The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO:0886-9367

SPATIAL EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN , TAMILNADU

M.Vijayalakshmi1 and R.Maniyosai2

1. Research Scholar, Department of Geography Govt College, Kumbakkonam. 2. Assistant Professor, PG and Research, Department of Geography, Govt Arts College, Kumbakonam

ABSTRACT

Groundwater, which is in aquifers below the surface of the Earth, is one of the Nation’s most important natural resources. It provides drinking water, domestic use, irrigation, Industrial factor. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both and rural . Water utilization projections for 2000 put the groundwater usage at about 50%.. Its availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to Water scarcity in many parts of the world. Increase in population urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has related in high impact on quality and quantity of water resource. The continuous usage of this precious resource has lead to the depletion of its quality and quantity. In this context a study was initiated to spatial Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for irrigation. The area selected for the present study perambalur district of Tamilnadu.The present study has been undertaken to analyse the geochemical parameters of the Water for irrigation for the period 1995,2005 and 2015 in perambalur district of Tamilnadu using GIS Techniques and find out the temporal changes in the Groundwater quality and village level changes are identified using GIS analysis. It has been identified that good quality of groundwater decreased every year. The zonation of water Quality classified the study area into good quality area in 356.80 sq km, medium quality area in 1353.18sqkm and poor quality area about43.38 sq km. In 1995 the study area under good water quality was 861.25sqkm.In 2005 there was decreased 403.24 sq km and 2015 increased to507.89 sq km.

Key Words: Groundwater quality EC, SAR, RSC, Na%, overlay

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1.INTRODUCTION

Water is vital renewable natural resources. Three fourth’s of the earths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Groundwater is an important component in many proceses.Groundwater chemistry areas of parameters determines the quality of groundwater of an area in entire world. But some chemical parameters affect the suitability of ground water for irrigation. Poor groundwater quality for irrigation purpose is a matter of worry in recent years. Ayers and Westcor 1983 investigated the groundwater quality depends on the nature of recharging water,precipitation,surface water and hydro geochemical processes in aquifers and reported that the quality of water varies from place to place. In 1987, Ragunath had suggested that the selection of crops should be based on quality of water, available salt content of the irrigation water and the physicochemical characteristics of soil. He had postulated that the recommendations for use of water must take into account the soil types, crops grown drainage and management practices. Jha et al., (2000) have reported the degradation of water quality in Bihar. Study of industrial wastewater, Jana and khondoker Emamul Haque 2002 varies water quality analyses on chemical constitutes were done. sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC),Sodium Soluble Percent(SSP),Permeability Index(PI) and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL)water classification were carried out to understand the suitability of groundwater for agriculture purposes.Anbalazhagan et al 2004 have used the GIS to represent and understand the spatial variation of varies geochemical elements in panvel basin Maharashtra. Laluraj et al(2005) have studied ground water chemistry of shallow aquifers in the coastal zones of Cochin and concluded that groundwater present in the shallow aquifers of some of the stations were poor in quality and beyond potable limit as per the standard set by WHO and ISI. T.Subramani et al 2005 indicating groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agriculture use.variation of groundwater quality and chemical parameters greatly influenced by geological formation and anthropogenic activities. Nishanthing et al 2010 water quality deterioration associated with the ever increasing demand on irrigation water supply leads to the irrigation of farmlands with poor quality water reducing croplands productivity. water quality for agricultural purposes is determined on the basis of the effect of water on the quality and yield of the crops.x.Rosario Arunkumar et al 2011 investigated the geochemical assessment of Groundwater quality in cuddalore has reported that the variation of groundwaterquality in an area is a function of physical and chemical parameters that are greatly influence by geological formations and anthropogenic activities.Jebastina et al.2017

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investigated on GIS based Assessment of groundwater quality in Coimbatore. In this study they were point out the quality of groundwater by Hydro chemical parameters quality of groundwater assessed for its suitability for different purpose.

