Liberty and Optimism Presented Through the Presupposed Meaning of the Characters’ Utterances in Dustin Lance Black’S Film Milk

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIBERTY AND OPTIMISM PRESENTED THROUGH THE PRESUPPOSED MEANING OF THE CHARACTERS’ UTTERANCES IN DUSTIN LANCE BLACK’S FILM MILK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

CHRISTOPHER TJIA Student Number: 124214005

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIBERTY AND OPTIMISM PRESENTED THROUGH THE PRESUPPOSED MEANING OF THE CHARACTERS’ UTTERANCES IN DUSTIN LANCE BLACK’S FILM MILK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By CHRISTOPHER TJIA Student Number: 124214005

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARY A ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini; saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Christopher Tjia Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214005

Demi pengembangan, ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiahsaya yang beIjudul

LIBERTY AND OPTIMISM PRESENTED THROUGH THE PRESUPPOSED MEANING OF THE CHARACTERS' UTTERANCES IN DUSTIN LANCE BLACK'S FILM MILK beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan memublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya seIama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Y ogyakarta Pada tanggall1 Agustus 2016

Yang menyatakan,

Christopher~ Tjia

vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

To those who believe in the profound sense of hope

viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is intriguing to say that Harvey Milk’s proliferation of hope has reinforced me to believe for a betterment, which is actualized through the completion of my thesis. Thus, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. B. Ria

Lestari, M.Sc. for her guidance and my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for the alternatives which lead to the betterment of my thesis. I am also indebted to Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. for his enlightening ideas.

The completion of my study would not be viable without the support from my parents, my brother Octavion Tjia, my sister Natalie Christy Tjia, and my friends, especially Kak Rany, Mbak Dian, Sandra Sexy Montok, Clementyas,

Dita Malfoy, Venny Vendul, Angel Binti, Renie Cantik, Mbak Shelma, Nimas

Sekar, Desty, Dani, Munthe, Icha, and Pipin. My enormous love is also addressed to my best friend Julyan “Mas Jul” Adhitama as the best supporting system with lots of affection, constant fight, and nurturing advice to share. With that being said, I am utterly grateful and look forward to cherishing them all.

Last but not least, I can never thank EDS Sanata Dharma enough for the warmth of unconditional acceptance and the provision of hardwork, resillience, and commitment which instills a self-worth in myself. Thus, a huge shoutout is addressed to Kak Sekartiyasa, Kak Caca, Kak Didy, “The Philosopher” Tyas

Kirana, “The Lovable” Ivonne Kezia, Rara, Festy, Rea, Moore, Grace, and the other members of this family. I wish the best for this family by choice.

Christopher Tjia.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xii ABSTRACT ...... xiii ABSTRAK ...... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 14 C. Review of Related Backgrounds ...... 21 D. Theoretical Framework...... 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 25 A. Object of the Study ...... 25 B. Approach of the Study ...... 26 C. Method of the Study ...... 28

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 30 A. Presupposed Meaning in the Characters’ Utterances ...... 31 1. Pressupposed Meaning in Existential Presupposition ...... 32 2. Pressupposed Meaning in Factive Presupposition ...... 39 3. Pressupposed Meaning in Lexical Presupposition ...... 42 4. Pressupposed Meaning in Non-Factive Presupposition ...... 49 5. Pressupposed Meaning in Counter-Factual Presupposition ...... 51 6. Pressupposed Meaning in Structural Presupposition ...... 54 B. Ideologies in the Characters’ Utterances ...... 58 1. Liberty ...... 59 2. Optimism ...... 69

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 81 APPENDICES ...... 83 Appendix 1: Data for Existential Presupposition ...... 83 Appendix 2: Data for Factive Presupposition ...... 86 Appendix 3: Data for Lexical Presupposition ...... 87 Appendix 4: Data for Non-Factive Presupposition ...... 90 Appendix 5: Data for Counterfactual Presupposition ...... 91 Appendix 6: Data for Structural Presupposition ...... 94

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Utterances with Existential Presupposition...... 32 Table 2. Utterances with Factive Presupposition ...... 40 Table 3. Utterances with Lexical Presupposition ...... 42 Table 4. Utterances with Non-Factive Presupposition ...... 50 Table 5. Utterances with Counter-Factual Presupposition ...... 52 Table 6. Utterances with Structural Presupposition ...... 55 Table 7. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Existential Presupposition ...... 60 Table 8. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Existential Presupposition ...... 62 Table 9. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Factive Presupposition ...... 63 Table 10. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition ...... 64 Table 11. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition ...... 64 Table 12. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Structural Presupposition ...... 65 Table 13. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition ...... 66 Table 14. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Lexical Presupposition ...... 68 Table 15. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Existential Presupposition ...... 69 Table 16. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition ...... 71 Table 17. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition ...... 72 Table 18. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition ...... 73 Table 19. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Lexical Presupposition ...... 74

xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

TJIA, CHRISTOPHER. Liberty and Optimism Presented through the Presupposed Meaning of the Characters’ Utterances in Dustin Lance Black’s Film Milk. Yogyakarta: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Presupposition is something that the speaker assumes to be true before making an utterance. Presupposition as one of the specific concepts in pragmatic approach is used as a means to convey the meaning that is more communicated than what is said. In this case, an underlying belief known as ideology can also be implied through a presupposition. This study analyzes the ideologies promoted by Harvey Milk and his allies in Dustin Lance Black’s film script entitled Milk.

There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem concerns on the presupposed meaning that is presented through the characters’ utterances in the film script entitled Milk. The second problem concerns on how the ideologies are presented through the presupposed meaning of the characters’ utterances in the film script entitled Milk.

This study employed an empirical method with the data taken from a film script. The data collection was done using a purposive sampling method which means utterances that either do not contain presupposed meaning or contain presupposed meaning which does not reveal the ideology would be discharged. For the analysis, this study employed a pragmatic approach with presupposition as the specific concept to presuppose certain meaning behind the characters’ utterances. A critical discourse analysis was enacted to examine the implied meaning beyond the presupposed meaning. In this case, to reveal the ideology carried within the presupposed meaning.

There are two findings in this study. The first one reveals that all of Yule’s six types of presupposition are depicted in the characters’ utterances. There are 10 utterances with existential presupposition, 3 utterances with factive presupposition, 14 utterances with lexical presupposition, 2 utterances with non- factive presupposition, 5 utterances with counterfactual presupposition, and 5 utterances with structural presupposition. The second one is the presupposed meaning is used to emphasize the good things done by the liberals (positive self presentation) and the bad things done by the conservatives (negative other presentation), namely dominance, power abuse, and inequality. It is concluded that when a presupposed meaning is able to expose the dominance, power abuse, and inequality and resist it with the progress made by the ingroups (liberals), it means that there is an underlying idea called ideology that serves as the ground to resist the bad things displayed by the conservatives or the oppositions of gay liberation movement in the film entitled Milk. The ideologies are liberty and optimism.

xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

TJIA, CHRISTOPHER. Liberty and Optimism Presented through the Presupposed Meaning of the Characters’ Utterances in Dustin Lance Black’s Film Milk. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Praanggapan adalah sesuatu yang dianggap sebagai benar sebelum seseorang mengungkapkan tuturannya. Praanggapan, salah satu konsep spesifik di dalam pendekatan pragmatik, digunakan sebagai salah satu cara menyampaikan arti yang melebihi dari apa yang disampaikan seseorang. Di kasus ini, sebuah pemikiran yang mendasar yaitu ideologi dapat diimplikasikan melalui praanggapan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ideologi-ideologi yang dipromosikan oleh Harvey Milk dan persekutuannya di dalam film Dustin Lance Black yang berjudul Milk.

Terdapat dua masalah yang dirumuskan di dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama membahas arti yang dianggap dari tuturan karakter-karakter di dalam film bejrudul Milk. Masalah kedua membahas bagaimana ideologi tertentu ditunjukkan melalui arti yang dianggap dari tuturan karakter-karakter di dalam film bejrudul Milk.

Studi ini menggunakan metode empiris dengan mengambil data-data dari transkrip film. Pengumpulan data tersebut menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yang berarti bahwa tuturan yang tidak mengandung arti yang dianggap atau mengandung arti yang dapat dianggap namun tidak menujukkan ideologi- ideologi tertentu tidak akan digunakan untuk analisis studi ini. Untuk tahap analisis, studi ini menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik dengan praanggapan sebagai konsep spesifik untuk menganggap arti tertentu di balik tuturan karakter di film berjudul Milk. Analisis wacana krisis pun digunakan untuk meneliti arti yang diimplikasikan melalui arti yang dianggap. Di kasus ini, untuk menunjukkan ideologi-ideologi yang dibawa bersama dengan arti yang dianggap.

Terdapat 2 penemuan di studi ini. Yang pertama, semua tipe praanggapan yang dikemukan oleh Yule dapat ditemukan di studi ini. Terdapat 10 praanggapan eksistensial, 3 praanggapan faktual, 14 praanggapan leksikal, 2 praanggapan nonfaktual, 5 praanggapan berlawanan, and 5 praanggapan struktural. Yang kedua, arti yang dianngap ini digunakan untuk menekankan hal- hal baik yang telah dilakukan oleh kaum liberal (positive self presentation) dan hal-hal buruk yang telah dilakukan kaum konservatif (negative other presentation), yaitu, dominasi, penyalahgunaan kekuatan, dan ketidaksetaraan. Arti yang dianggap ini menunjukkan bahwa ide mendasar yaitu ideologi menjadi dasar untuk menekankan hal-hal baik yang telah dilakukan kaum liberal (yang mendukung hak homoseksual) dan menolak hal buruk yang telah dilakukan oleh kaum konservatif (oposisi). Terdapat 2 ideologi di dalam studi ini yaitu kebebasan, dan optimisme.

xiv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

In the era of 1970s, an inequality under the basis of sexual orientation occured, in which homosexuality is judged as a form of deviance or abnormality.

For example, certain discriminative treatment to the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay,

Bisexual, and Transgender) happened when they were assigned with unequal rights and privileges in lots of countries, including the United States of America

(USA). Consequently, it initiates the necessity of LGBT society to gain an acknowledgement and acceptance from the society. In order to attain the acknowledgement and acceptance, LGBT society needs to generate a public discourse to the whole society in a state.

In a public discourse, it is undeniable that language is a necessary tool, for language is a necessary means of communication. Since public discourse aims to communicate certain ideas and gain an acceptance from the society on a particular issue discussed in the discourse, a person involved in the public discourse must obtain an adequate linguistic capacity in order to establish a satisfactory advocacy of ideas in the public discourse. For instance, acknowledgment and acceptance on LGBT society can be executed properly by a person whose linguistic capacity is adequate to advocate the rights of LGBT society to be acknowledged and accepted.

1 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

This study uses a film written by Dustin Lance Black entitled Milk. Milk

(2008) is a biographical film of the first openly gay politician in San Francisco named Harvey Milk, who was demanding for an acceptance towards LGBT society in San Francisco, specifically in a gay neighboorhood, known as The

Castro. As a gay rights activist in 1970s, Harvey Milk involved himself to politics, hoping that one day he would be elected as one of the public officers in San

Francisco to empower better condition for LGBT society. Therefore, his campaign strategy needs to be done as strategic as possible, such as persuading the society and other characters in the film with the aim to either join him to proliferate the gay liberation movement or gain an adequate number of votes for him to be eligible as an elected public officer in San Francisco during the 1970s. Therefore, this study examines the characters’ utterances to identify the value of liberty and optimism as the ideologies that are carried within the utterances.

The method to examine the significance of language to comprehend a discourse is through a critical discourse analysis (CDA). Fairclough argues that comprehending a discourse can be enacted through the analysis on social aspects, such as the producers and the audiences of the discourse, and the aim of producing the discourse (1989: 25). Weiss and Wodak emphasize that CDA aims to analyze the usage of language for people with power, people who are responsible for inequalities, or people who have the means and opportunity to improve the conditions (2003: 14). In response to their points, CDA is totally relevant to analyze the language used by the right wing conservative politician

(Dan White) and the left wing liberals consist of Harvey Milk and his ally (Anne PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Kronenberg, Cleve Jones, and Scott Smith). In the analysis, CDA aims to examine a constituted social inequality expressed by language usage (Weiss and Wodak,

2003: 15). Henceforth, this study will simultaneously reveal how the right wing conservative politician imposes a systematic discrimination against the gay society through their language usage and how the left wing liberals alleviate the issue of gay discrimination in San Francisco during the 1970s.

All of the discourses produced by the characters through their utterances will be analyzed using critical discourse analysis assisted by two linguistic approaches which are pragmatic and lexical semantic approaches. By using the pragmatic approach, the presupposed meaning behind the characters’ utterances will be revealed with the theory of presupposition. However, certain meaning cannot be presupposed with the theory of presupposition in isolation. It means that certain words in the characters’ utterances cannot be directly assumed to presuppose a meaning. Hence, a lexical semantic approach will study the lexical meaning of certain words in the characters’ utterances by looking at the lexical meaning of the words taken from the utterances in isolation. The significance of studying the lexical meaning of certain utterances is to help the understanding on certain types of presuppositions, namely lexical and non-factive presuppositions.

Eventually, all of the presupposed meaning will be linked to the social condition to present the idea of liberty and optimism as Harvey Milk’s ideologies in his utterances.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Problem Formulation

In order to construct the discussion of the study, there are two problems that are formulated as follows:

1. What is the presupposed meaning in the characters’ utterances in Dustin

Lance Black’s film entitled Milk?

2. How does the presupposed meaning present liberty and optimism in Dustin

Lance Black’s film entitled Milk?

C. Objectives of the Study

As objectives, this study intends to examine the presupposed meaning in the characters’ utterances. The examination of presupposed meaning can be done under a pragmatic approach, for it concerns with the meaning conveyed by a speaker that is more communicated than what is said. In presupposing certain meaning using either lexical or non-factive presupposition, a lexical semantic approach will be conducted to analyze the lexical meaning of a particular word in order to provide better understanding of the presupposed meaning without any assumption.

This study also intends to identify the contribution of the presupposed meaning through the characters’ utterances in presenting liberty and optimism which are the ideologies promoted by the film. This objective can be done by critical discourse analysis which aims to draw both ideologies and also the inequality beyond the language by linking the presupposed meaning to the social PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

condition of San Francisco during the 1970s in order to depict the liberty and optimism that want to be promoted by the film.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms, the writer would like to define certain important terms in this study. There are six important terms that will be defined: Characters; Critical Discourse Analysis; Ideology; Lexical

Meaning; Presuppositions; Synonymy; Utterance. Characters are defined as the one who is relevant to events occuring in the story (Stanton, 1965: 17). Therefore, everyone who is relevant to the scenes transcribed in the film script can be considered as characters of the film Milk. A critical discourse analysis (CDA) is defined as an interdisciplinary approach to gain a proper understanding in the function of language to transmit certain ideas, organize a social institution, or exercise power (Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 14). It is also emphasized by Weiss and

Wodak that “CDA sees – discourse – language use in speech and writing – as a form of social practice” (Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13). It means that discourse is

“socially constitutive as well as socially conditioned” (Weiss and Wodak, 2003:

13). In other words, critical discourse analysis is a method to examine linguistic features that are attached to certain discourses (in spoken or written form) which are produced in a particular social condition. Therefore, CDA aims to analyze the function of the language in the discourse, for instance transmitting an ideology.

