mmhos/cm are observed at Tenur in kunam taluk and peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk.above 2250 mmhos EC value indicates Doubtful quality of water for irrigation. The EC value lying between 750mmhos/cm to 2250 mmhos/cm is considered moderate and above 2250 mmhos/cm is poor quality
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