2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE

 To analyze the Groundwater quality parameters for irrigation in perambalur district  To find out the spatio temporal changes in irrigation Groundwater quality between the years 1995, 2005 and 2015 and to find out the area best suited water quality for irrigation using overlay analysis.

3.STUDY AREA

Perambalur district is located in the central part of Tamilnadu.The district lies between 11° 00’ to 11°31’ north latitude and 78°36’to 79° 30’East longitude. The area extend of the study area is 1752sq.km .The district has 4taluks and 4 blocks. It is in inland district without coastal line. The district has vellar river in the north and it has well marked natural division .The study area comes under the sub basin vellar, kallar, sewtanadi, koneri, marudaiyaru and chinnar river. The average annual rainfall of the district is about 950 mm.The soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in organic carbon and the fertility of the soil is very low in some places of the district.(fig 1)

4.METHODOLOGY

The base map is created for the present study area using SOI Toposheets.The groundwater quality data was collected from Groundwater department Tharamani Chennai for the year 1995, 2005 and 2015 for 24 wells. The evaluation of Groundwater quality is based on its chemical parameters. The sample locations were plotted in GIS for entire study area. Hydro chemical data used in this analysis including Electrical conductivity(EC),sodium adsorption Ratio (SAR),Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and Sodium concentration values (Na%) are plotted in each location individually. The spatial variations of the geochemical parameters has been prepared as Raster GIS image for different periods and then the variation of parameters of water quality for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 has prepared. The variation of water quality integrated and explained using GIS Overlay analysis. The zonation mapping

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has been find out the suitable quality for irrigation. The changes have been observed between 1995, 2005 and 2015.spatial data and mathematical calculations were done in MS Excel.

Figure 2 Well location of study area

5.EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION.

5.1 Electrical conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductivity (EC) in natural water is the normalized measure of the water’s ability to conduct electric current. The property of water to conduct electric current depends upon the concentrations and movement of ions present in the solution or in the water. EC measured by the conductivity meter in micro mhos. This is mostly influenced by dissolved salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Electrical conductivity for groundwater is the ability of 1cm³ water to conduct an electric current 25°C and is measured in micro Siemens per centimetre, so it depends on the total amount of soluble salts (TDS) as charged particles. It is an important indicater for water quality assessment. Since the composition of mineral salts affects the electrical conductivity of groundwater.watter of low salinity is generally composed of higher proportions of calcium magnesium and bicarbonate ions.water

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concentration of high Concentration sodium bicarbonate and carbonate ions have high PH.In the EC values the spatial distribution for the years 1995,2005 and 2015 are shown in Fig 2 a,b and c.In the year 1995 the EC value ranges from 882mmhos/cm kolkakkanatham in kunnam taluk and 2232mmhos/cm Esanai in perambalur taluk. The maximum value recorded at all taluk in endire district.Some highest values of 4920mmhos/cm and 4280mmhos/cm are observed at Tenur in kunam taluk and peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk.above 2250 mmhos EC value indicates Doubtful quality of water for irrigation. The EC value lying between 750mmhos/cm to 2250 mmhos/cm is considered moderate and above 2250 mmhos/cm is poor quality of water for irrigation.In the year 1995 the EC value variation between 930mmhos at kolkanatham to 6380mmhos/cm at kilmathur.In the year 2015 the EC values ranged between 930mmho/cm velur in perambalur taluk and 2210mmhos/cm kilumattur in kunnam taluk. Above 4000mmhos/cm of EC value is recorded at kottarai and kilumattur in kunnam taluk (figure 3 a,b and c).