According to Dijk, ideology has something to do with “systems of ideas, and especially with the social, political, or religious ideas shared by a social group PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

or movement” (2000: 6). It means that ideology is an idea or a value that is commonly shared by all members in a social group or movement. Weiss and

Wodak emphasizes that “language mediates ideology in a variety of social institutions” (2003: 14). It is strengthened by Fairclough by his statement that

a range of properties of texts is regarded as potentially ideological, including features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech- exchange (turn-taking) systems, generic structure, and style (1995: 2).

Therefore, language use in a text, including presuppositions and vocabularies

(words) are potentially carrying certain ideologies within them. Thus, this study aims to discuss how the linguistic features convey particular ideologies.

In defining lexical meaning, Piasecki states that lexical meaning is the semantic description of logical language that represents certain lexical units

(2009: 2). Based on his statement, it indicates that lexical meaning serves a description of certain lexical units using language as the medium to describe certain meaning to noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. In this study, certain words in an utterance will be examined in order to identify the lexical meaning that can contribute to better understanding on certain presupposed information.

In the idea of presupposition, Yule defines presupposition as “something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance” (1996: 25). Yule also emphasizes that in finding an actual presupposition, one must consider certain linguistic forms, such as the use of words, phrases, and structures in an utterance uttered by a speaker (1996: 27). Thus, presupposition is the valid assumption based on the utterance made by a speaker, and it can be indicated as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

actual presupposed information by considering the words, phrases, and also the sentences of the utterance.

In defining the idea of utterance, it is stated by Bakhtin that an utterance can be defined as

a link in the chain of speech communication of a particular sphere. The very boundaries of the utterance are determined by a change of speech subjects. Utterances are not indifferent to one another, and are not self- sufficient; they are aware of and mutually reflect one another (1986: 91).

Based on Bakhtin’s statement, it means that an utterance is the key in speech or communication done in a certain situation. He also states that an utterance needs a speech subject as the one who utters the information. Therefore, this study will examine how Harvey Milk’s utterance is uttered in a certain situation and how it contributes to the revelation of the ideologies that he wants to convey to the society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Presupposition is an instrument that can be used to convey a certain fact, truth, or information that is necessary to be known by certain readers, or audiences. Based on the presupposed meaning, it is strategic to depict certain ideologies that are intended by the speaker‟s utterances in this study. There are two studies that are focused on the concept of presupposition. The first study is an undergraduate thesis entitled “A Study on Pragmatics Presupposition in Countries and States‟ Slogans” by Astika Christia Destin. Destin‟s study aims to show certain types of presupposition occuring in the slogans of certain countries and states and how presuppositional triggers support those presuppositions in the slogans (2013: 5). In order to achieve the aim her study, Destin employs descriptive research method to present the research‟s result in a form of rich description (2013: 6). In her study, she applied descriptive method to explain the presuppositional triggers and the types of presuppositions that occur in the countries‟ and states‟ slogans (Destin, 2013: 51-52). The descriptive method results into the revelation of 6 out of 13 presuppositional triggers and 3 out of 6 types of presuppositions in the slogans (Destin, 2013: vii).

Destin‟s study is related to this study in terms of linguistic approach.

Destin‟s study employs pragmatic approach, presupposition in particular, the same approach that this study employs to examine the characters‟ utterances in the

8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

film. Destin‟s study is also helpful for this study, for her strategy on using presuppositional triggers becomes the guidance in this study to examine the types of presupposition that occur in the film script containing the characters‟ utterances. However, Destin concedes that her study only aims to reveal the presupposed meaning in the countries‟ and states‟ slogans.

This study extends the scope of presuppositions by relating the presupposed meaning to the context of social revolution that occurs in the film

Milk to discover certain truths behind the characters‟ utterances or to analyze the words in the presupposed meaning using the lexical semantic strategy to reveal the lexical meaning of certain words that may assist better understanding on certain presupposed meaning, namely lexical and non-factive presupposition.

Therefore, this study is more extensive because the presupposition is linked to the social revolution that is related to the framework of critical discourse analysis.

The second study is an undergraduate thesis entitled “A Study in

Presupposition Used in Weekender Magazine‟s Advertisements” by Ana

Humardhiana. In her study, Humardhiana finds 5 out of 6 types of presupposition in Weekender magazine‟s advertisement. The presuppositions are 51 existential presupposition, 28 lexical presupposition, 13 factive presupposition, 6 structural presupposition, and 2 non-factive presupposition (2009: vi). Based on her findings, she argues that presupposition is important in persuasive language, including advertising language (2009: 31). Humardhiana‟s argument means that she applies presupposition to help the readers understand the function of the advertisement in Weekender magazine. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

She emphasizes that her study discloses four functions of presuppositions in an advertisement. Firstly, presenting the existence of the product or service, this function can be found in an existential presupposition that makes readers consider the existence of the objects, indicated through possessive pronouns (2009: 61-62).

Secondly, implicit competition, presupposition is used to obey the law by avoiding offensive remarks with the advertiser‟s competitor. The implicit competition in a presupposition can be indicated through comparative and superlative adjectives (2009: 63). Thirdly, making short and memorable message, this function is to make effective and understandable advertisements (2009: 64-

65). Lastly, establishing a virtual poetic world, in this function, Humardhiana argues that “presupposition, as a vital device to express more than what is uttered literally, can play the role of establishing a virtual poetic world” (2009: 65-66).

Humardhiana‟s study is related to this study in terms of the same methodology, for this study also analyzes certain types of presuppositions that can be found in Milk‟s film script. The difference lies on the different objects that are scrutinized. Humardhiana‟s study scrutinizes advertisements in several magazines with presuppositions while this study scrutinizes Dustin Lance Black‟s film script entitled Milk with presuppositions. Humardhiana‟s study is contributive to this study, for her study reveals that presuppositions have an essential role in a certain text, in her case, advertisements. However, the function of the presuppositions in

Humardhiana‟s study is only applicable for advertisements, not to all texts, including film script. In this study, the function of presuppositions is different because this study intends to use the presupposed meaning for depicting certain PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ideologies with the assistance of critical discourse analysis that provides a framework to link the presupposed meaning to the context of social revolution, gay liberation in particular that occurs during the 1970s. Even though the methodology is the same, the function of presupposition that will be revealed in this study will be different from Humardhiana‟s study.

A lexical semantic approach is an approach which examines the lexical unit of language such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. There is a study that can be related to lexical semantic approach. The study is an article entitled

Toddlers Activate Lexical Semantic Knowledge in the Absence of Visual

Referents: Evidence from Auditory Priming by Jon A. Willits, Erica H. Wojcik,

Mark S. Seidenberg, and Jenny R. Saffran. Willits et al. state that the goal of their studies is to assess whether children can apply and use their knowledge about meaningful relationships between words without any additional context that assists them (2013: 4). In actualizing their goal, Willits et al. organize certain words into lists of related and unrelated words for 16 trials and in each trial, one word will be repeated by the caregiver in order to see whether the toddlers understand and know the exact word that the caregiver says and repeats (2013: 9).

Willits et al. also provide a computer that contains the lists of related and unrelated words used for the trials, so if in the event that the toddlers do not know the words pronounced by the caregiver due to their limited semantic knowledge, they can look at either related or unrelated word that they initially do not know about. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Their finding of their study is that toddlers demonstrate a relatedness effect in which the looking times to unrelated words were larger than the looking times to related words (Willits et al., 2013:13). According to their findings, they emphasize that

our knowledge of words includes extensive information about their meanings and how they related to other words. These words meanings are part of a semantic system that also represents information about objects, individuals, and events (Willits et al., 2013: 17).

Willits et al.‟s article can be related to this study because both studies employ the same approach which is lexical semantic approach. Their study is also helpful for this study, for their study emphasizes that extensive information about the meaning of certain words is needed in order to gain the knowledge on certain words. In supporting their statement, this study will later on elaborate certain meanings of the words in order to establish the validity on the specific spectrum of presuppositions, namely lexical and non-factive presuppositions. However, this study differs from Willits et al.‟s study in terms of the goal. Their goal is to prove whether a toddler can use or access their lexical semantic knowledge to either related or unrelated words. This study aims to provide valid presupposed meaning that is presupposed through lexical or non-factive presupposition by analyzing the lexical meaning of certain words, such as verbs or nouns.

A critical discourse analysis is an analysis that can be used to examine certain ideologies and facts behind a speaker‟s utterances. The study that examines certain ideologies behind a speaker‟s utterances is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideologies Revealed through Euphemistic Expressions in Bashar al-Assad's July 16th 2014 Inauguration English Speech Transcript” by Irene PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Anindyaputri. Anindyaputri argues that Assad uses euphemism to hide an unpleasant truth or the real situation. Thus, the euphemism carries certain meanings examined by semantic properties that contain the ugly truth (2015: 65).

Anindyaputri elaborates her argument by saying that the semantic properties are contributive to construct an underlying system which is ideology (2015: 65). She proves that the ideologies revealed from Assad‟s euphemistic expressions are national strength and autonomy (2015: xi). According to her study, it shows that linguistic device, including euphemism is able to reveal certain ideologies from a diplomatic discourse (2015: xi). In her analysis, Anindyaputri uses the strategy of componential analysis in order to analyze the meaning of the words; she argues that componential analysis is important to portray lexical meaning of the euphemistic expressions to comprise the whole meaning of certain words (2015:

32). Based on her findings, Anindyaputri concludes that the ideologies internalized in Assad‟s speech are national strength and autonomy (2015: 80).

Anindyaputri‟s undergraduate thesis can be related to this study because this study also intends to depict certain ideologies through Harvey Milk‟s utterances. As a result, this study also uses CDA to depict certain ideologies in the utterances. However, this study differs from Anindyaputri‟s study in terms of the method in depicting the ideologies because this study intends to find the presupposed meaning first by using presupposition. After that, this study analyzes the words inside the presupposed meaning in order to show certain meanings that can be related to the ideologies promoted by Harvey Milk. Compared to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Anindyaputri‟s study, her study directly analyzes the specific spectrum of words

(euphemistic expressions) uttered by Assad during his inauguration speech.

Based on all of the studies reviewed above, the stance of this study is to improve the studies above by employing presuppositions and critical discourse analysis. By depicting the ideologies of Harvey Milk based on his utterances, this study develops the significance of presupposition as a linguistic device that assists the critical discourse analysis.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is “the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader)” (Yule, 1996: 3). Yule emphasizes that pragmatics analyzes what people actually mean beyond the usage of words or phrases in their utterances, thus making pragmatics as a study of speaker meaning

(1996: 3). The study of pragmatics involves “interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said”. Therefore, pragmatics can also be defined as the study of contextual meaning (Yule, 1996:

3). Yule also argues that pragmatics explores the way listeners interpret the speaker‟s intended meaning by making inferences on what is said (1996: 3).

Yule defines pragmatics as “the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms” (1996: 4). It is emphasized by Yule that several things that can be revealed by studying language via pragmatics are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

people‟s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes and goals, and the kind of actions they are performing when speaking (1996: 4).

2. Presupposition

Presupposition is “something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance” (Yule, 1996: 25). Based on Yule‟s idea in Pragmatics

(1996: 27-30), there are six types of presupposition in certain words, phrases, or sentences. The first is existential presupposition. In existential presupposition, certain information can be presupposed not only through possessive remarks or proper names but also definite noun phrases. One of the examples in existential presupposition is „your car‟. The word „your‟ is a possessive remark for „you‟ which means that the noun phrase with the possessive remark „your‟ presupposes that “you have a car”. The second is factive presupposition. Factive presupposition can be indicated by certain mental verbs such as „realize‟, „regret‟,

„be‟ with „aware‟, „odd‟, and „glad‟. These mental verbs are responsive to certain fact in a sentence; the fact can be discovered in the object of the sentence as the theme of the verb. For instance, “I wasn‟t aware that she was married” presupposes that “She was married”. By using factive presupposition, the sentence in the example earlier presupposes “She was married” because the object following the mental verb can be treated as the fact and the verb „aware‟ is indicating how the speaker (subject) perceives the fact.

The third is lexical presupposition. In lexical presupposition, an information can be presupposed by interpreting the meaning by examining the asserted meaning from the utterance. For instance, when we say that someone PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

„managed‟ to accomplish an achievement, that means that the person succeeded in accomplishing an achievement. Furthermore, certain forms of verb may also show that there is a change of state in that sentence which presupposes certain information. It can be supported by this example, “They stopped smoking” presupposes “They used to smoke”. The presupposed meaning in that example is

“They used to smoke” because the verb „stopped‟ indicates that the subject „they‟ changed their state by putting an end to what they used to start; in this case, smoking. Therefore, the verb „stopped‟ in that sentence presupposes an unstated concept of „started‟ something before it „stopped‟.

The fourth one is structural presupposition, a presupposition that is associated with the usage of certain words or phrases. In structural presupposition, a certain structure takes role in assuming that the information in the sentence is true. Wh-question is the common example of a certain structure that presupposes certain information in that sentence which is already true. For instance, the question “Where did you buy the bike?” presupposes “You bought the bike” because this type of presupposition leads the reader to believe that the information presented is necessarily true based on the structure „did‟ that indicates a past event. In this case, the past event is “You bought the bike”.

The fifth is non-factive presupposition that assumes false information based on the verbs that indicate a certain wish or hope towards something that is not happening. Verbs like „dream‟, „imagine‟, and „pretend‟ are best to illustrate this presupposition. For instance, “He pretends to be ill” presupposes “He is not ill” because the verb „pretends‟ means an act to make something is true when in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

fact it is not. Therefore, the verb „pretends‟ shows the negation of the sentence which is the presupposed meaning.

The last is counter-factual presupposition. In counter-factual presupposition, it assumes that something is not only false but also contrary to the facts. If-clause or conditional sentence is the common example that shows contrary on certain facts. For instance, “If you were my friend, you would have helped me” presupposes that “you are not my friend” because the conditional sentence indicates that the if-clause is contrary to the fact.

3. Semantics

Semantics is “the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and, since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics”

(Palmer, 1981: 1). In specific, lexical semantics studies the meaning of certain words and the meaning relationship among words. Palmer elaborates that by using lexical semantics, the meaning of certain words can be stated through their association with other words (1981: 67).

From Palmer‟s statement, it can be concluded that semantics concerns with the meaning on a certain part of language, such as words, phrases, and sentences. Lexical semantics is a specific spectrum of semantics that specifically concerns with the meaning of certain words and the relationship among words.

4. Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a critical way to scrutinize a certain language in order to reveal ideas beyond the language in the text itself. In supporting the writer‟s point, Weiss argues that “gender issues, issues of racism, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

media discourses, political discourses, organizational discourses or dimensions of identity research have become very prominent” (2003: 12). Based on his statement, it shows that certain prominent issues can be drawn by using CDA in scrutinizing a certain text. One of the prominent issues is gender.

In CDA, Fairclough emphasizes that CDA is consolidated as

a „three-dimensional‟ framework where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution, and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice (1995: 2).

Based on Fairclough‟s idea, it means that CDA provides a three- dimensional framework that analyzes the texts in three separated forms of analysis, including the analysis of texts, discourse practice, and the discursive events.

In elaborating CDA, Weiss also argues that CDA “cannot be viewed as a holistic or closed paradigm” (2003: 12). It means that “CDA has never been and has never attempted to be or provide one single or specific theory, and one specific methodology is not characteristic of research in CDA” (Weiss and

Wodak, 2003: 12). In other words, it means that CDA needs another methodology, for CDA‟s objectives can be derived from various theoretical grounds and methodologies, for instance through metaphorical expressions, euphemism, keyword density analysis, or presupposition which is the one employed in this study.

Wodak and Meyer convey that CDA is interested in “the study of ideologically biased discourse, and the ways these polarize the representation of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

us (ingroups) and them (outgroups)” (2001: 112). Based on their statement, it means that discourse is seen as ideological that it establishes a polarized group consisting of ingroups and outgroups (oppositions). Thus, it is believed that CDA witnesses “an overall strategy of positive self-presentation and negative other presentation” (Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 112). In other words, it means that CDA examines an ideology in a discourse that has an objective to emphasize the ingroups‟ good things (positive self-presentation) and the outgroups‟ bad things

(negative other presentation).

Other than the study of ideologically biased discourse, it is emphasized by Wodak and Meyer that CDA is “the study of the many forms of implicit or indirect meanings, such as implications, presuppositions, allusions, vagueness, and so on” (2001: 113). They also point out that

implicit meanings related to underlying beliefs, that are not precisely asserted for various contextual reasons, including the well-known ideological objective to de-emphasize our bad things and their good things (Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 113).

Based on their points above, it means that CDA is a strategic tool to scrutinize presuppositions with their implicit meanings that carry an underlying belief known as ideology that is not precisely asserted due to a contextual reason.

Thus, emphasizing ingroups‟ good things and outgroups‟ bad things while de- emphasizing ingroups‟ bad things and outgroups‟ good things is the strategy to imply the ideology in a presupposition that is used as a biased discourse.

CDA sees discourse as socially conditioned, which means it consitutes the social conditions among society and it is seen as a tool to retain and reproduce the social status quo (Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 13). In other words, the discourse PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

contributes a lot to the social practices in the status quo, which can be known as discursive practrices as well. In elaborating the idea of discursive practices, Weiss and Wodak state that

discursive practices may have major ideological effects – that is, they can help produce and reproduce unequal power relations between (for instance) social classes, women and men, and ethnic/cultural majorities and minorities through the ways in which they represent things and position people (2003: 13).

Based on their point above, it means that such discourses used by people in a social status quo may carry an ideology that can be related to the unequal power relations between the majority and the minority in the society. Therefore

CDA focuses on how social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted and resisted in a social or political context (Dijk, 2000: 18).

5. Ideology

Based on Fairclough, ideology is an “implicit philosophy in the practical activities in social life” (1989:84). It means that an ideology serves as an idea or belief system that enshapes one‟s social behavior. In conducting an empirical ideology research, Verschueren states that it is concerned with the meaning of certain texts and the way it is generated (2011: 21). He adds that “In actual research practice, most discourse-based studies of ideological processes start from basic intuitions that are not unrelated to the researcher‟s involvement” (2011: 21).

Based on Verschueren‟s point, it means that it is inevitable to involve the researcher‟s subjectivity in utilizing his intuition in deciding an ideology in a text.

Therefore, Verschueren emphasizes that such intuition of an ideology can be valid if it formulates researchable questions that can be supported with empirical PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

evidence such as linguistic tools (2011: 22). In that light, the presupposed meaning in this study serves as the linguistic tools that validate the researcher‟s intuition towards the ideology of liberty and optimism.

In order to relate the presupposed meaning to the revelation of an ideology, Verschueren argues that

Before an aspect of meaning can be seen as an ingredient of ideology, it should emerge coherently from the data, both in terms of conceptual connectedness with other aspects of meaning and in terms of patterns of recurrence or of absence (2011: 23).

Based on his point, it means that it is vital to examine the patterns of recurrence or of absence in the presupposed meaning to present the ideology of liberty and optimism in Dustin Lance Black‟s film entitled Milk.

C. Review of Related Backgrounds

Harvey Milk, a pioneer of civil rights, becomes the first openly gay politician when he is elected as San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977.

During that time, the gay community is encountering widespread hostility and discrimination. One of the widespread discrimination suffered by the gay community is the marginalization under the basis of inequality in law and social.

For instance, police raid forces certain gay society to be put into imprisonment

(jail) or hospital (with the aim to “cure” their homosexuality).

During the candidacy process, Milk suffers from daily death threats by homophobic society. What‟s worse is that Harvey Milk is aware of the possible death that may come to him. Consequently, he records a speech in his kitchen to express his will which can only be heard in the event of his assassination. This PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

threat does not stop Milk to fight for the LGBT rights when he decides to still run for candidacy even though he suffers three failures. The main purpose of Harvey

Milk to be elected as the supervisors is to liberate gay society from any discrimination or persecution. This main purpose comes up when Milk is aware that other minorities namely Afro-American or women have already got their important figure that fights for their rights (minority rights). Therefore, he intends to be the important figure for the gay rights. Thus, his intention creates the nuance of gay liberation during the 1970s.

On November 27, 1978, Dan White, a conservative politician, sneaks in to the City Hall, surviving from the metal detector, and eventually walks down the hall to murder Milk with a gun. In order to pay tribute to Harvey Milk, thousands of society march from Castro Street to City Hall in a silent candlelight vigil. In his recorded will, Harvey Milk conveys that LGBT people‟s participation will be necessary to empower protections for their equal rights (Kronenberg, 2014).

D. Theoretical Framework

There are four theories that will be used in this study. The first one is pragmatics, the second one is presupposition, the third one is lexical semantics, and the last one is CDA. All of these theories will be the guidance in answering both of the formulated problems stated above. The theory of pragmatics is essential to validate the intended meaning of certain speaker to the utterances. One of the methods to find out the intended meaning of certain speaker‟s utterances is by pointing out the presupposed meaning behind the utterances. As stated above, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

presupposition is something that the speaker assumes or presupposes through the utterances. Therefore, presupposition is the specific concept of pragmatics that will be essential in finding out the intended meaning of the characters‟ utterances in the film. In presuppositions, these theories will be useful to identify which types of presupposition that can be used appropriately in certain utterances made by the characters in the film.

Therefore, the theory of presupposition is essential in order to depict the presupposed meaning. In order to assist better understanding on either lexical or non-factive presupposition, a lexical semantic strategy will be employed in order to draw the further explanation on certain lexical unit or words such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. The further explanation will be done by depicting the lexical meaning of the words in isolation that will be contributive to presuppose the information through lexical presupposition or non-factive presupposition. The main purpose of finding the lexical meaning of the words in lexical and non-factive presupposition is to avoid any assumption on the presupposed meaning. Therefore, the validity can be proven by a further examination on the words using lexical meaning as the relatable factor.

Last but not least, CDA. CDA is beneficial in depicting the ideologies in the movie. The aim of using CDA is to relate the presupposed meaning to the way of Harvey Milk and his ally in resisting the domination of an opposition that creates certain social inequality. In this study, CDA will portray that presupposed meaning is a tool for Harvey Milk and his ally as the prominent figures to persuade certain followers with certain ideologies that want to be empowered by PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

them. Therefore, CDA has an important role in relating the presupposed meaning to the context which will be completed by the depiction of the ideologies in the characters‟ utterances. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a film script entitled Milk. This film was an autobiographical film of the main character named Harvey Milk, a first openly gay politician back then in 1977. It was released on November 26, 2008. The film was directed by Gus Van Sant and was performed by an Academy Award winning actor Sean Penn. The film script was written by Dustin Lance Black. The transcription of Milk was identical to the film script which was written by Dustin

Lance Black and directed by Gus Van Sant. In that light, the transciption of the film is relevant to the dialogs uttered by the characters in the film. The film script consisted of 106 pages. The script was distributed into 160 scenes, but not all scenes depicted the issue of gay discrimination and gay liberation.

The film script of Milk was chosen as the source of data, for the film received eight Academy Award nominations that eventually led to winning two nominations which were Best Actor (Sean Penn) and Best Original Screenplay

(Dustin Lance Black). The nomination and victory were the results of its contribution in portraying an issue of homosexuality, which was acclaimed with numerous accolades by the audiences or film critics.

In the film script, there are lots of sentences uttered by the characters. In the aim of analyzing their utterances, the linguistic element that is necessary to be analyzed is the sentences in Black’s film script. In order to create a specific

25 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

examination, the sentences that are analyzed are the sentences containing certain presupposed meaning. Certain words and phrases are also essential to complement this study because certain words or phrases in the sentence containing the presupposed meaning may also be important to be examined.

B. Approach of the Study

The foundation of this study is comprised of two linguistic approaches.

Firstly, the pragmatic approach is applied. As stated above, pragmatic approach deals with certain meanings that are communicated by a speaker. The data of this study are certain sentences uttered by the characters in Black’s film script.

Therefore, pragmatic approach is the strategic approach to treat the data as the object of examination to discover the meaning that aims to be communicated by the characters in Black’s film script. Eventually, the examination of the meaning communicated by the characters will be done under the specific concept of presupposition which reveals certain presupposed meaning in the characters’ utterances. As stated above, presupposition is something that the speaker assumes to be the case through his or her utterance. Thus, presupposition conveys certain information that can be presupposed through certain utterances. Consequently, presupposition will be essential in depicting certain presupposed meaning from the characters’ utterances and the presupposed meaning will be related to the context of gay liberation in San Francisco during the 1970s.

Presupposition is the most strategic concept in this study because pragmatic approach concerns with what people actually mean beyond his or her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

utterances (speaker meaning). Furthermore, pragmatic approach also concerns with how particular context may reveal what people actually mean in his or her utterances (contextual meaning). In this case, presupposition will be employed to convey certain presupposed meaning which will be the portrayal of what the characters actually mean beyond their utterances and it will be related to the context of gay liberation in San Francisco during the 1970s.

However, in particular presuppositions which are lexical and non-factive presuppositions, the depiction on the presupposed meaning cannot be done in isolation due to the potential unproven assumption on certain words in the utterances. Therefore, a lexical semantic approach is conducted because it concerns with the meaning of words that will be contributive to assist the understanding of the presupposed meaning.

Secondly, CDA is applied in the aim of discovering the significance of the presupposed meaning. As stated above, CDA is essential to depict certain ideas beyond the language in a text under a critical scrutiny. In this study, CDA will discover that Black’s film script depicts certain prominent ideologies carried in the film. As stated above, the ideologies (in CDA) take an essential role as a foundation of someone who is responsible to improve certain condition. For instance, improving the issue of inequality depicted in Black’s film script. In response to that, CDA will be applied by showing the contribution of the presupposed meaning to the depiction of the prominent ideologies carried by

Harvey Milk in the film. Consequently, CDA becomes a strategic approach to analyze the ideologies behind the presupposed meaning. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

The study is conducted under two necessary procedures which are data collection and data analysis. Data collection is the initial step of this study. Data analysis is the final step of this study to discover the findings of this study.

1. Data Collection

A purposive sampling study was executed in order to only analyze the utterances of the characters in Black’s film script that may led to the internalization of either liberty or optimism. There were several procedures in collecting the data. The first was by acquiring the transcription of the film. The film script was downloaded from The Screenplay Database on September 8, 2015.

The second was by examining all 160 scenes and classifying certain scenes containing a potentially presupposed meaning in an utterance uttered by the characters in the film script. The third was discharging the scenes that did not have the utterance that might have potentially presupposed meaning, for it was unnecessary in accomplishing the objectives of this study. The last was putting all of the presupposed meaning into a further examination to discover the prominent ideologies behind the presupposed meaning.=

2. Data Analysis

In order to utilize the data into a further examination, this study used presupposition on every sentences uttered by the characters. The main aim of examining the sentences further by using presupposition was to present the presupposed meaning on the characters’ utterances. This method could be done by PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

using Yule’s theory of presupposition in order to validate the presupposed meaning behind the characters’ utterances. In some cases, such as presenting the presupposed meaning through lexical and non-factive presupposition, a lexical semantic approach was employed. In order to find the meaning of certain words that might give better understanding on the presupposed meaning, this study refered to the eighth edition of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The presupposed meaning would not be the final outcome of the analysis, for the presupposed meaning might carry certain ideas beyond the language use.

Consequently, the presupposed meaning would be the basis of the film Milk’s prominent ideologies in the context of 1970s characterized in Black’s film script.

In order to find out the prominent ideologies behind the characters’ utterances, CDA was employed in the process of analysis. Knowing that CDA could relate certain language use with a specific context, this study aimed to relate the presupposed meaning to the context of gay liberation in the 1970s led by

Harvey Milk. Consequently, the presupposed meaning would be interpreted as the depiction of what was happening during the 1970s in San Francisco. Then, the presupposed meaning would be related to what kind of belief or aim that the film carried during the context of gay liberation in 1970s. After that, this belief or aim could be translated to the ideologies that the film carries in order to improve the condition of inequality in San Francisco during the 1970s.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter will be divided into two parts of analysis. The first part of the analysis portrays the contribution of the pragmatic approach with the specific concept of presupposition to depict the presupposed meaning in Harvey Milk‘s utterances. The theory of presupposition will be assisted with a lexical semantic approach to help the understanding of certain presupposed meaning depicted through either lexical or non-factive presupposition. The first part of the analysis answers the first problem formulation of the study.

The second part of the analysis portrays the ideologies which are liberty and optimism depicted through the presupposed meaning in the utterances found in the film script. The depiction is done with critical discourse analysis in which the utterances will serve as a discourse that emphasizes the negative other presentation (outgroups‘ bad things) such as dominance, power abuse, and inequality displayed to the gay community. The outgroups‘ bad things are then resisted with an underlying belief called ideology, and supported by the positive self presentation (ingroups‘ good things) emphasized through the presupposed meaning. Thus, the emphasis shows that the presupposed meaning carries an ideological effect. The second part of the analysis answers the second problem formulation of the study.

30 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A. Presupposed Meaning in the Characters’ Utterances

This part examines the presupposed meaning that can be identified through the utterances made by the characters in Dustin Lance Black‘s film entitled Milk. There are six types of presuppositions affirmed by Yule (1996) which are existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, non-factive presupposition, counter-factual presupposition, and stuctural presupposition. The presupposed meaning in the utterances made by the characters in Dustin Lance Black‘s can be presupposed in all types of presuppositionsaffirmed by Yule. In this chapter, the symbol ―>>‖ stands for presupposes and the underlined word, phrase, or sentence shows the trigger of each presupposed meaning. The percentage of types of presuppositions that occur in characters‘ utterances in Dustin Lance Black‘s film entitled Milk is presented in chart 4.1. as follows.