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5.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

Sodium concentration is important classifying the water for irrigation purpose because Na concentration can reduce the soil permeability and soil structure. Water with very low sodium concentration can be used for irrigation purposes. The higher the Sodium adsorption ratio, the less suitable the water is for irrigation. Irrigation using water with high sodium adsorption ratio may require soil amendments to prevent long term damage (Ca and Mg) to the soil. The process leading to the cation exchange in soil can be studied using Sodium Adsorption Ratio. Where all the ionic concentration is expressed in milli equivalents per litter)

Na

SAR=------

√(Ca+Mg)/2

The year 1995 SAR values are less than 10 in all the 22 water samples, During the year 2005 and 2015 SAR values are 8 and 18 water samples. The SAR value less than 10 epm is considered as excellent and the values between 10 epm to 18 epm are considered to good for irrigation purpose.18epm to 26 epm permissible and more than 26 epm considered to unsuitable for irrigation. Based on the above equation the SARvalue is worked out for 1995, 2005 and 2015 and prepared the spatial variation of individual year. (Figure 4 a, b and c)

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5.3 Residual Sodium Concentration

The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) Index of irrigation water or soil water is used to indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil. The RSC index is used to find the suitability of the Water for irrigation in soil clay soils which have a high cation exchange capacity. High concentration of sodium is bad because it increases the salinity. Eaton(1950) has suggests that water having carbonate and bicarbonate ions in excess of calcium and magnesium will lead to much greater alkaline formation than is indicated by its SAR and thereby decreasing the soil permeability. The plant roots are unable to spread deeper in to the soil due to lack of moisture.(Nordstrom 1982) water having more than 2.5 epm of RSC is not suitable for irrigation purposes .The water with RSC value up to 2.0 epm is permissible for irrigation purposes and whereas this value below 1.25 epm I considered as the excellent quality. The spatial variation of the individual year has been prepared show in fig 5(a,b and c) .During 1995 Observed that value ranges between 0to 9.64.Below 1.25 epm of RSC is observed in maximum of the study area.1.25 to 2.0 epm of RSC are observed at peraiyur, kilamattur in kunnam taluk,ladapuram in perambalur taluk and peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk.The RSC maximum value recorded in viramanallur in kunnam taluk (9.64epm).In the year 2005 the RSC value ranges between 2.52 epm to 20.38 epm which is doubtful and unsuitable for irrigation.During 2015 some region lies in the excellent with RSC value below 1.25.

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5.4 Percentage of sodium (Na %)

The concentration of sodium ion is high in irrigation water Na tends to be absorbed by clay particles, displacing magnesium and calcium ions. This exchange process of sodium in water for Ca and Mg in soil reduce the permeability and eventually results in soil with poor internal drainage. So sodium concentration in ground water has an important role in the classification quality. Maximum of sixty percentage sodium is allowed for agricultural purposes. The sodium percentage of spatial distribution has been mapped fig 6 ( a ,b and c) observed that the sodium percentage of water in the year 1995 ranges from 23% to144%and 4 villages have recorded above 40% to 60% of sodium. Which is 25% of the study area and comes under good category for irrigation purpose and the remaining areas come under poor category of water. During the year 2005 the sodium percentage ranges from 46% %to 124%here 4 locations have exhibited the sodium percentage less than 60% and remaining 20 places have the sodium percentage between 60% to80percent which is poor quality. During the year 2015 the sodium percentage ranges from18.07% to 149.24%. Here maximum 17 locations of the study area poor quality of sodium percentage and 3 places of the study area recorded below 40% of sodium and only one place recorded 40% to 60% of sodium. Remaining 3 location of the study area under medium water quality of water sodium.