Chart 4.1. Types of Presuppositions

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

1. Presupposed Meaning in Existential Presupposition

Existential presupposition is a type of presupposition which presupposes certain meaning by using definite descriptions such as possesive remarks, noun phrases, or proper names. Based on the data above, it indicates that the researcher finds 25.6% out of 39 utterances in the film script that belong to the existential presupposition. There are 10 utterances in the film script that presuppose meaning based on existential presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on existential presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances 1/3 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will Harvey Milk 9/20 McConnelly Conversation Scott Smith David Goodstein 26/25 Conversation Harvey Milk 36/57 Harvey Milk Conversation with a boy 41/67 Dan White Press Conference Channel 5 Reporter Conversation 49/76 Harvey Milk (Interview by the reporter) Anne Kronenberg 58/88 Conversation Harvey Milk 68/94 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will Cleve Jones 70/99 Conversation Harvey Milk 81/112 Harvey Milk Speech at the City Hall‘s front doors Table 1. Utterances with Existential Presupposition

All of the utterances mentioned in the table above presuppose a meaning that is triggered by the definite description, such as possesive remarks, noun phrases, and proper names. The first utterance is found in Scene 3, portraying

Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in a tape recorder which can only be played in the event of his assasination (if it occurs). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(1) Harvey Milk: If I was speaking to a slightly hostile or mostly straight audience, I‘d try to break the tension with a joke (p.1).

>> There is a slightly hostile and straight audience.

Based on the utterance above, it presupposes that there is a slightly hostile and straight audience in San Francisco during the 1970s, indicated by the noun phrase a slightly hostile or mostly straight audience. Those two noun phrases presuppose the existence of a slightly hostile audience that is mostly straight (non-homosexual). The second utterance is found in Scene 9, portraying

Harvey Milk‘s conversation with two other characters namely McConnelly and

Scott Smith.

(2) McConnelly: I don‘t think your application will be approved Mr. Milk. This is a family neighboorhood. Your kind is far more welcome on Haight Street. Harvey Milk: (trying to keep it friendly) What ―kind‖ do you mean, sir? McConnelly: (not playing along) The Merchant‘s Association will have the police pull your license if you open your doors. Scott Smith: Based on what law? McConnelly: There‘s a man‘s law and there‘s God‘s law in this neighboorhood and in this city. The San Francisco Police force is happy to enforce either. Harvey Milk: (to McConnelly as he walks away) Thanks for the warm welcome to the neighboorhood! (p.9).

>> There is a ―kind‖ of person that refers to a gay person or gay community that is far more welcome on Haight Street. >> There is a law established by the society and God‘s law in San Francisco.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes two kinds of meaning.

The first one is that there is an existence of a gay person that is far more welcome on Haight Street, indicated by the possesive remark your kind. The reason why your kind can be referred to gay people because in its isolated meaning, kind PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

means a group of people or things that is the same in some ways. Thus, the possessive remark your uttered by McConnelly refers to Harvey Milk‘s possession. It means that your kind refers to the people that are the same as

Harvey Milk in some ways, in this case sexual orientation. Thus, your kind means gay people (homosexuals) who are in the same position as Harvey Milk. The second one is that there is an existence of man‘s law and God‘s law in San

Francisco, indicated by the genitive (‗s) that is attached to the noun man and God which means that the law belongs to both man and God. Therefore, it is presupposed that there is a man‘s law and God‘s law in San Francisco.

The third utterance is found in Scene 25, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with David Goodstein.

(3) David Goostein: For you, politics is a game, a lark. Like putting a rock festival or staging a ―love-in.‖ You‘re too old to be a hippie, Harvey Milk! Harvey Milk: I‘m not a candidate. I‘m part of a movement. The movement is the candidate (p.26).

>> There is a movement.

Based on the conversation above, Harvey Milk‘s utterance presupposes that there is a movement that is a part of Harvey Milk. The presupposed meaning can be indicated by the noun phrase a movement which illustrates the existence of a movement advocated by Harvey Milk. The fourth utterance is found in Scene 57, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with a boy.

(4) Harvey Milk: There are people out here just like you who will welcome you and love you (p.36).

>> There are people out here just like the boy who will welcome the boy and love the boy.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance, it presupposes that there are people out there in San Francisco, indicated by the noun phrase people. The fifth utterance is found in Scene 67, portraying the speech of Dan White in a press conference.

(5) Dan White: I‘m not going to be forced out of San Francisco by splinter groups of social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles (p.41).

>> There are splinter groups of social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles.

Based on Dan White‘s utterance above, it presupposes that there are splinter groups of social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles. The presupposed meaning can be indicated through the noun phrase splinter groups which are elaborated with the prepositional phrase of social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles. The prepositional phrase takes a significant contribution as the modifier of the noun phrase splinter groups. The sixth utterance is found in Scene 76, portraying an interview between Harvey Milk and

Channel 5 Reporter.

(6) Reporter: Does this mean, as many straights are concerned, maybe the gays are taking over San Francisco? Are you going to be a Supervisor for all the people? Harvey Milk: I have to be. That‘s what I was elected for. I have to be there to open up the dialogue for the sensitivities of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect all of us. (toasts the camera) Thank you San Francisco! Thank you! (p.49).

>> There are sensitivities of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect all of us.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that there are sensitivities in San Francisco. It is indicated through the noun phrase sensitivities PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

which is elaborated by a prepositional phrase of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect us all as the modifier of the noun phrase. Thus,

Harvey Milk presupposes that sensitivities by people which affect the gay community during the 1970s exist.

The seventh utterance is found in Scene 88, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg.

(7) Harvey Milk: Good or bad? Anne Kronenberg: Not great. State Senator John Briggs is Anita Bryant‘s go to-guy in California for sure. He‘s filed his petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers and anyone who supports them (p.58).

>> John Briggs and Anita Bryant exist. >> There is a petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers. >> There are gay teachers.

Based on the conversation above, Anne Kronenberg‘s utterance presupposes three kinds of meaning. Firstly, John Briggs and Anita Bryant exist in

San Francisco, indicated by the proper names, John Briggs, and Anita Bryant.

Anita Bryant is a right-wing conservative politician during the 1970s who becomes the main opposition of Harvey Milk, as the left-wing politician advocating for liberalism and minority rights. Secondly, there is a petition for a statewide referendum, indicated by the noun phrase a petition complemented by the prepositional phrase for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers as the complement of the noun phrase. Thirdly, there are gay teachers, indicated by the noun phrase gay teachers. Therefore, the existence of gay teachers in San

Francisco is presupposed through Anne Kronenberg‘s utterance. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The eighth utterance is found in Scene 94 where Harvey Milk records his will in a tape recorder.

(8)Harvey Milk: Across the country, a handful of city councils had passed the very first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination. But Anita Bryant and her right wing Christian fundamentalists were creating and exploiting and fanning a backlash. Now she had referenda to repeal of these gay rights ordinances. While we ere preparing for the battle against Briggs and Prop Six, Anita Bryant was taking her show on the road. . .sweeping the country. Her next stop was Wichita, Kansas (p.68).

>> There are first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination. >> There are right wing Christian fundamentalists. >> There are referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances. >> Prop Six exists.

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes four kinds of presupposed meaning. The first one is there are first ordinances protecting gay people against discrimination, indicated by the noun phrase first ordinances that is followed by a reduced adjective clause protecting gay people against discrimination. The second one is there are right wing Christian fundamentalists as the avid supporters of Anita Bryant, Harvey Milk‘s opposition. It is indicated by the possessive remark her which presupposes that the right wing Christian fundamentalists belong to Anita Bryant. The third one is there are referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances, indicated by the noun phrase referenda elaborated with a to-infinitive clause to repeal the gay rights ordinances as the modifier. The fourth one is Prop Six exists, indicated by the noun phrase Prop Six.

Therefore, Harvey Milk‘s utterance above presupposes the existence of four entities which are first ordinances that protect gay people from discrimination, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

right wing Christian fundamentalists, referenda to repeal the gay rights ordinances, and Prop Six.

The ninth utterance is found in Scene 99, portraying conversation with

Cleve Jones.

(9) Cleve Jones: What do I do with this? Harvey Milk: You‘re an activist. Take it. March them. March those people up to the front doors of City Hall. When it looks really bad, the city‘s first gay Supervisor will come out and play peacemaker. We save the city from a riot. We can turn this night into more political power for the cause (p.70).

>> There is an activist named Cleve Jones. >> There is a first gay Supervisor in the city who will come out and play peacemaker.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes two kinds of meaning.

The first is there is an activist named Cleve Jones, indicated by noun phrase an activist. The activist is named Cleve Jones because the pronoun you uttered by

Harvey Milk refers to Cleve Jones, the one who is having a conversation with him in Scene 99. The second is there is a first gay Supervisor who will come out and play peacemaker, indicated by the genitive (‗s) attached to the noun city in Harvey

Milk‘s utterance above. It means that the first gay Supervisor belongs to the city, in this case San Francisco. The phrase will come out and play peacemaker is the complement of the first gay Supervisor that is presupposed in this utterance.

The tenth utterance is found in Scene 112, depicting Harvey Milk‘s speech at the City Hall‘s front doors.

(10) Harvey Milk: Hello. My name is Harvey Milk, and I want to recruit you. (an enormous cheer rises) I want to recruit you for the fight to preserve our democracy PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

against Anita Bryant and John Briggs, who are trying to legalize bigotry (p.81).

>> Democracy exists >> Bigotry exists

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes two entities that exist which are democracy and bigotry. The existence of democracy is presupposed through the possesive remark our which indicates that the ―existing democracy‖ belongs to Harvey Milk and his avid supporter who proliferates the gay liberation as well. The existence of bigotry is presupposed through the noun phrase bigotry itself. Lexically, bigotry means the state of feeling, or the act of expressing strong and unreasonable beliefs or opinions about race, religion, politics, or sexual orientation.Therefore, it is relevant to say that Anita Bryant and

John Briggs, as the opposition of the gay liberation movement, would like to legalize the bigotry that exists.

2. Presupposed Meaning in Factive Presupposition

Factive presupposition is a type of presupposition which presupposes meaning through a mental verb that is responsive to a certain fact uttered by someone. The instances of the mental verb are ‗realize‘, ‗regret‘, ‗be‘ with

‗aware‘, ‗odd‘, and ‗glad‘. The object of the sentence containing the mental verb will be the presupposed meaning because the object encompasses the fact uttered by the characters in the film script with a mental verb. Reflecting to the chart above, there are 7.7% out of 39 utterances containing factive presupposition.

There are 3 utterances in the film script that presuppose meaning based on factive PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on factive presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances 2/5 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 3/11 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 41/66 Dan White Press Conference Table 2. Utterances with Factive Presupposition

Three utterances mentioned above presuppose meaning indicated through the mental verb of the sentence. The first utterance is found in Scene 5, depicting

Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in his apartment.

(1) Harvey Milk: I fully realize that a person who stands for what I stand for – an activist, a gay activist – becomes the target or potential target for a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or very disturbed themselves. . . (p.2).

>> There is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves.

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that there is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves. It means that the people who are advocating for gay liberation as an activist, gay activist in particular becomes the target of insecure, terrified, and afraid people. In the context of gay liberation, those people are dubbed as homophobic society. The presupposed meaning can be indicated by the mental verb realize that is responsive to the fact that has been previously presupposed. The pronoun I in the utterance refers to Harvey Milk because the pronoun I is uttered by Harvey Milk himself. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The second utterance is found in Scene 11 which also portrays Harvey

Milk‘s recorded will in his apartment.

(2) Harvey Milk: Knowing that I could be assasinated at any moment, I feel it‘s important that some people should understand my thoughts (p.3).

>> Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment.

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance, it presupposes that Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment, indicated by their position as the object of the verb knowing. It means that the verb knowing is responsive to the fact that Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment. The pronoun I in the utterance also refers to

Harvey Milk because it is uttered by Harvey Milk in the scene which means that the pronoun I belongs to Harvey Milk. The third utterance is found in Scene 66, depicting a press conference held by Harvey Milk‘s opposition named Dan White.

(3) Dan White: You must realize there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city (p.66).

>> There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city.

Based on Dan White‘s utterance above, it presupposes that there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city. The presupposed meaning is indicated by the position of the clause as the object of the verb realize which means it can be treated as the fact that is presupposed through Dan White‘s utterance. Malignancies themselves mean a disease that cannot be controlled that most likely results into death. In this issue, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Dan White presupposes that the there are thousand people who are furious enough due to seeing gay community as the malignancies that may blight or damage San

Francisco.

3. Presupposed Meaning in Lexical Presupposition

Lexical presupposition is a type of presupposition which pressuposes a meaning by the meaning of a word asserted from the utterances. Therefore, the lexical meaning of a certain word needs to be defined in order to convey a proper presupposed meaning. The chart above indicates that 35.9% (14) of 39 utterances belong to lexical presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on lexical presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances Harvey Milk 5/15 Conversation Scott Smith Allan Baird 14/27 Conversation Harvey Milk 15/27 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 17/31 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 17/31 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 18/31 Harvey Milk Speech at the Castro Street 20/33 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 39/61 Harvey Milk Speech at the City Hall 39/61 Harvey Milk Speech at the City Hall 39/63 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will Harvey Milk 41/68 Conversation Scott Smith Dan White 55/87 Conversation Harvey Milk 60/90 Harvey Milk Coverage on TV Anne Kronenberg 64/91 Dick Pabich Conversation Harvey Milk 95/131 Harvey Milk Speech at the Market Street Table 3. Utterances with Lexical Presupposition PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The first utterance is found in Scene 15, both of them are portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith.

(1) Scott Smith: Now you tell me. Harvey Milk: There‘s nothing tougher than a New York City cop. They‘re arrogant, and they‘re everywhere (p.5).

>> New York City cops are behaving in an unpleasant way.

In utterance (1), it presupposes that New York City cops are behaving in an unpleasant way towards the gay community in San Francisco, indicated by the lexical meaning of arrogant. It is also strengthened by the phrase uttered by

Harvey Milk that there is nothing tougher than the arrogant New York City cops mentioned before.

The second utterance is found in Scene 27, portraying the conversation between Allan Baird and Harvey Milk.

(2) Allan Baird: What‘s that? Harvey Milk: The mayor part. I‘ve considered gathering an army of queers to march up the City Hall and secede (p.14).

>> Harvey Milk considers gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from the nation.

Based on the utterance (2) above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk considers gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from the nation. Secede, in its isolated meaning, means that to leave an organization or state and to become independent. In the era of gay liberation, therefore, Harvey Milk would like to rally up a group of queers to form a sort of separatist movement, as a political expression that the state (San Francisco) is not representative for them anymore.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The third utterance is found in Scene 27, the third utterance which transcribes Harvey Milk‘s recorded will.

(3) Harvey Milk: We weren‘t just a group of pansies anymore. We had a neighboorhood. We had the unions. And for the first time, we had a little bit of power (p.15).

>> They (the gay community) were a group of pansies and they did not have a power before.

Based on the utterance (3) above, it presupposes two kinds of meaning that are related to each other, thus it can be concluded with one sentence. The presupposed meaning is they (the gay community) were a group of pansies and they did not have a power before, indicated by the phrase anymore added to a negation in the word weren’t and the phrase for the first time which shows a state of change in that sentence. The phrase anymore with a negation indicates a state of change that something had happened in the past, and it does not happen in the current momentum. In relation to the utterance above, it affirms that in the past, the gay community was a group of pansies before, and in the context of 1970s, they were not classified as pansies anymore.

On the contrary, the phrase for the first time is the opposite of anymore, for it explains something that has never happened before and eventually it happens for the very first time. In relating the state of change to the utterance, the contribution of the phrase for the very first time is to affirm that the gay community did not have any power before and right now they have obtained a power for the first time. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Scene 31 provides three utterances (fourth, fifth, and sixth) that presupposes certain information, all of them illustrate a speech given by Harvey

Milk in the Castro Street

(4) Harvey Milk: A week ago, Police officers came into our area with covered up badges and sent fourteen of our people to the hospitals, and to jail (p.17).

>> Police officers sent fourteen gay people to the hospitals, and to jail.

(5) Harvey Milk: Let us have our tax money go for our protection and not our persecution (p.17).

>> Harvey Milk has an intention to provide a protection to gay community.

(6) Harvey Milk: My fellow degenerates, I would like to announce my candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor (p.18).

>> Harvey Milk has an intention to announce his candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor

Based on utterance (4), it presupposes a factual event that had happened in the past which was fourteen gay people who were sent to the hospitals and jail by the police officers. The presupposed meaning is indicated through the verb came which means the event had happened in the past.

In utterance (5) and (6), it presupposes that Harvey Milk has the intention to provide the protection for the gay community, therefore he establishes his candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor in order to do that. Both kinds of presupposed meaning can be indicated through the verb let and the phrase would like which share the same meaning in isolation (giving intention towards something or an activity). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The seventh utterance is found in Scene 33, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will in his kitchen.

(7) Harvey Milk: There was nobody to look up to, no hope for a better life. Those that did were outcast. . .arrested. .suicide (p.20).

>> The gay community was outcasted, arrested, and they committed suicide.

Based on utterance (7), it presupposes that the gay community was outcasted, or arrested, and some of them even committed suicide to escape from the blatant treatment to them. It is indicated by the auxiliary verb did which implies a factual event in the past.

Eighth and ninth utterance are found in Scene 61. Both of them portray

Harvey Milk‘s speech at the City Hall.

(8) Harvey Milk: We will no longer sit quietly in our closets. We must fight. (p.39).

>> Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppresion and discrimination.

(9) Harvey Milk: And I say, we have to give them hope (p.39).

>> Harvey Milk must give gay people a hope.

In utterance (8), it presupposes that Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppression and discrimination. It can be seen through the phrase no longer which presupposes a state of change that does not retain something in the past. In the utterance, it shows that Harvey Milk no longer wants to succumb to the gay discrimination and oppression, thus initiating a fight for the gay people‘s cause. In utterance (9), it presupposes that Harvey Milk must give gay people a hope due to the phrase have to is used to show that you must do something. Thus, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

utterance can presuppose that Harvey Milk must give the hope for the people living in despair in that era, gay community in particular.

The tenth utterance can be found each in Scene 63, showing Harvey

Milk‘s recorded will.

(10) Harvey Milk: Hope for a better world. . .Hope for a better tomorrow. . .Hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. . . (p.39).

>> Harvey Milk aims for a better world, a better tomorrow, and a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great.

In utterance (10), it presupposes that Harvey Milk aims for a better world, better tomorrow, and a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. The presupposed meaning is triggered by the verb hope which means wanting something to happen. Therefore, in his utterance above, there are the things that he aims for which are a better world, a better tomorrow, and a better place to come to without any pressure.

The eleventh utterance is found in Scene 68, transcribing a conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith.

(11) Scott Smith: Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously? Harvey Milk: Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps (p.41).

>> Anita intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps.

In utterance (11), it presupposes that Anita intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps. The pressuposed information is trigerred by the verb wants which means to have a desire or a wish for something. Thus, it is affirmed that Anita has a blatant intention to oppress the gay society with a life-threatening PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

concentration camps, just like the way Jews were oppressed, killed, and treated as slaves by German nationalist forces during the World War II and Holocaust.

The twelfth utterance can be found each in Scene 87, portraying a conversation between Dan White and Harvey Milk.

(12) Harvey Milk: I‘m proposing a citywide ordinance. It ensures that a person who already has a job can‘t be fired for their orientation. Dan White: I‘m not sure my constituents would favor that (p.55).

>> A person who already has a job will not be fired for their orientation.

In utterance (12), it presupposes a person who already has a job will not be fired for their orientation. The presupposed meaning is triggered by the verb ensures in which the isolated meaning is to make sure something happens. In the context of gay liberation, realizing that competence in job is not relevant to one‘s sexual orientation, that is why Harvey Milk intends to glorify the rights of gay society to maintain their job for a living.

The thirteenth utterance can be found each in Scene 90, portraying a coverage by Harvey Milk on the television.

(13) Harvey Milk: Look what happened in Germany. Now Anita Bryant already says that Jews and Muslims are going to hell, you know she‘s got a shopping list. We are not going to let John Briggs or Anita Bryant legislate bigotry in this city (p.60).

>> Harvey Milk will prevent John Briggs and Anita Bryant to legalize bigotry in San Francisco

In utterance (13), it presupposes that Harvey Milk will prevent John

Briggs and Anita Bryant to legalize bigotry in San Francisco. It can be indicated by the auxiliary verb are not going to which means that Harvey Milk will keep PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

opposing to make sure that John Briggs and Anita Bryant forfeit their agenda of legalizing bigotry.

The fourteenth utterance is found in Scene 131, portraying Harvey Milk‘s speech at the Market Street.

(14) Harvey Milk: To the gay community all over this state. . .my message to you is. . .so far a lot of people joined us and rejected Proposition Six, and now we owe them something. . .We must destroy the myths once and for all, shatter them. We must continue to speak out and most importantly, most importantly, every gay person must come out (p.95).

>> Proposition Six has been rejected.

In utterance (14), it presupposes that Proposition Six has been rejected. It is indicated by the past form of verb joined and rejected which illustrates that the fact had happened in the past. The fact that had happened in the past based on the utterance (14) is a lot of people had joined Harvey Milk to proliferate the gay liberation movement, and it paid off when Proposition Six which banned gay teachers from being able to teach at school was banned and rejected due to Harvey

Milk‘s valiant effort.

4. Presupposed Meaning in Non-Factive Presupposition

Non-factive presupposition is a type of presupposition which assumes false information based on the verbs that illustrate an unrealistic event. For instance, verbs like dream, imagine, and pretend indicate a certain wish or hope towards something that is not happening. The chart above indicates that 5.1% of

39 utterances can be classified in non-factive presupposition. There are two PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

utterances comprise non-factive presupposition. The summary of the presupposed meaning based on non-factive presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances 84/116 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will 105/158 Harvey Milk Harvey Milk‘s recorded will Table 4. Utterances with Non-Factive Presupposition

The first utterance with non-factive presupposition is found in Scene 116, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will.

(1) Harvey Milk: We were genuinely frightened by Proposition Six, and with the backlash gaining strength, we were very pessimistic. We didn‘t think there was any chance we could beat it. What we hoped to do was to organize to the point that when we did lose, there would be a revolt. . . (p.84).

>> Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lose (the vote to beat Proposition Six).

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that Harvey

Milk has not organized a revolt when he lost (the vote to beat Proposition Six). It can be indicated by the verb hoped which means something that you wish for. As previously explained, the word wish means expecting something that is unlikely to be true. In response to that, Harvey Milk‘s premise to organize a revolt when he did lose against the battle to crumble down Proposition Six is still considered as false information presupposed by the verb hoped. Therefore, it presupposes that

Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he lose (the vote to beat Proposition

Six), indicated by the verb hoped which emboldens the fact that the organization of a revolt (a protest against authority) has not been executed yet.

The second utterance containing non-factive presupposition is found in

Scene 158, portraying Harvey Milk‘s recorded will as well. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(2) Harvey Milk: I ask this, if there should be an assassination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect come out (p.105).

>> Five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies have not risen yet.

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it presupposes that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies have not risen yet. It can be indicated by the verb hope which indicates the expectation of something to happen which implies that it has not happened yet as what the subject hopes for. Therefore, the verb hope emboldens that the number of gay societies, such as gay lawyers or architects have not risen yet to come out and embrace their identity as homosexuals.

5. Presupposed Meaning in Counter-Factual Presupposition

Counter-factual presupposition is a type of presupposition which assumes that something that is not only false but also contrary to the facts, commonly indicated through if-clauses (conditional sentences). The chart above indicates that 12.8% out of 39 utterances can be classified in counter-factual presupposition.

The summary of the presupposed meaning based on counter-factual presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances Harvey Milk 16/34 Conversation Scott Smith Harvey Milk 34/55 Conversation Jim Rivaldo Harvey Milk 41/68 Conversation Scott Smith Anne Kronenberg 53/83 Conversation Harvey Milk PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Page/Scene Characters Utterances Anne Kronenberg 64/92 Harvey Milk Conversation Jim Rivaldo Table 5. Utterances with Counter-Factual Presupposition

The first utterance is found in Scene 34, portraying a conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith.

(1) Harvey Milk: ... if we had someone in the government who saw things the way we see them, the way the black community has black leaders look out for their interests— Scott Smith: You‘re gonna run for Supervisor, is that the idea?

>> The gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see them.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that the gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see them. It is indicated by the if-clause which debunks the whole premise that they had someone in the government with the same perspective or point of view as them because the premise in the if-clause is contrary to the fact.

The second utterance is found in Scene 55, portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Jim Rivaldo.

(2) Jim Rivaldo: If you run for Supervisor with this new district, it‘s a potential landslide. You‘ll be the first upfront gay man elected to major office in the U.S. Harvey Milk: I don‘t know if I have another one in me. Or Scott (p.34).

>> Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district due to the premise being mentioned in the conditional clause which is contrary to the fact. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The third utterance is found in Scene 68, portraying the conversation between Harvey Milk and Scott Smith.

(3) Harvey Milk: If people are ever going to take me seriously, I have to win this one. Scott Smith: Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously? Harvey Milk: Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps (p.41).

>> People never take Harvey Milk seriously.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that people never take

Harvey Milk seriously, indicated by the if-clause that implies people in San

Francisco are not taking him seriously, causing him to look like an insignificant agent of change without an adequate number of votes or supporters.

The fourth utterance is found in Scene 83, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg.

(4) Harvey Milk: Hey, I‘ll let him christen me, if he‘ll vote for my Gay Rights Ordianance. We need allies. We need everyone. (p.53).

>> He (Dan White) will not vote for Harvey Milk‘s Gay Rights Ordinance.

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, it depicts that Dan White will not vote for Harvey Milk‘s Gay Rights Ordinance because Harvey Milk utters that premise in an if-clause which shows that it is contrary to the fact. The pronoun he refers to Dan White because in Scene 83, Anne Kronenberg and Harvey Milk are talking about Dan White.

The fifth utterance is found in Scene 92, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg, and Jim Rivaldo. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(5) Harvey Milk: If we‘re gonna convince the 90% to give a shit about us 10%. . . We have to let ‗em know who we are (p.64).

>> Harvey Milk and his team have not convinced the majority (90%) of San Francisco society to give a shit about the gay minority (10%).

Based on Harvey Milk‘s utterance above, the if-clause presupposes an information that is contrary to the fact which is Harvey Milk and his team have not convinced the majority (90%) of San Francisco society to give a shit about the gay minority (10%). The depiction of the majority and the minority can be seen through the percentage of comparison uttered by Harvey Milk. The 90% represents the majority of conservative San Francisco society during the 1970s, while 10% represents the minority which is the gay community led by Harvey

Milk in San Francisco during the 1970s.

6. Presupposed Meaning in Structural Presupposition

Structural presupposition is a type of presupposition in which a certain structure in a sentence takes an essential role in assuming that the information in the sentence is true. Wh-question is the common example of a certain structure that presupposes an information that is already deemed as true in a sentence. The chart above indicates that 12.5% of 39 utterances can be classified in structural presupposition. There are five utterances which comprise structural presupposition.

The summary of the presupposed meaning based on structural presupposition can be seen in the table below.

Page/Scene Characters Utterances Harvey Milk 26/40 Conversation Rick Stokes PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Page/Scene Characters Utterances Art Agnos 84/116 Conversation Harvey Milk Anne Kronenberg 58-59/88 Conversation Harvey Milk Harvey Milk 87/119 Conversation John Briggs Harvey Milk 99/140 Conversation Mayor Moscone Table 6. Utterances with Structural Presupposition

In the table above, it illustrates that all structural presupposition can be found in a conversation between Harvey Milk and other characters in the film script. The first utterance is found in Scene 40, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Rick Stokes.

(1) Rick Stokes: You can‘t demand acceptance overnight. Harvey Milk: Why not? How can we ask them to respect us if we don‘t show ourselves some self respect, David? (p.26)

>> Harvey Milk and his gay community demand a respect.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that Harvey Milk and his gay community demand a respect, indicated by the question how can we ask them to respect us. The question implies the intention of Harvey Milk and his gay community to ask for respect from the people in San Francisco, which is doubted by Rick Stokes that believes it cannot be demanded overnight, which implies that getting an acceptance and acknowledgement to Harvey Milk‘s gay community will require a long journey to go to.

The second utterance is found in Scene 116, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Art Agnos.

(2) Art Agnos: Mr. Milk, I‘ve worked for years as a social worker in this city. I know Sacramento. I know how to get done what we all need done there. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Harvey Milk: Tell me Mr. Agnos. . .right here in the Castro, Robert Hillsbourough was murdered for walking home with his long time partner. Stabbed, fifteen times. The last words he heard were ―Faggot, Faggot, Faggot. . .‖ And you say you‘re outraged, but why won‘t your liberal establishment return our calls? Why won‘t they bring these murderers to justice?

>> The murderers of Robert Hillsbourough will not be brought to justice.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that the murderers of

Robert Hillsbourrough will not be brought to justice. It can be indicated by

Harvey Milk‘s question that asks for a reason why the murderers are saved from the criminal justice system in San Francisco. It means that the murderers were not punished during that era even though they had imposed an irreparable harm to

Robert Hillsbourough by taking away his irreversible life without his consent at all. This presupposed meaning elaborates the unfair treatment to the gay society in which the gay murder case is not being processed in court, thus implying an improportional implementation of criminal justice system in San Francisco during that era.

The third utterance is found in Scene 88, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Anne Kronenberg.