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6.RESULT DISCUSSIONS

6.1 Electrical conductivity

The values of 1995 data shows that in chittali,velur,kilmattur and kolkaanatham villages perform medium level of water quality with EC value ranging between 882mmhos/cm to1600mmhos/cm are observed in perambalur and kunnan taluks respectively. varies villages in pasumbalur,eraiyoor,mettupalayam,peraiur ,udumpiyan of veppanthattai taluk viramanallur,nakkasalem,tennur kilumattur in kunnam taluk and Tiruppayyarnatam,Elumbalur,ayilur,esanai in perambalur taluk have very poor quality of water irrigation with EC value ranging between 2300mmhos/cm to4280 mmhos /cm.In 1995,2005 and 2015 the quality of EC value is neither good nor excellent in the study area. In 2005 the EC value is widely varied from the year 1995.velur, poolambadi, udumbiyan, kolkanatham villages have medium quality water for irrigation with EC value ranges between 1590mmhos to 2150mmhos and the Endire villages have poor quality of water for irrigation. very poor EC values ranging between 2610mmhos/cm to7800mmhos/cm. The chittali, velur, kilumatur, sirumathur and Esanai villages which shown medium quality of EC value in the year 1995 is now changed to poor quality during 2005.The pasumbalur, poolambadi and udumbiyan villages of veppanthattai taluk has changed improve from poor quality to medium quality water. In 2015 data shows that improvement in the quality of water regarding EC value when compared to other years of 1995 and, 2005. This may because the land reclamation processes implemented in the district. The velur village of perambalur taluk and, kilamathur, sirumathur village of kunnam taluk have been improved from poor quality to medium quality of water. The pasumabalur still remains with very poor quality of water for irrigation with an EC value of 2040mmhos/cm

6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio.

In the year 1995 SAR values ranges between 0.75 epm to26.72epmand her the SAR value shows a steady trend with the values lying below 10 epm in all the places of study area except in viramanallur and killmattur so excellent quality of water for irrigation. Highest value is recorded at viramanallur 26.72 epm so unsuitable for irrigation.During the year 2005 the SAR values ranges between2.52epm to 16.69epm.Maximum of the locations in the study area have SAR lying between excellent and good quality of water irrigation .In the year 2015 the SAR value ranges between 0.65 epm to 23.14epm.Many of the locations in the study area have SAR value lying below 10epm .The peraiyur village of veppanthattai taluk and

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kottarai in kunnam taluk changed from good quality to poor quality. The sodium adsorption ratio of the perambalur district most of the places exhibit excellent and good quality for irrigation. The value of SAR remains maximum below 0 to 10 during the 30 years of study.

6.3 Residual Sodium Concentration

During 1995 the RSC value ranges between 0.00to 9.64 and her RSC value almost in zero value which shows the endire perambalur district. All the places exhibits good quality of water where the RSC value is below 1.25.Peraiyur in veppanthattai taluk and ladapuram in perambalur taluk shows poor quality with RSC value 1.32 and 1.66.Very poor in verammanallur village in perambalur taluk .In the year 2005 the study area maximum locations have RSC value increased in above 2.5 except in mettupalayam in veppanthattai taluk. During 2015 the RSC value almost increased and which shows the entire district lies in the unsuitable for irrigation.

6.4 Sodium percentage

The Na % of the study area shows that in 1995 the location of eraiyoor in veppanthattai and velur,Ayilur in perambalur taluk have good quality of sodium percentage which recorded as below 20% to 40%.The pasumbalur ,mettupalayam,udumbiyan in veppanthattai taluk,thiruppayyarnatham in perambalur taluk and tenur in kunnam taluk villages shows medium quality of water with of 40% to 60% during the year 1995.During the year 2005 the Na% ranges between 46.96% to124.7% and her during the 1995 the sodium percentage has maximum fluctuations when compared to 2005.The poolambadi in veppanthattai taluk improved poor to medium quality with a Na% value of 75.55% which is below57.74%.The sodium percentage is changed from good quality to poor quality in velur,Ayilur in perambalur taluk .The Na % all other locations shows a increased trend in water quality during this period and this period 13 places unsuitable for irrigation.During the year 2015 Na% has been improved to some villages. The village of vellur in perambalur taluk improved from poor quality to excellent quality of irrigation and the village of udumbiyan in perambalur taluk improved to poor to good quality f irrigation.