(3) Harvey Milk: Good or Bad? Anne K.: Not great. State Senator John Briggs is Anita Bryant‘s go-to guy in California for sure. He‘s filed his petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers and anyone who supports them. Harvey Milk: How many signatures will he need to qualify for the ballot? (p. 58-59)

>> John Briggs needs signatures to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that John Briggs, as

Anita Bryant‘s avid supporter, needs signatures from San Francisco society to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers.

This presupposed meaning is indicated through the way Harvey Milk asks how many signatures that John Briggs needs to validate the petition, which confirms that the information is true.

The fourth utterance is found in Scene 119, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with John Briggs.

(4) John Briggs: No, I‘m saying that we cannot prevent child molestation so let‘s cut our odds down adn take out the homosexual group and keep in the heterosexual group— Harvey Milk: --Sir, in your own drive for personal power, how many careers are you willing to see destroyed? How many lives will you destroy in your lust for power, and when will you stop?

>> There are many careers that John Briggs is willing to see destroyed. >> There are many lives that John Briggs will destroy in his lust for power.

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes two kinds of meaning.

The first one is there are many careers that John Briggs is willing to see them destroyed. The second one is there are many lives that John Briggs will destroy in his lust for power. Those two kinds of presupposed meaning can be indicated by the way Harvey Milk asks John Briggs using how many which aims to ask the degree of quantity in an action instead of whether or not the action will be taken.

It means that it is already confirmed that John Briggs would like to blatantly destroy the lives and careers of gay people for the sake of maintaining his power in the authority. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The fifth utterance is found in Scene 140, portraying Harvey Milk‘s conversation with Mayor Moscone.

(5) Mayor M.: A man has the right to change his mind. Give me some peace. Harvey Milk: How many of our propositions has Dan shut down? We could finally settle this police desegregation nonsense. Cememt rent control. It‘s his vote on this Board that stands in our way.

>> Dan White has shut down Harvey Milk‘s propositions

Based on the conversation above, it presupposes that Dan has shut down

Harvey Milk‘s propositions. It can be indicated through the way Harvey Milk also asks the degree of quantity in Dan‘s action of shutting down his propositions instead of asking whether or not Dan White has done such an action. As a result, it depicts the fact that Dan White is truly an opposition of Harvey Milk by channeling his stance of disagreement through shutting down Milk‘s propositions that are ―gay-friendly‖ and supportive towards the gay liberation movement.

B. Ideologies in the Character’s Utterances

This part inspects the ideologies promoted by Dustin Lance Black‘s film entitled Milk which are presented through the characters‘ utterances in the film.

The inspection of the utterances will focus on the presupposed meaning using

Yule‘s theory of presupposition (1996). Considering that the presupposed meaning is potentially ideological, they will be used as a tool to emphasize the negative other presentation (outgroups‘ bad things) such as dominance, power abuse, and inequality that are enacted in the context of gay liberation in San

Francisco during the 1970s. The outgroups‘ bad things are then resisted with an PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

underlying belief called ideology, and supported by the positive self presentation

(ingroups‘ good things) as a strategy to depict the ideologies.

Based on thirty nine utterances and their presupposed meaning, there is a common denominator that the presupposed meaning shares which is seen through the way they emphasize the negative other presentation (outgroups‘ bad things) and the positive self presentation (ingroups‘ good things) related to the dominance, power abuse, and inequality in the context of gay liberation movement in San Francisco during the 1970s. When presupposed meaning is able to expose and resist the gender inequality in the film Milk, it means that there is an underlying idea called ideology that serves as the ground to resist the exposed inequality, gender inequality in particular. The ideologies of the film entitled Milk are liberty and optimism.

1. Liberty

The first prominent ideology of the film Milk is liberty. This ideology is obtained from the presupposed meaning that draws the dominance, power abuse, and inequality (negative other presentation) that can be resisted by upholding the idea of liberty. The dominance, power abuse, and inequality by right wing

Christian fundamentalist (Anita Bryant, Dan White, and John Briggs) is presupposed to create a nuance of constant discrimination towards the gay community. Such a nuance is going to provide the sense of urgency for the gay community to start advocating for a liberty. Thus, it is important to analyze the presupposed meaning in order to relate them to the liberty that the gay community PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

advocates for. Below is the list of presupposed meaning based on existential presupposition that draws the dominance, power abuse, and inequality.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. There is a slightly hostile and straight audience Harvey Milk 2. There is a ―kind‖ of person that refers to a gay person or community that is far more welcome on McConnelly Haight Street 3. There is a law established by the society and McConnelly God‘s law in San Francisco 4. There are splinter groups of social radicals, social Dan White deviants, and incorrigibles 5. There are sensitivities of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect Harvey Milk all of us 6. John Briggs and Anita Bryant exist Anne Kronenberg 7. There is a petition for a statewide referendum to Anne Kronenberg fire all gay teachers 8. There are right wing Christian fundamentalists Harvey Milk 9. There are referenda to repeal gay rights Harvey Milk ordinances 10. Prop Six exists Harvey Milk 11. Bigotry exists Harvey Milk Table 7. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Existential Presupposition

Based on the presupposed meaning from the existential presupposition above, the presupposed meaning There is a “kind” of person that refers to a gay person or community that is far more welcome on Haight Street (2) uttered by

McConnelly, There is a slightly hostile and straight audience (1) uttered by

Harvey Milk depict the nuance of inequality to the gay community. The inequality can be seen through the hostility by a straight or heterosexual society mentioned in the first presupposed meaning. In strengthening the idea of hostility,

McConnelly believes that all gay people are far more welcome on the Haight

Street. It gives the impression that the gay community is not accepted, welcomed, or acknowledged in the Castro Street of San Francisco. In the context of gay PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

discrimination and liberation in 1970s, Haight Street is known as a secluded area where a large portion of the LGBT community was centered due to the hostility

(Hennen, 2008: 252). In other words, Hennen‘s points affirm the ugly truth pressupposed by the first and second presupposed meaning.

The presupposed meaning There are sensitivities of all people, all their problems, the problems that affect this city affect all of us (5) uttered by Harvey

Milk and There are splinter groups of social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles (4) uttered by Dan White depict the nuance of inequality as well. In the context of gay liberation, it is believed that there are sensitivities or sentimental hatred from the heterosexuals towards the existence of the gay minority. The example is by labelling them as social radicals, social deviants, and incorrigibles.

The depiction of the power abuse can be seen through the existence of

John Briggs and Anita Bryant (6) mentioned in the presupposed meaning. Both of them are the main oppositions of the gay liberation movement, as it is mentioned that they are part of the right wing Christian fundamentalists (8) who uphold the idea of bigotry (11). It is emphasized that Anita Bryant is ―a now infamous antigay crusade in 1977 that successfully overturned Dade County, Fla.‘s ordinance that prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation‖ (Malkin,

2011). It means that it is valid to say that she utilizes an abuse of power to repeal the gay rights ordinances using referenda (9) mentioned in the presupposed meaning. John Briggs also utilizes his abuse of power by establishing a law by the society and God‘s law in San Francisco (3). One of the examples is Prop Six (10), PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

or known as ―the Briggs‘ Initiative which sought to ban gays and lesbian from teaching in public schools‖ (Malkin, 2011). The ninth presupposed meaning also reveals the blatant intention of John Briggs who makes a petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers (9).

After all of the dominance, inequality, and power abuse are addressed through existential presupposition, there are also two supporting presupposed meaning based on existential presupposition that resists the dominance, inequality, and power abuse (emphasizing the positive self presentation or good things by Harvey Milk and his allies).

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. There are first ordinances protecting gay people Harvey Milk against discrimination 2. Democracy exists Harvey Milk Table 8. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Existential Presupposition

Based on two kinds of presupposed meaning mentioned above, Harvey

Milk attempts to resist the inequality that is imposed to his gay community by glorifying the first ordinances protecting all gay people against discrimination

(1). Other than that, he is willing to fight for the rights of the LGBT in San

Francisco in order to maintain the proliferation of democracy (2) that exists in

United States of America.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By

1. There is a person who stands for what Harvey Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who Harvey Milk is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 2. There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to Dan White unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignancies which blight our beautiful city 3. Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment Harvey Milk Table 9. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Factive Presupposition

In the factive presupposition above, it presupposes three facts that may lead to the internalization of liberty that wants to be advocated by Harvey Milk in the film Milk. The first fact that There is a person who stands for what Harvey

Milk stands for, such as an activist or gay activist that becomes the potential target of a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid, or disturbed themselves is used by Harvey Milk in order to reveal the ugly truth that a gay activist who is under the wing of Harvey Milk to accelerate the agenda of gay liberation movement becomes the main target of insecure, terrified, or afraid people per se.

In relation to the context of gay discrimination in 1970s, those insecure, terrified, or afraid people can be referred to the conservative homophobic society.

The second fact that There are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignancies which blight our beautiful city is used by Dan White in order to reveal that there are thousands of oppositions (conservative society) that are frustrated and angry towards the existence of the gay society. The presupposed meaning Harvey Milk could be assasinated at any moment means that there is a possibility of Harvey Milk to be assasinated by anyone. This possibility is manipulated by Harvey Milk to show the fact about harsh treatment that may be addressed to Harvey Milk, including the assasination to himself. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk has not organized a revolt when he Harvey Milk lost (the vote to beat Prop Six). Table 10. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition

In the non-factive presupposition, Harvey Milk presupposes he has not organized a revolt when he lost (the vote to beat Prop Six) in order to initiate a plan in order to organize a revolt as a backup plan in the event that he fails to ban the ratification of Prop Six. It gives the impression that the opposition of gay liberation movement is too dominant, which triggers the sense of urgency to his followers to proliferate the idea of liberty. Through his intention, it indicates that

Harvey Milk will do any means possible to ensure that a revolt would be organized. The aim of organizing such a revolt is to ensure Prop Six will not pass to prevent any further systematic discrimination to gay society.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. People never take Harvey Milk seriously Harvey Milk 2. He (Dan White) will not vote for Harvey Milk‘s Harvey Milk gay rights ordinances Table 11. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition

The counterfactual presupposition presupposes two kinds of meaning that can be related to dominance, power abuse, and inequality which are People never take Harvey Milk seriously (1) and Dan White will not vote for Harvey Milk’s gay rights ordinances (2). By depicting the ugly truth about what happened in San

Francisco during the 1970s, Harvey Milk wants to make sure that the society realizes the severe condition undergone by Harvey Milk and his gay community.

By implying that people never regard Harvey Milk seriously, it sends a notion about the harm of letting the absence of liberty to be proliferated. Thus, such ugly PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

truth juga jadi strategy to internalize liberty. He also attempts to depict the homophobic resistance of his opposition, Dan White, in which he will not vote for

Harvey Milk‘s gay rights ordinances which signifies his abuse of power by giving a constant negation to the proliferation of gay rights advocated by Harvey Milk and his alliances.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk and his gay community demand a Harvey Milk respect 2. The murderers of Robert Hillsbourough will not McConnelly be brought to justice 3. John Briggs needs signatures to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all McConnelly gay teachers 4. There are many careers that John Briggs is willing Dan White to see destroyed 5. There are many lives that John Briggs will destroy Harvey Milk in his lust for power 6. Dan White has shut down Harvey Milk‘s Anne Kronenberg propositions Table 12. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Structural Presupposition

All of the kinds of presupposed meaning based on the structural presupposition convey the devastating truth about what happened to the gay community during the 1970s. The devastating truth can then be related to the dominance, power abuse, and inequality that are exposed. The first one is The murderers of Robert Hillsbourough will not be brought to justice (2). This fact is conveyed by Harvey Milk in order to depict the injustice that occured to the gay society, in this case the murderers of a gay person named Robert Hillsbourough is saved from the prosecution and trial process which are the procedures of a criminal justice system for perpetrators, including a murderer. The second one is

Dan White has shut down Harvey Milk’s propositions (6). This information is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

presupposed by Harvey Milk in order to show the danger of Dan White‘s success of prevailing against Harvey Milk‘s attempt to accelerate the gay rights (through his propositions). The third one is John Briggs needs signatures to ratify a petition advocating for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers (3).

Based on the presupposed meaning mentioned previously, Harvey Milk wants to use this fact to warn the society about the agenda of John Briggs to gain signatures for the eligibility of his referendum to fire all gay teachers. The blatant intention of John Briggs can be strengthened through another presupposed meaning informing that There are many careers that John Briggs is willing to see destroyed (4) and Many lives that John Briggs will destroy in his lust for power

(5). These two kinds of meaning are used by Harvey Milk to persuade the society that John Briggs has a blatant intention to sacrifice the survivability of people‘s life for the sake of maintaining his power in the authority. Responding to all of the blatant truth, Harvey Milk presupposes that the gay community and himself demand a respect (1). The demand of the respect is executed in response to the disrespectful act that has been addressed to the gay community during that era.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. New York City cops are behaving in an Harvey Milk unpleasant way 2. Police officers sent fourteen gay people to the Harvey Milk hospitals, and to jail 3 The gay community were outcasted, arrested, and Harvey Milk committed suicide. 4 Anita intends to put all gay people back in Cleve Jones concentration camps. Table 13. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on the presupposed meaning above, it depicts an unpleasant truth inside the gay community, starting from them being outcasted. arrested, and committed suicide (3), and the cops are behaving in an unpleasant way (1). For instance, Police officers sent fourteen gay people to the hospitals, and to jail (2) because they feel like those gay people need to be cured in hospitals or sent to the jail due to the violation towards the law enforcement in San Francisco. In relation to the context of gay liberation, this event occurs because the gay society has not obtained the sense of liberty yet. Thus, they have no choice or freedom but to succumb to the homophobic rules and treatment by the police officers.

Even further, Cleve Jones emphasizes that Anita Bryant intends to put all gay people back in concentration camps (4). The concentration camps can be classified as a form of blatant truth because it is stated by Haggerty and

Zimmerman that ―France has a history of repression of sodomy and homosexuality and collaborated in the deportation of homosexuals to German concentration camps‖ (2000: 524). The emphasis by Cleve Jones is to show that

Anita Bryant has a blatant intention to put gay people back in the harsh and unforgiving persecution offered by German concentration camps (Nazi), in which gay people are treated inhumanly as slaves. That is why all of the power abuses, dominances, and inequalities are addressed by Cleve Jones and Harvey Milk in order to establish a sense of urgency to uphold liberty for the society.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk convinces all gay society to confess Cleve Jones their sexuality. 2. Proposition Six has been rejected. Harvey Milk 3. Harvey Milk considered gathering an army of Harvey Milk queers to become independent, separating PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

themselves from nation Table 14. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Lexical Presupposition

Resisting to the unpleasant truth, it is presupposed that Harvey Milk convinces all gay society to confess their sexuality (1). The presupposed meaning is used by Cleve Jones to inform that Harvey Milk does not bow down to the cunnifying homophobic nuance created by John Briggs and Anita Bryant.

Furthermore, Harvey Milk conveys that Proposition Six has been rejected (2).

This information is used by Harvey Milk in order to depict the achievement of gay liberation movement advocated by Harvey Milk and his ally to prevent the further discrimination to the gay society, gay teachers in particular. In response to Anita

Bryant‘s intention to put all gay people back in concentration camps, it is presupposed that Harvey Milk considered gathering an army of queers to become independent, separating themselves from nation (3). This consideration is taken to direct all the gay communities in San Francisco to establish a separatist movement to liberate themselves from the nation that constantly oppresses them socially and systematically.

Liberty is a state of freedom to live as you choose without too many restrictions from government or authority. It is a condition where the society can have their sense of freedom or rights for actualizing themselves. In relation to the context of gay liberation, the realization of liberty is enacted through the sense of freedom, the state of being free from any restriction or discrimination, and the acceptance and acknowledgement to their sexuality. In relevance to the issue of the film Milk. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The liberty is manifested through the way gay community can gain the adequate number of votes to support Harvey Milk to be the Supervisor for San

Francisco in order to gain a political leverage to alleviate the systematic gay discrimination in 1970s. The alleviation of the systematic gay discrimination would eventually expand their liberty in political and social spheres. For example, fair policy making, rights to live and have a job, anti-discrimination.

In order to communicate this belief to the audience, that is why Harvey

Milk and the other characters utter the ugly or blatant truth of gay discrimination which triggers the initiation of freedom, liberty, and respect by the gay community. In the framework of CDA, these kinds of presupposed meaning are the realization on how dominance, power abuse, and inequality occuring to the gay community during the 1970s. Thus, presupposed meaning serves as a medium to internalize the ideology of liberty to the audience.

2. Optimism

The second prominent ideology of the film Milk is optimism. This ideology is gained from the presupposed meaning that is presupposed from the characters‘ utterances in the film script that can be listed in the tables below.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. There is a movement (gay rights movement). Harvey Milk 2. There are gay people out here just like the boy Harvey Milk who will welcome the boy and love the boy. 3. There is an activist named Cleve Jones. Harvey Milk 4. There is a first gay Supervisor in the city who will Harvey Milk come out and play peacemaker. Table 15. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Existential Presupposition

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on the presupposed meaning above, it presupposes the existence of certain entities that can give the sense of optimism to the audience, regarding on the progress of the gay liberation movement. All of these facts above are used by

Harvey Milk in order to push away the despair of the society who feels constantly discriminated, in this case, gay society. The first information is about the existence of a movement (gay rights movement) (1). This information is used by

Harvey Milk in order to provide the sense of hope or a positive reinforcement for the gay community by the provision of a movement that advocates their rights, acceptance, and also acknowledgement. Furthermore, Harvey Milk also emphasizes his enlightening information by revealing the existence of an activist named Cleve Jones (3).

In elaborating Cleve Jones, Bollinger and Tran inform that ―Cleve Jones has been a leader in the struggle for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

(LGBT) rights since the 1970s‖ (2012: 185). Throughout his fight as Harvey

Milk‘s ally, he has ―led marches of thousands in opposition‖ to overturn Anita

Bryant‘s intention to establish a discriminative law to LGBT (Bollinger and Tran,

2012: 185). Bollinger and Tran add that he has also enacted a campaign to topple down John Briggs‘s attempt to ratify Briggs Initiative (Prop Six) that aims to ban openly gay teachers from California school (2012: 185-186). This information is employed by Harvey Milk to show to the society during the era that Cleve Jones will join forces with Harvey Milk under the umbrella of gay liberation movement.

Therefore, Cleve Jones will also be the one who speaks up, representing the voices of the persecuted gay society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

During a conversation with a boy, Harvey Milk also attempts to drag out the sorrow and fear of a gay boy about the hostility that he may get for attaining his sexual orientation as being gay. He informs the boy that there are gay people

(2) out there who will welcome him and love him unconditionally. This information is uttered by Harvey Milk to illustrate an impression to the boy that there are people out there who feel the same shoes as the boy. Furthermore, knowing that they are in the same page of struggle, Harvey Milk ensures that the boy will get unconditional love from them. Last but not least, Harvey Milk presupposes the existence of a first gay Supervisor in the city who will come out and play peacemaker (4). This information is used by Harvey Milk as a strategy to push away the society‘s fear of a riot in the city. Through his presupposed meaning, in the event that chaos or riot happens because of a resentment from the homophobic society, Harvey Milk, as the first gay Supervisor, will come out and play peacemaker to ensure the resolution of the riot.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay societies Harvey Milk have not risen yet. Table 16. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Non-Factive Presupposition

Based on the non-factive presupposition, a dominance is implied that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand gay society have not risen yet. Reflecting to the fact, there are abundant gay societies that have not risen yet due to their insecurity. The insecurity is based on the dominance of the conservative homophobic society inside San Francisco that gives them the doubt to rise and embrace their sexuality. Harvey Milk manipulates this fact to the society to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

portray the severe insecurity suffered by gay society. By using the word hope in his utterance, Harvey Milk implies that it is possible to still alleviate the number of repressed gay societies, by asking them to ―rise‖ and start fighting for the social revolution that the gay communities have been aiming for. Thus, through his attempt to raise hope, Harvey Milk attempts to reinforce an optimism to the gay society in order to resist the fact that most of them have not risen yet.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. The gay community had not had someone in the government who saw things the way they see Harvey Milk them. 2. Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new Jim Rivaldo district. 3. Harvey Milk and his team have not convinced the majority (90%) of San Francisco society to give a Harvey Milk shit about the gay minority (10%). Table 17. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Counterfactual Presupposition

In the counterfactual presupposition, there are three implied facts that may internalize the ideology of optimism. Those three kinds of presupposed meaning mentioned above construct a consistent framework. They depict the things that Harvey Milk and his ally have not achieved or done yet, thus giving a loophole for dominance, power abuse, and inequality to be enacted. In the first meaning, it reveals that they had not had someone in the government who could represent the perspective of the gay community (1). Harvey Milk uses this information as a guideline for him to aim for the Supervisor so he could represent the perspective of the gay community, thus resisting the dominance by letting the gay society retain their sense of hope for a representative officials in the authority.

In relation to the context, Harvey Milk attempts to show the possibility for a gay PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

individual to reach a milestone in advancing their rights. One of the examples is when he was elected as the Supervisor of San Francisco in 1977.

In the second meaning, Jim Rivaldo informs that Harvey Milk has not run for Supervisor in a new district (2). In the utterance, Jim Rivaldo reveals that it will be potential for Harvey Milk to run for a Supervisor in a new district. Jim

Rivaldo uses this information to construct a probability that Harvey Milk may be elected as a Supervisor in a new district. Furthermore, in their conversation, it is mentioned that running for a Supervisor in a new district would be potential. The word potential in Jim Rivaldo‘s utterance provides another sense of optimist reinforcement for Harvey Milk due to the high probability that he would be elected.

The third meaning which glorifies the dominance of conservative homophobic society is informed by Harvey Milk that he and his team have not convinced the majority (90%) of San Francisco society to give a shit about the gay minority (10%) (3). This information is used by Harvey Milk with the aim to start convincing the majority of society in San Francisco to start giving the acknowledgement towards the gay minority. He uses this information to construct a belief to his ally and followers that eventually there will be a state of change in which the majority is convinced to acknowledge the gay minority in San

Francisco, thus constructing yet another optimism to resist the dominance.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. They were a group of pansies and did not have a Harvey Milk power before. Table 18. The Emphasis on Negative Other Presentation through Lexical Presupposition

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In the lexical presupposition, all of the kinds of presupposed meaning above construct a nuance of optimism based on the improvement that is constructed by Harvey Milk and his allies. Before the ―revolution‖ is made by

Harvey Milk, the discrimination occuring to the gay community was that harsh until it is presupposed that they were a group of pansies and did not have a power before (2). Based on the presupposed meaning, it implies that there is a dominance of heterosexual society which leaves no room for the gay society to have a political leverage or power during that era. This fact lights up the bulb to

Harvey Milk that having a power for the gay society is a necessity, that is exactly why he resists the dominance, power abuse, and inequality and his resistance is presupposed as below.

No. Presupposed Meaning Uttered By 1. Harvey Milk has an intention to provide a Harvey Milk protection to gay community. 2. Harvey Milk has an intention to announce my Harvey Milk candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor. 3. Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppression Harvey Milk and discrimination. 4. Harvey Milk must give gay people a hope. Harvey Milk 5. Harvey Milk aims for a better world, better tomorrow, and a better place to come if the Harvey Milk pressures at home are too great. 6. A person who already has a job will not be fired Harvey Milk for their orientation. 7. Harvey Milk will prevent John Briggs and Anita Harvey Milk Bryant to legalize bigotry in San Francisco. Table 19. The Emphasis on Positive Self Presentation through Lexical Presupposition

The main motivation of Harvey Milk in resisting the dominance, power abuse, and inequality in San Francisco is to give gay people a hope (4). Therefore,

Harvey Milk starts to fight against gay oppression and discrimination (3) in order PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

to alleviate the insecurity, despair, and sorrow of gay society who have suffered a lot through the oppression and discrimination imposed to them. By announcing his candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor (2), Harvey Milk has an intention to provide a protection to the gay community (1). Therefore, he presupposes his intention in order to make himself eligible to provide a protection that is justified under the law and policy of San Francisco. Other than that, Harvey

Milk also intends to create a preventive mechanism that can regress the gay liberation movement. It is confirmed by the presupposed meaning that Harvey

Milk will prevent John Briggs and Anita Bryant to legalize bigotry in San

Francisco (7). One of the ways of not legalizing bigotry that is done by Harvey

Milk is by revoking Proposition Six in order to ensure that A person who already has a job will not be fired for their orientation (6). This presupposed meaning is used by Harvey Milk to give the sense of certainty to society in terms of securing their profession regardless of their sexual orientation.

Optimism is a feeling that good things will happen and that something will be successful. In relevance to the issue brought up by the film Milk. The optimism is manifested through the way Harvey Milk and other characters remind the society, especially the gay society that the agenda of gay liberation movement will be successful eventually. In order to ensure the sustainability of the optimism, the presupposed meaning also serves as a tool to depict the ugly truth of dominance, power abuse, and inequality. At the same time, some presupposed meaning serves as a tool to depict changes that have been enforced by Harvey

Milk with his alliances. By the changes that happens in San Francisco which PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

unlock better nuances for the gay community, they give an affirmation towards the optimism that is tried to be conveyed by Harvey Milk as his ideology. To wrap up the discussion, presupposed meaning serves as a tool to depict how Harvey

Milk generates the optimistic mindset to his followers, and how he enforces changes in order to provide an incentive for society to believe in the optimism promoted by him. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In Dustin Lance Black’s film entitled Milk, there are thirty nine utterances garnered for a further examination. In the analysis, this study examines the meaning that is communicated more than what it is said. Thus, pragmatic approach is applied with presupposition as the specific concept with the aim to identify presupposed meaning in the utterance. Based on the research findings, all of Yule’s six types of presuppositions (1996) are found in the utterances taken from Dustin Lance Black’s film entitled Milk. There are 10 utterances with existential presupposition, 3 utterances with factive presupposition, 14 utterances with lexical presupposition, 2 utterances with non-factive presuppositon, 5 utterances with counter-factual presuppositon, and 5 utterances with structural presupposition.

The presupposed meaning that have been found in the utterances emphasizes the negative other presentation namely dominance, power abuse, and inequality in relation to the context of gay liberation in San Francisco during the

1970s. In critical discourse analysis, it is argued that presupposition is one of the texts that is potentially ideological. Thus, Dijk (2000) proposes that the presupposed meaning can convey ideologies by exposing the dominance, power abuse, and inequality and seeing how they are resisted with the ideologies with the support of the positive self presentation emphasized through the presupposed meaning. CDA suggests that in order to ensure that the ideologies are well

77 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

implemented, the ideologies need to be relevant to the social condition in the society for a well executed resistance. With that being said, the presupposed meaning proves to be the strategic method to expose and resist the dominance, power abuse, and inequality (emphasis on negative other presentation and positive self presentation). The ideologies promoted in Dustin Lance Black’s film entitled

Milk are liberty and optimism.

Liberty is the first ideology depicted through the characters’ utterances. It is carried from the emphasis on negative other presentation consisting of dominance, power abuse, and inequality that occur when there is an absence of liberty for gay community in San Francisco during 1970s. By emboldening the oppresive discrimination imposed to the gay community, Harvey Milk and his allies are able to instill a sense of urgency to the gay community in the 1970s that they need to start establishing a movement, in this case gay liberation movement.

For instance, preventing bigotry from being legalized, preventing Prop Six or

Briggs’ Initiative that ban gay teachers from teaching, or protecting gay people from discrimination through ordinances. Some of the utterances emphasize the positive self presentation by explicitly resisting the dominance, power abuse, and inequality which in the end helps better understanding on the promotion of liberty as one of the ideologies promoted by Harvey Milk and his left wing liberals in the film. Liberty is a belief that a person needs to obtain the sense of freedom of living without any restrictions from the government or authority. This ideology is conveyed through the way Harvey Milk resists the social inequality that oppresses himself and his community. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Optimism is the second ideology depicted through the characters’ utterances. It is also carried from the emphasis on negative other presentation consisting of dominance, power abuse, and inequality that urge the need of having a sense of optimism for gay community in San Francisco during 1970s. With that being said, there are two spectrums of presupposed meaning that internalize the value of optimism. The first spectrum covers the exposure of dominance, power abuse, and inequality that triggers the sense of urgency for the society to keep reinforcing themselves with optimism, as another way to resist the dominance, power abuse, and inequality. The second spectrum helps better understanding on the idea of optimism through the emphasis on positive self presentation, for it explicitly covers the resistance of dominance, power abuse, and inequality in the film that supports the manifestation of the optimism.

In conclusion, presupposed meaning can also be a medium for depicting an ideology in a text. In order to do that, the framework of CDA is the most strategic means to use the presupposed meaning to emphasize the negative self presentation which means the outgroups’ bad things are emphasized. In the context of gay liberation in San Francisco during the 1970s, the outgroups belong to the opposition of Harvey Milk and his allies. Thus, their “bad things” are emphasized through the presupposed meaning.

After the emphasis on negative other presentation in the presupposed meaning which covers the blatant truth that oppreses the gay community in San

Francisco during the 1970s, the presupposed meaning serves as an object that is resisted by Harvey Milk and his allies throughout the film in order to internalize PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the value of liberty and optimism to the audience. The resistance of the dominance, power abuse, and inequality is enacted with the support of the emphasis on positive self presentation (ingroups’ good things). In the context of gay liberation in San Francisco during the 1970s, the ingroups belong to Harvey

Milk and his allies. Thus, certain presupposed meaning emphasizes the “good things” that have been done by Harvey Milk and his allies, such as toppling down the systematic discrimination and instilling hope for a better future to the gay society. The emphasis of both negative other presentation and positive self presentation is the strategy to internalize the ideologies of Harvey Milk promoted in Dustin Lance Black’s film entitled Milk which are liberty and optimism. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anindyaputri, Irene. “Ideologies Revealed through Euphemistic Expressions in Bashar al-Assad’s July 16th 2014 Inauguration English Speech Transcript”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Bakhtin, M.M. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.