All the parameters has been integrated and differentiated the GIS spatial distribution of water quality for irrigation in 1995,2005 and 2015 (fig 7a,b and c) .The area wise classification of irrigation water quality for 1995 ,2005and2015 has been worked out and tabulated in table 1

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Table 1 Water quality change in area (sq.km)

water quality Area in sqkm Area in Area in sqkm catogaries 1995 sqkm2005 2015 Good 861.25 403.24 507.89 Medium 722.03 1203.95 1134.71 Poor 170.08 145.06 110.76

During the year 1995, 2005 and 2015 spatial variation differentiate data has been integrated using GIS Overlay analysis and water quality Zonation mapping has been done for irrigation and is shown in figure 8.Her it is classified as Good, Medium and Poor quality for irrigation purposes of the study area.(figure 8)

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Then considering the EC,SAR,RSC and Na% parameters of water quality for irrigation of the perambalur district, her the year 1995 good to excellent quality is observed in eastern part of Alathur taluk and kunnam taluk, south end of perambalur taluk.The area under good quality of irrigation water for the year 1995 is calculated as an area of 861.25 sq km.During the year 2005 the good quality of irrigation water is found in south east end of the Alathur taluk, south east of kunnam taluk, North and north east of Veppanthattai taluk and central part of perambalur taluk.Here is observed a decrease in the area and is calculated to be about 403.24 sq. Km.In the year 2015 Ecellent and Good quality of irrigation water is found in north eastern part of veppanthattai taluk, west end and south end of Kunnam taluk and south of perambalur and Alathur taluk.Here is observed a increased in 507.89 sq.km and the increase in the area because of carried out in reclamation and mining activities in the district.

7. CONCLUSION

The spatial evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation study that the irrigation water quality has been changed for past 30 years. Particularly the area of good quality was 861.25 sq.km during 1995 and it has reduced to 403.24 sq .km in 2005 .Then it is increased to 507.89 sq.km in 2015. The area under medium quality water is again increased from 722.03 sq.km

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to 1134.71 sq.km and added with good quality area. Based on the zonztion analysis of groundwater quality of the study area 356.80 sq.km of good quality, 1353.18 sq.km of medium quality and 43.38 sq.km of poor quality o areas are identified for irrigation purposes. The waste land and mining activities were observed more in the district durin the period. The study strongly suggests that waste land programmes in the study area very must and the land use planners can opt suitable crops for cultivation by understanding the water quality.

REFERENCE

1) Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture.rrigation and drainage. Paper No. 29. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-117. 2) Raghunath, H.M, (1987) "Geochemical Survey and Water Quality", Groundwater. Wiley Eastern Limited, , pp 343-347 3) Subramanian. Hydro geological studies of the coastal aquifers of Tiruchendur, . PhD thesis, 1994 Manonmanian Sundaranar University, Thiruneveli. 4) Jha, A.N. and Verma, P.K. Physico–chemical property of drinking water in town area of Godda district under Santal Pargana, Bihar. Poll Res. (2000) 19(2), 245–247. 5) C.O (2001) “Water Quality Index: A Tool for Evaluation Water Quality Management Effectiveness.”Journal of the American Water Resources Association.Vol 37 pp 79- 88.

6) S Anbazhagan, AM Nair (2004) “Geo-graphic information system and groundwater quality mapping in Panvel Basin, Maharashtra, India” ,Journal of Environmental Geology, Vol. 45, pp:753–761 7) Subramani .T,Elango.L(2005) “Groundwater quality and suitability for Drinking and Agricultural use in chitthar River basin,Tamilnadu ,India,Environmental geology. Vol 47 pp 1099-11103. 8) Pavendar T, Yuvaraj D, Alaguraja P and Deepika .D, Characteristics of Surface Water Quality- A Case Study in Coimbatore City Corporation, Tamil Nadu, International Journal of Science and Research Methodology. October 2016 Vol.:4, Issue: 4, pp 70-81. 9) Soumiya Mithran, Shanthi. K, Manikandan .T, Yuvaraj.D & Alaguraja. P, Evaluation of Ground Water Quality in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu Using GIS Techniques. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-11, 2016, PP- 2031-2041 10) Laluraj, C.M., Gopinath, G., and Dineshkumar, P.K. Groundwater chemistry of shallow aquifers in the coastal zones of Cochin, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, (2005) 3(1), 133-139 11) Nas B, Berkay A. (2010) Groundwater quality mapping in urban groundwater using GIS Environmental Monitering and Assessment 1609(1-4)pp215-227.

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