Bollinger, Michele and Dao Tran. 101 Changemakers: Rebels and Radicals Who Changed U.S. History. Chicago: Haymarket Books., 2012.

Destin, Astika Christia. “A Study on Pragmatics Presuppositions in Countries and States’ Slogans”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Dijk, Teun A. van. Ideology and Discourse: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Barcelona: Pompeu Fabra University, 2000.

Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman Publishing, 1995.

Fairclough, Norman. Language and Power. London: Longman, 1989.

Haggerty, George and Bonnie Zimmerman. Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gays Histories and Cultures. New York and London: Garl and Publishing, Inc., 2000.

Hannen, Peter. Faeris, Bears, and Leathermen: Men in Community Queering the Masculine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Humardhiana, Ana. “A Study on Presuppposition Used in WEEKENDER Magazine’s Advertisements”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

Kronenberg, Anne. “The Official HARVEY MILK Biography”, Home of the Harvey Milk Foundation. May 28, 2014. (www.milkfoundation.org/ about/harvey-milk-biography). November 19, 2015.

Malkin, Marc. Sean Penn’s Milk Has Blast from the Antigay Past. May 25, 2011. (www.huffingtonpost.com/marc-malkin/sean-penns-milk-has–blast_b_1433 99.html). July 20, 2016.

Palmer, F. R. Semantics: Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

81 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Piasecki, Maciej. Automated Extraction of Lexical Meanings from Corpus: A Case Study of Potentialities and Limitations. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, 2009.

Stanton, Robert. An Introduction to Fiction. Washington, D.C.: University of Washington, 1965.

Verschueren, Jef. Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Weiss, Gilbert and Ruth Wodak. Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Willits, Jon A., Erica H. Wojcik, Mark S. Seidenberg, and Jenny R. Saffran. Toddlers Activate Lexical Semantic Knowledge in the Absence of Visual Referents: Evidence from Auditory Priming. November 18, 2013. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3883433/). January 25, 2016.

Wodak, Ruth and Michael Meyer. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2001.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Data for Existential Presupposition

1. Page 1, Scene 3

Harvey Milk at his kitchen table making his recording...

Harvey Milk : If I was speaking to a slightly hostile or mostly straight

audience, I‘d try to break the tension with a joke.

2. Page 9, Scene 20

Harvey Milk’s conversation with McConnelly and Scott Smith

McConnelly : I don‘t think your application will be approved Mr. Milk.

This is a family neigboorhood. Your kind are far more

welcome on Haight street.

Harvey Milk : (trying to keep it friendly) What ―kind‖ do you mean,

sir?

McConnelly : (not playing along) The Merchant‘s Association will

have the police pull your license if you open your doors.

Scott Smith : Based on what law?

McConnelly : There‘s man‘s law and there‘s God‘s law in this

neighboorhood and in this City. The San Francisco

Police force is happy to enforce either.

Harvey Milk : (to McConnely as he walks away) Thanks for the warm

welcome to the neighboorhood!

3. Page 26, Scene 25

Harvey Milk’s converstaion with David Goodstein

83 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

David Goodstein : For you, politics is a game, a lark. Like putting on a rock

festival or staging a ―love-in.‖ You‘re too old to be a

hippie, Harvey Milk!

Harvey Milk : I‘m not a candidate. I‘m part of a movement. The

movement is the candidate.

4. Page 36, Scene 57

Harvey Milk’s conversation with a boy

Harvey Milk : There are people out here just like you who will

welcome you and love you.

5. Page 41, Scene 67

Press Conference held by Dan White

Dan White : I‘m not going to be forced out of San Francisco by

splinter gorups of social radicals, social deviants, and

incorrigibles.

6. Page 49, Scene 76

Harvey Milk’s interviewed by TV Reporter

Ch.5 Reporter : Does this mean, as many straights are concerned, maybe

the gays are taking over San Francisco? Are you going to

be a Supervisor for all the people?

Harvey Milk : I have to be. That‘s what I was elected for. I have to be

there to open up the dialogue for the sensitivities of all

people, all their problems, the problems that effect this PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

city effect all of us. (toasts the camera) Thank you San

Francisco! Thank you!

7. Page 58, Scene 88

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Anne Kronenberg

Harvey Milk : Good or Bad?

Anne K. : Not great. State Senator John Briggs is Anita Bryant‘s

go-to guy in California for sure. He‘s filed his petition

for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers and

anyone who supports them.

8. Page 68, Scene 94

Harvey Milk’s recorded will

Harvey Milk : Across the country, a handful of city councils had passed

the very first ordinances protecting gay people against

discrimination. But Anita Bryant and her right wing

Christian fundamentalists were creating and exploiting

and fanning a backlash. Now she had referenda to repeal

all of these gay rights ordinances. While we were

preparing for the battle against Briggs and Prop Six,

Anita Bryant was taking her show on the road. .

.sweeping the country. Her next stop was Wichita,

Kansas.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

9. Page 70, Scene 99

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Cleve Jones

Cleve Jones : What do I do with this?

Harvey Milk : You‘re an activist. Take it. March them. March those

people up to the front doors of City Hall. When it looks

really bad, the city‘s first gay Supervisor will come out

and play peacemaker. We save the city from a riot. We

can turn this night into more political power for the

cause.

10. Page 81, Scene 112

Harvey Milk’s speech at the City Hall’s front doors

Harvey Milk : Hello. My name is Harvey Milk, and I want to recruit

you. (an enormous cheer rises) I want to recruit you for

the fight to preserve our democracy against the Anita

Bryants and John Briggs, who are trying to legalize

bigotry!

Appendix 2: Data for Factive Presupposition

1. Page 2, Scene 5 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will Harvey Milk : I fully realize that a person who stands for what I stand for – an activist, a gay activist – becomes the target or potential target for a person who is insecure, terrified, afraid or very disturbed themselves. . .

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Page 3, Scene 11 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will Harvey Milk : Knowing that I could be assasinated at any moment, I feel it‘s important that some people should understand my thoughts. 3. Page 11, Scene 22 Harvey Milk’s conversation with McConnelly Harvey Milk : So you don‘t mind all these homosexuals in here, do you? 4. Page 41, Scene 66 Press Conference held by Dan White Dan White : You must realize there are thousands upon thousands of frustrated, angry people such as yourselves waiting to unleash a fury that will eradicate the malignanies which blight our beautiful city.

Appendix 3: Data for Lexical Presupposition

1. Page 5, Scene 15

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith

Scott Smith : Now you tell me.

Harvey Milk : There‘s nothing tougher than a New York City cop.

They‘re arrogant, and they‘re everywhere.

2. Page 14, Scene 17

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Allan Baird

Allan Baird : What‘s that?

Harvey Milk : The mayor part. I‘ve considered gathering an army of

queers to march up the City Hall and secede. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3. Page 15, Scene 27

Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will

Harvey Milk : We weren‘t just a group of pansies anymore. We had a

neighboorhood. We had the unions. And for the first

time, we had a little bit of power.

4. Page 17, Scene 31

Harvey Milk’s Speech in the Castro Street

Harvey Milk : A week ago, Police officers came into our are with

covered up badges and sent fourteen of our people to the

hospitals, and to jail.

5. Page 17, Scene 31

Harvey Milk’s Speech in the Castro Street

Harvey Milk : Let us have our tax money go for our protection and not

our persecution.

6. Page 18, Scene 31

Harvey Milk’s Speech in the Castro Street

Harvey Milk : My fellow degenerates, I would like to announce my

candidacy for San Francisco City Supervisor.

7. Page 20, Scene 33

Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will

Harvey Milk : There was nobody to look up to, no hope for a better life.

Those that did were outcast. . .arrested. . .suicide.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

8. Page 39, Scene 61

Harvey Milk’s Speech at the City Hall

Harvey Milk : We will no longer sit quietly in our closets. We must

fight.

9. Page 39, Scene 61

Harvey Milk’s Speech at the City Hall

Harvey Milk : And I say, we have to give them hope.

10. Page 39, Scene 63

Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will

Harvey Milk : Hope for a better world. . .Hope for a better tomorrow. .

.Hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at

home are too great. . .

11. Page 41, Scene 68

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith

Scott Smith : Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously?

Harvey Milk : Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps.

12. Page 55, Scene 87

Harvey Milk’s conversation with Dan White

Dan White : I‘m proposing a citywide ordinance. It ensures that a

person who already has a job can‘t be fired for their

orientation.

Harvey Milk : I‘m not sure my constituents would favor that.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

13. Page 60, Scene 90

Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will

Harvey Milk : Look what happened in Germany. Now Anita Bryant

already says that Jews and Muslims are going to hell,

you know she‘s got a shopping list. We are not going to

let John Briggs or Anita Bryant legislate bigotry in this

city.

14. Page 95, Scene 131

Harvey Milk’s Speech at the Market Street.

Harvey Milk : To the gay community all over this state. . .my message

to you is. . .so far a lot of people joined us and rejected

Proposition Six, and now we owe them something. . .We

must destroy the myths once and for all, shatter them.

We must continue to speak out and most importantly,

most importantly, every gay person must come out.

Appendix 4: Data for Non-Factive Presupposition

1. Page 3, Scene 11 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will Harvey Milk : I wish I had time to explain everything I did. Almost everything that was done was done with an eye on the gay movement.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Page 7, Scene 19 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Scott Smith Scott Smith : I cashed my last unemployment check yesterday. . . Harvey Milk : Well, I hope you did something useful with it. Scott Smith : I bought an ounce of pot. I was just wondering if you had any plans, or thoughts. . .About us doing something to, you know, bring in an income.

3. Page 17, Scene 30 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : Imagine if we get their vote. . .It‘ll be fun! Scott Smith : Fun?

4. Page 84, Scene 116 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will Harvey Milk : We were genuinely frigthened by Proposition Six, and with the backlash gaining strength, we were very pessimistic. We didn‘t think there was any chance we could beat it. What we hoped to do was to organize to the point that when we did lose, there would be a revolt. . . 5. Page 105, Scene 158 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will Harvey Milk : I ask this, if there should be an assassination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect come out.

Appendix 5: Data for Counterfactual Presupposition

1. Page 1, Scene 3 Harvey Milk’s Recorded Will PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Harvey Milk : If I was speaing to a slightly hostile or mostly straight audience, ‗d try to break the tension with a joke. . .

2. Page 5, Scene 15 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : I‘m just discreet. I know a lot of people here. If they found out, I could lose my job.

3. Page 16, Scene 34 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : ...if we had someone in the government who saw things the way we see them, the way the black community has black leaders look out for their interests— Scott Smith : You‘re gonna run for Supervisor, is that the idea?

4. Page 23, Scene 37 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : Hey, if somebody tries to kill me, I‘ll get the sympathy vote, right? Could be just the push we need. Scott Smith : You think this is funny?

5. Page 31, Scene 51 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : If you say one thing about politics or your campaign or where you‘re speaking tonight or whose endorsement you need. . .I‘ll stab you with my fork I swear to God. Scott Smith : I just wanted to say. . .This is the most delicious meal I‘ve ever eaten in my entire life. If we lose this one, it‘ll be just me and you again. I promise.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

6. Page 34, Scene 55 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Jim Rivaldo Jim Rivaldo : If you run for Supervisor with this new district, it‘s a potential landslide. You‘ll be the first upfront gay man elected to major office in the U.S. Harvey Milk : I don‘t know if I have another one in me. Or Scott.

7. Page 41, Scene 68 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : If people are ever going to take me seriously, I have to win this one. Scott Smith : Since when did you care if anyone took you seriously? Harvey Milk : Anita wants to put us all back in concentration camps.

8. Page 53, Scene 83 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Anne Kronenberg. Harvey Milk : Hey, I‘ll let him christen me, if he‘ll vote for my Gay Rights Ordinance. We need allies. We need everyone.

9. Page 64, Scene 92 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Jim Rivaldo, and Anne Kronenberg. Harvey Milk : If we‘re gonna convince the 90% to give a shit about us 10%. . .We have to let ‗em know who we are.

10. Page 65, Scene 92 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Anne Kronenberg, and Dick Pabich. Harvey Milk : Privacy‘s our enemy. You want real political power? Let‘s tell the truth for a change. Starting here. If there‘s anybody in this room, right now, who hasn‘t told their families, their friends, their employers. . .Do it. Now.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

11. Page 66, Scene 93 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Scott Smith Harvey Milk : If their families won‘t love them for who they are, who they really are, then they should lose them. 12. Page 105, Scene 158 Harvey Milk : I ask this. . .If there should be an assasination, I would hope that five, ten, one hundred, a thousand would rise. I would like to see every gay lawyer, every gay architect come out--

Appendix 6: Data for Structural Presupposition

1. Page 19, Scene 33 Harvey Milk’s with Cleve Jones Harvey Milk : Tell me one thing before you get back to work then. What was it like to be a little queer in Phoenix? Cleve Jones : I faked a lung disease to get out of PE. So waht? What are you, some kind of street shrink? Harvey Milk : Sometimes. But what I‘m saying is, Phoenix can change. But, we have to start with our street; rent control, police abuse, pot, parks, seniors.

2. Page 22, Scene 36 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Jim Rivaldo Harvey Milk : So who are these so-called ―gay leaders?‖ And who appointed them? And what are you suggesting, Jim, that I‘m supposed to go and solicit their endorsement?

3. Page 26, Scene 40 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Rick Stokes Rick Stokes : You can‘t demand acceptance overnight. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Harvey Milk : Why not? How can we ask them to respect us if we don‘t show ourselves some self respect, David.

4. Page 84, Scene 116 Harvey Milk’s conversation with Art Agnos Art Agnos : Mr. Milk, I‘ve worked for years as a social worker in this city. I know Sacramento. I know how to get done what we all need done there. Harvey Milk : Tell me Mr. Agnos. . .right here in the Castro, Robert Hillsbourough was murdered for walking home with his long time partner. Stabbed, fifteen times. The last words he heard were ―Faggot, Faggot, Faggot. . .‖ And you say you‘re outraged, but why won‘t your liberal establishment return our calls? Why won‘t they bring these murderers to justice?

5. Page 58-59, Scene 88 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Anne Kronenberg Harvey Milk : Good or Bad? Anne K. : Not great. State Senator John Briggs is Anita Bryant‘s go-to guy in California for sure. He‘s filed his petition for a statewide referendum to fire all gay teachers and anyone who supports them. Harvey Milk : How many signatures will he need to qualify for the ballot.

6. Page 87. Scene 119 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with John Briggs John Briggs : No, I‘m saying that we cannot prevent child molestation so let‘s cut our odds down adn take out the homosexual group and keep in the heterosexual group— PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Harvey Milk : --Sir, in your own drive for personal power, how many careers are you willing to see destroyed? How many lives will you destroy in your lust for power, and when will you stop?

7. Page 99. Scene 140 Harvey Milk’s Conversation with Mayor Moscone Mayor Moscone : A man has the right to change his mind. Give me some peace. Harvey Milk : How many of our propositions has Dan shut down? We could finally settle this police desegregation nonsense. Cememt rent control. It‘s his vote on this Board that stands in our way.